Sagittarii

Sagittarii
Arcieri romano (in alto a sinistra) in azione. Nota gli elmi conici di tipo orientale, che indicano un'unità della Siria, oltre ad archi ricurvi (Colonna di Traiano, Roma).
Descrizione generale
AttivaEtà repubblicana e imperiale
NazioneCiviltà romana
Tipotruppe speciali dell'esercito romano
Guarnigione/QGCastrum
DecorazioniDona militaria
Voci su unità militari presenti su Wikipedia

I sagittarii (al singolare in latino, sagittarius) erano le truppe formate da arcieri che militarono nell'esercito romano, sia come reparti di cavalleria sia come reparti di fanteria. In seguito alla riforma augustea dell'esercito romano fecero parte dei reparti ausiliari, come le coorti peditatae, equitatae o le alae di cavalleria.

Sappiamo di un discreto numero di unità ausiliarie di arcieri (almeno 32, nel II secolo), denominate dai Romani sagittariorum o sagittarii (da sagitta = freccia). Queste 32 unità (4 delle quali erano certamente milliarie) potevano contare una forza pari a 17.600 arcieri. Ovviamente non sappiamo se tutti i membri di queste unità sagittariorum erano arcieri, o solo una parte di essi.

Da circa il 218 a.C., gli arcieri dell'esercito repubblicano erano virtualmente tutti mercenari, provenienti dall'isola di Creta, che aveva una lunga tradizione. Nel corso della tarda Repubblica (88-30 a.C.) e poi in età augustea, Creta fu gradualmente sostituita da corpi di arcieri provenienti da altre province appena costituite, regioni con forti tradizioni nel tiro con l'arco. Tra queste si ricordano la Tracia, Anatolia e, soprattutto, la Siria. Dei 32 reparti di Sagittarii della metà del II secolo, 13 provenivano dalla Siria, 7 dalla Tracia, 5 dall'Anatolia e solo 1 da Creta, mentre le restanti 6 avevano origini incerta.[1]

Conosciamo, inoltre, tre differenti tipo di arcieri, rappresentati sulla Colonna di Traiano:

  • (a) con corazza scalare, elmo conico in metallo e mantello;
  • (b) senza armatura, con un copricapo conico ed una lunga tunica;
  • (c) equipaggiati allo stesso modo dei fanti ausiliari, muniti di archi al posto di giavellotti.

Il primo tipo era quasi certamente proveniente da Siria e Anatolia; il terzo era di tipo tracio.[2] Aggiungiamo che gli archi standard usati dalle auxilia romane erano archi compositi, ricurvi, sofisticati, compatti e armi molto potenti.[3]

Note

  1. ^ AE 1922, 80 dalla Rezia all'epoca di Antonino Pio; AE 1923, 23 da Dura Europos al tempo di Alessandro Severo.
  2. ^ Rossi (1971), p.102.
  3. ^ Goldsworthy (2003), p.137.

Bibliografia

Fonti primarie
Fonti storiografiche moderne
  • G. Cascarino, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. I - Dalle origini alla fine della repubblica, Rimini 2007.
  • G. Cascarino, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. II - Da Augusto ai Severi, Rimini 2008.
  • G. Cascarino & C. Sansilvestri, L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione, Vol. III - Dal III secolo alla fine dell'Impero d'Occidente, Rimini 2009.
  • A.K.Goldsworthy, Storia completa dell'esercito romano, Modena 2007. ISBN 978-88-7940-306-1
  • Y. Le Bohec, L'esercito romano da Augusto alla fine del III secolo, Roma 1992, VII ristampa 2008.
  • Y. Le Bohec, Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero, Roma 2008. ISBN 978-88-430-4677-5
  • G. Webster, The Roman Imperial Army, Londra - Oklahoma 1998.

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