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TAAR5
Identifiers
Aliases	TAAR5, PNR, trace amine associated receptor 5, taR-5
External IDs	OMIM: 607405; MGI: 2685073; HomoloGene: 20850; GeneCards: TAAR5; OMA:TAAR5 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (human)
End	132,589,741 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 10 (mouse)
End	23,847,617 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	testicle;
	Top expressed in
	membranous labyrinth; ; utricle; ; endolymphatic duct; ; nose; ; nasal septum; ; ganglion; ; Grüneberg ganglion;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	trace-amine receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor activity; trimethylamine receptor activity; signal transducer activity;
Cellular component	plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; membrane; integral component of membrane;
Biological process	sensory perception of chemical stimulus; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; signal transduction;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	9038
	215854
	ENSG00000135569
	ENSMUSG00000069706
	O14804
	Q5QD14
	NM_003967; NM_001389527
	NM_001009574
	NP_003958
	NP_001009574
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Trace amine-associated receptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR5 gene.^[5]^[6]^[7] In vertebrates, TAAR5 is expressed in the olfactory epithelium.^[8]

Human TAAR5 (hTAAR5) is a functional trace amine-associated receptor which acts as an olfactory receptor for tertiary amines.^[8]^[9] Trimethylamine and N,N-dimethylethylamine are full agonists of hTAAR5.^[9]^[10]^[11] The amber-woody fragrance timberol antagonizes this activity of trimethylamine.^[12] 3-Iodothyronamine is an inverse agonist of hTAAR5.^[13]^[14] Recent studies highlighted the significant role of TAAR5 in the central nervous system and periphery. Beta-galactosidase mapping of TAAR5 expression showed its localization not only in the glomeruli but also in deeper layers of olfactory bulb projecting to the limbic brain olfactory circuitry. Moreover, TAAR5 knockout mice show increased adult neurogenesis and elevated number of dopamine neurons. Also, it was observed statistically significant changes in osmotic erythrocyte fragility in TAAR5-KO mice.^[15]

Mutations in the TAAR5 gene were found to affect human olfaction. Icelanders with a mutation in the gene were less likely to describe fish smell containing trimethylamine as unpleasant, and described licorice odor and cinnamon odor more intensely.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135569 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000069706 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Zeng Z, Fan P, Rand E, Kyaw H, Su K, Madike V, et al. (January 1998). "Cloning of a putative human neurotransmitter receptor expressed in skeletal muscle and brain". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 242 (3): 575–578. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7591. PMID 9464258.
^ Lindemann L, Ebeling M, Kratochwil NA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Hoener MC (March 2005). "Trace amine-associated receptors form structurally and functionally distinct subfamilies of novel G protein-coupled receptors". Genomics. 85 (3): 372–385. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.010. PMID 15718104.
^ "TAAR5 trace amine associated receptor 5". Entrez Gene.
^ ^a ^b Liberles SD (October 2015). "Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 34: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001. PMC 4508243. PMID 25616211. All TAARs except TAAR1 function as olfactory receptors, based on studies in rodent, primate, and fish [4,7,10]. TAAR expression is highly enriched in the olfactory system by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis, with little or no expression in other tissues examined [4].
^ ^a ^b Zhang LS, Davies SS (April 2016). "Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: opportunities for new therapeutic interventions". Genome Medicine. 8 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0296-x. PMC 4840492. PMID 27102537.
Table 2: Microbial metabolites: their synthesis, mechanisms of action, and effects on health and disease
Figure 1: Molecular mechanisms of action of indole and its metabolites on host physiology and disease
^ Wallrabenstein I, Kuklan J, Weber L, Zborala S, Werner M, Altmüller J, et al. (2013). "Human trace amine-associated receptor TAAR5 can be activated by trimethylamine". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e54950. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854950W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054950. PMC 3564852. PMID 23393561.
^ Zhang J, Pacifico R, Cawley D, Feinstein P, Bozza T (February 2013). "Ultrasensitive detection of amines by a trace amine-associated receptor". The Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (7): 3228–3239. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4299-12.2013. PMC 3711460. PMID 23407976. We show that [human TAAR5] responds to the tertiary amine N,N-dimethylethylamine and to a lesser extent to trimethylamine, a structurally related agonist for mouse and rat TAAR5 (Liberles and Buck, 2006; Staubert et al., 2010; Ferrero et al., 2012).
^ Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015). "Timberol® Inhibits TAAR5-Mediated Responses to Trimethylamine and Influences the Olfactory Threshold in Humans". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0144704. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044704W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704. PMC 4684214. PMID 26684881. While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans [19], indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior to TMA [19]. Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.
^ Dinter J, Mühlhaus J, Wienchol CL, Yi CX, Nürnberg D, Morin S, et al. (2015). "Inverse agonistic action of 3-iodothyronamine at the human trace amine-associated receptor 5". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0117774. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1017774D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117774. PMC 4382497. PMID 25706283.
^ Khan MZ, Nawaz W (October 2016). "The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 83: 439–449. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.002. PMID 27424325.
^ Zhukov IS, Kubarskaya LG, Karpova IV, Vaganova AN, Karpenko MN, Gainetdinov RR (July 2021). "Minor Changes in Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 (TAAR5) Knockout Mice". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (14): 7307. doi:10.3390/ijms22147307. PMC 8303310. PMID 34298937.
^ Gisladottir RS, Ivarsdottir EV, Helgason A, Jonsson L, Hannesdottir NK, Rutsdottir G, et al. (December 2020). "Sequence Variants in TAAR5 and Other Loci Affect Human Odor Perception and Naming". Current Biology. 30 (23): 4643–4653.e3. Bibcode:2020CBio...30E4643G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.012. PMID 33035477. S2CID 222213583.