French Air and Space Force

Air and Space Force
Armée de l'air et de l'espace
Founded	2 July 1934; 90 years ago (1934-07-02)
Country	France
Type	Air and space force
Role	Aerial and space warfare
Size	38,882 personnel (2023) 520 aircraft 41 satellites
Part of	French Armed Forces
Garrison/HQ	Hexagone Balard, Paris
Colours	Blue, white, red
Anniversaries	2 July
Engagements	World War I World War II Indochina War Algerian War Chadian–Libyan conflict Gulf War Operation Provide Comfort Operation Southern Watch January 1993 airstrikes on Iraq Operation Deny Flight Operation Deliberate Force Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Opération Harmattan Military intervention against ISIL Operation Serval Operation Barkhane
Website	www.defense.gouv.fr/air
Commanders
Chief of the Armed Forces	President Emmanuel Macron
Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force	Général d'armée aérienne Jérôme Bellanger [fr]
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
Electronic warfare	E-3 Sentry
Fighter	Rafale, Mirage 2000
Helicopter	AS532 Cougar, Fennec, EC725 Caracal
Trainer	Alpha Jet, Pilatus PC-21, SOCATA TBM, Extra EA-300
Transport	Lockheed C-130, Airbus A310, Airbus A330, Airbus A400M, Dassault Falcon 7X, Dassault Falcon 900, Dassault Falcon 2000, Transall C-160, Boeing C-135FR

The French Air and Space Force (French: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, pronounced [aʁme də lɛʁ e də lɛspas], lit. 'Army of Air and Space') is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces.^[1] Formed in 1909 as the Service Aéronautique, a service arm of the French Army, it became an independent military branch in 1934 as the French Air Force. On 10 September 2020, it assumed its current name, the French Air and Space Force, to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of outer space.^[2]

The number of aircraft in service with the French Air and Space Force varies depending on the source; the Ministry of Armed Forces gives a figure of 658 aircraft in 2014.^[3][4] According to 2018 data, this figure includes 210 combat aircraft: 115 Dassault Mirage 2000 and 95 Dassault Rafale.^[5] As of 2021,^[update] the French Air and Space Force employs a total of 40,500 regular personnel, with a reserve element of 5,187 in 2014.^[6]

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) is a direct subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA), a high-ranking military officer who in turn answers to the civilian Minister of the Armed Forces.^[7]

History

Main articles: History of the Armée de l'Air (1909–1942) and History of the Armée de l'Air (colonial presence 1939–1962)

In the beginning

Establishment of the Service Aéronautique

The founding of the Service Aéronautique began in 1909, when the French War Minister approved the purchase of a Wright Biplane. The following year, another Wright biplane, a Bleriot, and two Farmans were added to the lone acquisition. On 22 October 1910, General Pierre Roques was appointed Inspector General of what was becoming referred to as the Cinquieme Arme, or Fifth Service.^[8]

In March 1912, the French parliament enacted legislation to establish the air arm. It was projected to consist of three distinct branches based on aircraft missions—reconnaissance, bombing, or countering other aircraft.^[8]

Inventing the fighter plane

France was one of the first states to start building aircraft. At the beginning of World War I, France had a total of 148 planes (eight from French Naval Aviation (Aéronautique Navale)) and 15 airships.^[9] In August 1914, as France entered World War I, French airpower consisted of 24 squadrons (escadrilles) supporting ground forces, including three squadrons assigned to cavalry units. By 8 October, expansion to 65 squadrons was being planned. By December, the plans called for 70 new squadrons.^[8]

Meanwhile, even as procurement efforts scaled up, inventive airmen were trying to use various light weapons against opposing airplanes. Roland Garros invented a crude method of firing a machine gun through the propeller arc by cladding his propeller with metal wedges deflecting any errant bullets. After destroying three German airplanes, Garros came down behind enemy lines on 18 April 1915. His secret weapon was thus exposed, and Anthony Fokker came up with the synchronization gear that by July 1, 1915, turned airplanes into flying gun platforms.^[10]

"Company of aviators", September 1914, by Jules Gervais-Courtellemont

French aircraft during World War I, flying over German held territory (1915)

Nieuport-Delage NiD.29 C.1 fighter used in the early post-WWI period.

Founding fighter formations

On 21 February 1916, the Verdun Offensive began. New weapons demanded new tactics. Commandant Charles de Tricornet de Rose was the original French pilot, having learned to fly in March 1911. This experienced flier was given a free hand to select pilots and airplanes for a new unit tasked with keeping German observation craft from over the French lines. The ad hoc unit commandeered all available Morane-Saulniers and Nieuport 11s, as well as the 15 best pilots regardless of posting. This ad hoc unit patrolling the skies over Verdun was the first French Groupement de Chasse. The Groupement was successful despite Tricornet's death in a mishap. Under the leadership of new commander Captain Auguste de Reverand, such flying aces as Georges Guynemer, Charles Nungesser, and Albert Deullin began their careers.^[11]

Encouraged by the success of their original Groupement, the French massed several squadrons for the Battle of the Somme. The burgeoning French aircraft inventory afforded the formation of Groupement de Combat de la Somme under Captain Felix Brocard. The Groupement was formed on 1 July 1916 with a posting of four Nieuport squadrons: Squadron N.3, N.26, N.73, and N.103. Three other squadrons--Squadron N.37, N.62, and N.65 were temporarily attached at various times.^[11]

On 19 October 1916, three fixed Groupes de Combat were established, each to consist of four squadron. Numbered 11, 12, and 13, they were only the first three Groupements.^[11]

Concentrating airpower

During March 1917, Groupe de Combat 14 and Groupe de Combat 15 were formed. Again, each new Groupe was assigned four Nieuport fighter squadrons; again, each was sent to support a different French field army.^[11]

On 10 January 1918, Groupe de Combat 16 was formed from four SPAD squadrons. In February, five more Groupe de Combats were founded from SPAD squadrons: Groupes de Combats number 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. The various Nieuport models were now being phased out as the new SPADs filled the inventories of the French.^[12]

With the Groupes success, the French were encouraged to amass airpower into still larger tactical units. On 4 February 1918, Escadre de Combat No. 1 was created out of Groupe de Combat 15, Groupe de Combat 18, and Groupe de Combat 19. It was followed by Escadre de Combat No. 2, formed on the 27th from Groupe de Combat 11, Groupe de Combat 13, and Groupe de Combat 17. Each groupe would be stocked with 72 fighters.^[13]

The escadres were not the end of the French accumulation of air power. On 14 May 1918, they were grouped into the Division Aerienne. As bombing aircraft were also being concentrated into larger units, the new division would also contain Escadre de Bombardement No. 12 and Escadre de Bombardement No. 13. The bombing units were both equipped with 45 Breguet 14 bombers. The last addition to the new division was five protection squadrons, operating 75 Caudron R.11 gunships to fly escort for the Breguets.^[13]

On 25 June 1918, Groupe de Combat 22 was founded. Groupe de Combat 23 followed soon thereafter. A couple of night bombardment groupes were also founded.^[14]

Committing the Division Aerienne

Then, on 15 July 1918, the Division was committed to the Second Battle of the Marne.^[15] From then on, whether in whole or in part, the Division Aerienne fought until war's end. By the time of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, the French could commit 27 fighter squadrons to the effort, along with reconnaissance and bombing squadrons. The 1,137 airplanes dedicated to the battle were the most numerous used in a World War I battle.^[16]

When the 11 November 1918 armistice came, French air power had expanded to 336 squadrons, 74 of which were SPAD fighter squadrons. France had 3,608 planes in service.^[9] Confirmed claims of 2,049 destroyed enemy airplanes included 307 that had been brought down within French lines. French airmen had also destroyed 357 observation balloons.^[16] However, 5,500 pilots and observers were killed out of the 17,300 engaged in the conflict, amounting to 31%.^[17] A 1919 newspaper article reported that the French Air Force had suffered losses of 61%.^[18]

Interwar period

Dewoitine D.510 monoplane fighters from the mid-1930s

Military aeronautics was established as a "special arm" by the law of 8 December 1922.^[19] It remained under the auspices of the French Army. It was not until 2 July 1934, that the "special arm" became an independent service and was totally independent.^[20]

The initial air arm was the cradle of French military parachuting, responsible for the first formation of the Air Infantry Groups (Groupements de l'Infanterie de l'Air) in the 1930s, out of which the Air Parachute Commandos (commandos parachutistes de l'air) descended.

The French Air Force maintained a continuous presence across the French colonial empire, particularly from the 1920s to 1943.^[21][22]

World War II

The French Air Force played an important role in WWII, most notably during the Battle of France in 1940. The Vichy French Air Force had later a significant presence in the French Levant.

The engagement of the Free French Air Forces from 1940 to 1943, and then the engagement of the aviators of the French Liberation Army, were also important episodes in the history of the French Air Force. The sacrifices of Commandant René Mouchotte and Lieutenant Marcel Beau illustrated their devotion.

1945–present

A North American T-28 Trojan, used against guerrillas during the Algerian War

After 1945, France rebuilt its aircraft industry. The French Air Force participated in several colonial wars during the Empire such as French Indochina after the Second World War. Since 1945, the French Air Force was notably engaged in Indochina (1945–1954).^[23][24][25]

The French Air Force was active in Algeria from 1952 until 1962 and Suez (1956), later Mauritania and Chad,^[26][27][28] the Persian Gulf (1990–1991),^[29] ex-Yugoslavia^[30][31] and more recently in Afghanistan, Mali and Iraq.^{[32][33][34][35][36][37]}

From 1964 until 1971 the French Air Force had the unique responsibility for the French nuclear arm via Dassault Mirage IV or ballistic missiles of Air Base 200 Apt-Saint-Christol on the Plateau d'Albion.

Mirage IIIC of EC 2/10 "Seine" pictured in 1980 armed with a Matra R.530

Accordingly, from 1962, the French political leadership shifted its military emphasis to nuclear deterrence, implementing a complete reorganisation of the Air Force, with the creation of four air regions and seven major specialised commands, among which were the Strategic Air Forces Command, COTAM, the Air Command of Aerial Defense Forces (Commandement Air des Forces de Défense Aérienne, CAFDA), and the Force aérienne tactique (FATac).^[38] In 1964, the Second Tactical Air Command was created in Nancy to take command of air units stationed in France but not assigned to NATO. The Military Air Transport Command had previously been formed in February 1962 from the Groupement d'Unités Aériennes Spécialisées. Also created in 1964 was the Escadron des Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air (EFCA), seemingly grouping all FCA units. The Dassault Mirage IV, the principal French strategic bomber, was designed to strike Soviet positions as part of the French nuclear triad.

In 1985, the Air Force had four major flying commands, the Strategic Air Forces Command, the Tactical Air Forces Command, the Military Air Transport Command, and CAFDA (air defence).^[39]

A 1986 view of a Mirage F1 from the Escadron de Chasse 2/30 Normandie-Niemen and another from the Escadron de Chasse 3/30 Lorraine, both armed with Matra R.530 missiles. Squadron insignias are visible on the two aircraft.

CFAS had two squadrons of S2 and S-3 IRBMs at the Plateau d'Albion, six squadrons of Mirage IVAs (at Mont de Marsan, Cazaux, Orange, Istres, St Dizier, and EB 3/94 at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base), and three squadrons of C-135F, as well as a training/reconnaissance unit, CIFAS 328, at Bordeaux. The tactical air command included wings EC 3, EC 4, EC 7, EC 11, EC 13, and ER 33, with a total of 19 squadrons of Mirage III, Jaguars, two squadrons flying the Mirage 5F (EC 2/13 and EC 3/13, both at Colmar), and a squadron flying the Mirage F.1CR. CoTAM counted 28 squadrons, of which ten were fixed-wing transport squadrons, and the remainder helicopter and liaison squadrons, at least five of which were overseas. CAFDA numbered 14 squadrons mostly flying the Mirage F.1C. Two other commands had flying units, the Air Force Training Command, and the Air Force Transmissions Command, with four squadrons and three trials units.

Dassault Aviation led the way mainly with delta-wing designs, which formed the basis for the Dassault Mirage III series of fighter jets. The Mirage demonstrated its abilities in the Six-Day War, Yom Kippur War, Falklands War, and Gulf War, becoming one of the most popular jet fighters of its day and being widely sold.

In 1994, the Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air command was reestablished under a different form.

Mirage 2000 in flight

Logo between 1989 and 2010

The French Air Force entered a phase of inventory replacement and expansion. The Air Force ordered the Airbus A400M military transport aircraft, then in development. By November 2016, 11 had already been delivered to ET00.061 at Orleans-Bricy, and integration of the new Dassault Rafale multi-role jet fighter was underway; the first 20-aircraft squadron became operational in 2006 at Saint-Dizier.

In 2009, France rejoined the NATO Military Command Structure, having been absent since 1966.^[40] France was a leading nation, alongside the United States, United Kingdom and Italy in implementing the UN sponsored no-fly zone in Libya (NATO Operation Unified Protector), deploying 20 fighter aircraft to Benghazi in defense of rebel-held positions and the civilian population.^[41]

The last remaining squadron of Dassault Mirage F1s retired the aircraft in July 2014 and replaced them with Dassault Rafales.^[42]

Logo between 2010 and 2020

On 13 July 2019, President Emmanuel Macron announced the creation of a space command, which would come into being within the French Air Force by September 2019, and the transformation of the French Air Force into the French Air and Space Force.^[43] According to Defense Minister Florence Parly, France reserves the right to arm French satellites with lasers for defensive purposes.^[44]

The official renaming occurred on 24 July 2020, with the new Air and Space Force logo unveiled on 11 September 2020.^[2]

On 26 July 2023, FASF conducted its first ever joint fighter exercise with Japan, continuing its defense ties between the two countries.^[45]

Structure

Général d'armée aérienne André Lanata, former chief of staff of the French Air Force

The Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) determines French Air and Space Force doctrines application and advises the Chief of the Defence Staff (CEMA) on the deployment, manner, and use of the Air and Space Force. They are responsible for the preparation and logistic support of the French Air and Space Force. The CEMAA is assisted by a Deputy Chief, the Major Général de l'Armée de l'Air. Finally, the CEMAA is assisted by the Inspectorate of the French Air and Space Force (IAA) and by the French Air and Space Force Health Service Inspection (ISSAA).

The Air and Space Force is organized in accordance with Chapter 4, Title II, Book II of the Third Part of the French Defense Code (French: code de la Défense), which replaced decree n° 91-672 dated 14 July 1991.

Under the authority of the Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force (CEMAAE) in Paris, the Air and Space Force includes:

• Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force, heading the État-major de l'Armee de l'air et de l'espace (EMAAE)
• Forces
• Air Bases
• Directorate of Human Resources of the French Air and Space Force
• Services^[46]

The Air and Space Force headquarters, employing 150 personnel, are located alongside the Chief of the Defence Staff's offices (EMA) and the Army and Navy headquarters at the Balard armed forces complex in Paris. The new site replaced the former Paris Air Base (BA 117) which served as air staff headquarters until 25 June 2015.

Commands

The French Air and Space Force has had three commands: two grand operational commands (CDAOA and CFAS) and one organic command (CFA).

• Commandement de la Défense Aérienne et des Opérations Aériennes (English: Air Defense and Air Operations Command (CDAOA)), is responsible for surveillance of French airspace, as well as all aerial operations in progress. It does not possess aircraft. Instead it exercises operational control over units of the Air Forces Command (CFA).^[47]
  • Air Defence and Air Operations Staff (French: État-major de la défense aérienne et des opérations aériennes) composed of the:
    • Air Force Operational Staff (French: État-major opérationnel Air (EMO-Air)) and the
    • Permanent readiness command center (French: Centre de permanence Air), both situated at the Balard complex (the French Air and Space Force main HQ)
    • direct reporting units:
      • Air Force Operations Brigade (French: Brigade aérienne des opérations (BAO)) (all units at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base)
        • National Air Operations Center (French: Centre national des opérations aériennes (CNOA))
        • Core Joint Force Air Component HQ (Core JFAC HQ)
        • Analysis and Simulation Center for Air Operations Preparation (French: Centre d’analyse et de simulation pour la préparation aux opérations aériennes (CASPOA))
      • Air Force Operational Awareness and Planning Brigade (French: Brigade aérienne connaissance-anticipation (BACA))
        • Air Force Intelligence Center (French: Centre de renseignement air (CRA)) at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base
        • National Target Designation Center (French: Centre national de ciblage (CNC)) at BA 110 Creil-Senlis air base
        • Land-based Electronic Warfare Squadron (French: Escadron électronique sol (EES)) at BA 123 Orléans-Bricy air base
        • Intelligence Training Squadron 20.530 (French: Escadron de formation au renseignement (EFR) 20.530) (Metz), training air and space force and naval officers, integrated in the Joint Intelligence Training Center (CFIAR) in Strasbourg^[48]
      • Air Force Brigade for Permanent Aerial Security Readiness (Brigade aérienne de la posture permanente de la sûreté aérienne (BAPPS)), based at BA 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun air base, created at the end of 2020 and in charge of air policing^[49]
      • detection and control centers:
        • Detection and Control Center 07.927 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Tours – Cinq-Mars-la-Pile (Codename: Raki, AOR: Northwestern France)
        • Detection and Control Center 04.930 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Mont-de-Marsan (Codename: Marina, AOR: Southwestern France)
        • Detection and Control Center 05.942 (French: Centre de détection et de contrôle (CDC)) Lyon – Mont Verdun (Codename: Rambert, AOR: Southeastern France)
• Strategic Air Forces Command (CFAS), is responsible for the air force's nuclear strike units (Dassault Rafale B armed with ASMP-A missiles), as well as the tanker / strategic transport aircraft (C-135FR, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker).
  • Command HQ (Commandement des CFAS), based at Vélizy-Villacoublay Air Base (BA 107)
  • 4th Fighter Wing (4e Escadre de chasse (4e EC)), based at Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base (BA 113)
    • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
    • Fighter Squadron 01.004 "Gascogne" (Escadron de chasse 01.004 Gascogne), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale B variant
    • Fighter Squadron 02.004 "La Fayette" (Escadron de Chasse 02.004 La Fayette), tactical nuclear strike fighter squadron, flying Rafale variant
    • Rafale Conversion Squadron 03.004 "Aquitaine" (Escadron de transformation Rafale 03.004 Aquitaine), joint air force – navy OCU flying Rafale B/C/M variants
    • Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.004 "Haute-Marne" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.004 Haute-Marne)
  • 31st Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Wing (31e Escadre aérienne de ravitaillement et de transport stratégiques (31e EARTS)), based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
    • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.113)
    • Aerial Refuel and Strategic Transport Squadron 01.031 "Bretagne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol et de transport stratégique 01.031 Bretagne), flying the Airbus A330 MRTT
    • Operational Conversion Squadron 03.031 "Phénix" (Escadron de transformation Phénix 03.031 Landes), A330MRTT OCU
    • Aerial Refuel Squadron 04.031 "Sologne" (Escadron de ravitaillement en vol 4/31 Sologne), winding down operations of the C-135FR
    • Transport Squadron 03.060 "Esterel" (Escadron de transport 3/60 Esterel), presidential air transport with the Airbus A330
    • Aeronautical Technical Support Squadron 15.031 "Camargue" (Escadron de soutien technique aéronautique 15.031 Camargue)
    • Specialised Technical Support Squadron 15.093 (Escadron de soutien technique spécialisé 15.093)
• Air Forces Command (CFA)), Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base, as an organic command, prepares units to fulfill operational missions. From September 2013, the former organic commands CFA and CSFA were merged into CFA. CFA is organized in six brigades:
  • Fighter Brigade – (French: Brigade Aérienne de l'Aviation de Chasse (BAAC)), is responsible for all air defense, air-to-ground and reconnaissance aircraft (including Dassault Rafale, Mirage 2000-5F, Mirage 2000B/C/D, Transall C-160 Gabriel). In February 2016 it was commanded by Brigadier General (Air) Philippe Lavigne.^[50]
  • Projection and Support Air Force Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne d'Appui et de Projection (BAAP)), is responsible for all tactical transport and liaison aircraft (aircraft and helicopters: Transall, C-160, Hercules C-130, A310/319, Dassault Falcon 50/900, Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma, Eurocopter Fennec, Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma, SOCATA TBM);
  • Airspace Control Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne de Contrôle de l'Espace (BACE)), is responsible for (Airborne early warning and control aircraft, and ground radar, ground-based air defense systems and missile defence, communication networks) airspace surveillance, constituting the Système de Commandement et de Conduite des Opérations Aérospatiales). Since 2007 the command, control and information systems network of the air and space force have been is integrated into the Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (DIRISI))
    • airborne airspace surveillance units:
      • 36th Airborne Command and Control Wing (36e escadre de commandement et de conduite aéroportés (36e EC2A)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
        • 36th Airborne Command and Control Squadron "Berry" (36^e escadron de détection et de contrôle aéroportés Berry), flying the Boeing E-3F Sentry
    • ground-based airspace surveillance units:
      • GRAVES System
      • 3 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 406 radar: années 2010 trois Ground Master 406, le premier installé en Guyane, le second sur la base aérienne de Nice en 2017 et le troisième sur la Base aérienne 942 and at Lyon-Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942) in 2019.
      • 12 surveillance and air defence radar installations equipped with the Ground Master 403T radar in metropolitan France, re-equipped in the 2019 – 2022 period.
    • airspace controle of military air bases:
      • units for local aerospace surveillance of the immediate environs of air bases (CLA) ;
      • approach radars and landing aide systems
    • surface-to-air missile units (each ADSA squadron is composed of two batteries of SAMP/T and one battery of Crotale NG SAMs):
      • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Wing – 1st Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Escadre sol-air de défense aérienne – 1er régiment d'artillerie de l'air), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702)
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 02.950 "Sancerre" (Escadron de défense sol-air 02.950 "Sancerre")
        • Technical Support Surface-to-Air Squadron (Escadron de soutien technique sol-air 2E.950)
        • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Training Center (Centre de formation de la défense sol-air 14.950)
      • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 01.950 "Crau" (Escadron de défense sol-air 01.950 "Crau") (Base aérienne 125 Istres-Le Tubé)
      • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 05.950 "Barrois" (Escadron de défense sol-air 05.950 "Barrois") (Base aérienne 113 Saint-Dizier-Robinson)
      • Air Defence Surface-to-Air Squadron 12.950 "Tursan" (Escadron de défense sol-air 12.950 "Tursan") (Base aérienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan)
    • surface-to-air signals units in metropolitan France (METEOR system, in process of replacement by the SRSA system)
  • Air Force Special Forces Brigade (Brigade des forces spéciales air (BFSA)). In the 2020 – 2021 period the French Air and Space Force overhauled the force structure of its security and firefighting and rescue units, which were previously grouped together in the Air Force Security and Intervention Forces Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne des Forces de Sécurité et d'Intervention (BAFSI)).^[51]
    • aerial units:
      • Escadron de Transport 3/61 Poitou – aircraft special operations support squadron based at Orléans –Bricy Air Base and flying C-130H, C-160 and DHC-6 Twin Otter, to convert to Airbus A400M Atlas
      • Escadron d'Hélicoptères 1/67 Pyrénées – helicopter special operations support squadron based at Cazaux Air Base and flying EC725 Caracal
    • air force commando units:
      • Air Force Parachutist Commando 10 (CPA n°10) – the Air Force's primary special operations unit, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
      • Air Force Parachutist Commando 30 (CPA n°30) – previously the Air Force's primary combat search and rescue unit, refocused to special operations, based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
    • force protection units:
      • Air Force Parachutist Commando 20 (CPA n°20) – the Air Force's primary security unit. Composed of two operational companies and a reserve platoon for a total of up to 400 personnel: Compagnie Bretagne (protection force), Compagnie Normandie (protection force) and Section de réservistes (protection force reservists and instructors).
      • Escadrons de protection (EP).
    • specialised training units:
      • Air Force Parachute Training Center 51.566 (C.A.S.V. 51.566 Le Centre Air de Saut en Vol), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
      • Operational Training Center for Air Force [Land] Combatants (Centre de Préparation Opérationnel des Combattants de l'Armée de l'air (CPOCAA)) – training unit for the CPA 10 and 30, based at Orange-Caritat Air Base
        • Detachment (détachement du CPOCAA), based at Orléans – Bricy Air Base
      • le Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage (CFSS) ;Centre de formation à la survie et au sauvetage 61.566 (CFSS). base aérienne 120 de Cazaux.
      • Detachment for officer training for land combat (détachement CFA) at the École de l'air et de l'espace
  • Air Force Firefighters Brigade (Brigade des pompiers de l’air (BPA)), formed in 2021. It brings together the rescue and firefighting personnel (called incident technicians and grouped into squadrons of company size) of the Air Force into 25 units of around 1 500 personnel. HQ is in Cazaux Air Base (BA 120);^[52]
  • Air Force Aerial Weapon Systems Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne des Systèmes d'Armes Aériens (BASAA)) provides the maintenance and repair of aerial weapons and target systems.
  • Air Force Maneuver Support Brigade (French: Brigade Aérienne d'Appui à la Manœuvre Aérienne (BAAMA)) provides the ground-based engineer and logistics personnel (including expeditionary) needed for the sustainment of air operations.,^[53] based at Bordeaux–Mérignac Air Base (BA 106):
    • Expeditionary Command and Control Air Force Wing 00.550 (Escadre aérienne de commandement et de conduite projetable 00.550 (EAC2P 00.550)), based at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (BA 105) and formed on August 27, 2015, on the basis of the former Groupement tactique des systèmes d’information et de communication (GTSICAéro).
      • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.550)
      • Tactical Telecommunications Systems Squadron 11.550 (Escadron des systèmes de télécommunication tactiques 11.550)
      • Tactical Surveillance Systems Squadron 12.550 (Escadron des systèmes de surveillance tactiques 12.550)
      • Tactical Information Systems Squadron 13.550 (Escadron des systèmes d’information tactiques 13.550)
      • Tactical Training and Expertise Squadron 14.550 (Escadron d'expertise et d'instruction tactiques 14.550)
    • Operational Support Air Force Wing 00.513 (Escadre aérienne d'appui aux opérations 00.513 (EAAO 00.513)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106) and formed on November 24, 2021, on the basis of the former Groupement aérien d’appui aux opérations (GAAO).
      • Wing Command (Commandement d'escadre 00.513)
      • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 11.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 11.513)
      • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 13.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 13.513)
      • Operational Infrastructure Squadron 15.513 (Escadron d'infrastructure en opérations 15.513)
      • Expeditionary Training Squadron 17.513 (Escadron d'instruction au déploiement 17.513)
    • 25th Air Force Engineer Regiment (25ème Régiment du Génie de l’Air), army regiment permanently attached to the air force. Based at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base (BA 125).
      • 2nd Operational Air Force Engineer Company (2e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (2e COGA)), based at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (BA 118).
      • 4th Operational Air Force Engineer Company (4e Compagnie opérationnelle du génie de l’air (4e COGA)), based at Avord Air Base (BA 702).
    • Aeronautical Installations Air Force Groupment (Groupement aérien des installations aéronautiques (GAIA)), based at Bordeaux-Mérignac Air Base (BA 106)
• French Space Command (French: Commandement de l'espace (CDE)),^[54] HQ at Toulouse Space Centre
  • Operational Preparation and Employment Division (Division préparation opérationnelle et emploi (DPOE)), Hexagone Balard, Paris
  • Space Operations Air Force Brigade (Brigade aérienne des opérations spatiales (BAOS)), based at Toulouse Space Center. By 2025 the CMOS and the COSMOS will relocate to Toulouse Space Center as well. In preparation for this the French Air and Space Force has formed the military installation FA 101 (Formation administrative (FA 101)) on the premises of the space center.^[55]
    • Space Operations Command and Control Center (Centre de Commandement et de Contrôle des opérations spatiales (C3OS)), based at Toulouse Space Center
    • Satellite Observation Military Center 01.092 "Bourgogne" (French: Centre militaire d’observation par satellites (CMOS) 01.092 Bourgogne), based at Creil-Senlis Air Base (BA 110)
    • Operational Center for Military Surveillance of Space Objects (French: Centre opérationnel de surveillance militaire des objets spatiaux (COSMOS)), based at Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base (BA 942)

These last two brigades belonged until 2013 to the Air Force Support Command (CSFA), which maintained the arms systems, equipment, information and communication systems (SIC) as well as infrastructure. The CSFA supported the human element, the military logistics (supply and transport), wherever, previously, forces of the French Air and Space Force operated or trained. These two brigades are now subordinate to the CFA.

The official designation of the service was changed in July 2019 from Air Army (Armée de l'Air) to Air and Space Army (Armée de l'air et de l'espace), when the previous joint Inter-Service Space Command (Commandement interarmées de l'espace (CIE)) under the French General Staff was transformed into the Space Command (Commandement de l'espace (CDE)) and absorbed into the Air and Space Force as its fourth command.

All air regions were disestablished on 1 January 2008. In the 1960s, there were five air regions (RA). The number was then reduced to four by a decree of 30 June 1962 with the disestablishment of the 5th Aerial Region (French North Africa). The decree of 14 July 1991 reduced the air regions to three: « RA Atlantic », « RA Mediterranean » and «  RA North-East ». On 1 July 2000 was placed into effect an organization consisting of « RA North » (RAN) and « RA South » (RAS). The territorial division was abolished by decree n°2007-601 of 26 April 2007.^[56][57]

From 2008 to 2010 the French Air Force underwent the "Air 2010" streamlining process. The main targets of this project were to simplify the command structure, to regroup all military and civil air force functions and to rationalise and optimise all air force units. Five major commands, were formed, instead of the former 13, and several commands and units were disbanded.^[58]

Support services

The Directorate of Human Resources of the Air and Space Force (DRH-AAE) recruits, trains, manages, administers, and converts personnel of the Air and Space Force. Since January 2008, the DRH-AAE groups the former Air Force directorate of military personnel (DPMMA) and some tasks of the former Air Force Training Command. The directorate is responsible for Air and Space Force recruitment via the recruiting bureau.

French joint defence service organisations, supporting the air and space force, include:^[46]

• The Integrated Structure of Maintaining Operational Conditioning of Aeronautical Defense Materials (French: Structure Intégrée de Maintien en Condition Opérationnelle des Matériels Aéronautiques de la Défense) (SIMMAD).
• The Service industriel de l'aéronautique (French: Service Industriel de l'Aéronautique) (SIAE), a 4700-person maintenance organization, internal to the French air force, in charge of 20% of the heavy maintenance of French armed forces, the other 80% being the responsibility of private aeronautics companies.
• The " Air Commissariat " (French: " Commissariat de l'Air ") between 1947 and 2007, then " Financial and General Administration Service " (French: " Service de l'Administration Générale et des Finances " (SAGF)) from 2008 until 2009, and finally the " Commissariat Service of the Armed Forces " (SCA) (French: Service du Commissariat des Armées) since 2010, have successively been designated as administrative services of the French Air and Space Force. The Commissioners as well as Civilians of this service carry out : operations support, individual legal rights, judicial, internal control accountability, financial and purchase executions, and support and protection of the combatant.^[59]

Wings

Commanded by a Lieutenant-colonel or Colonel, the Escadre is a formation that assembles various units and personnel dedicated to the same mission. In 1932, the "regiment" designation was replaced with "Escadre", which until 1994 was a unit consisting of the following:

• units (escadrons or groups) generally equipped with the same type of aircraft or at least assuring the same type of mission
• units of maintenance and support.

Escadres (wings) were dissolved from 1993 as part of the Armées 2000 reorganisation, were reestablished in 2014.^[60] The problems caused by having the aircraft maintenance units not responsible to the flying squadrons they supported eventually forced the change.

Four Escadres were reformed in the first phase:^[60]

• 31e Escadre Aérienne de Ravitaillement et de Transport Stratégiques at Istres-Le Tubé Air Base on 27 August 2014
• 36e Escadre de Commandement et de Conduite Aéroportée at Avord Air Base on 5 September 2014
• Escadre Sol-Air de Défense Aérienne – 1er Régiment d'Artillerie de l'Air (ESADA – 1^er RAA) at Avord Air Base (3 September 2014)
• the 3^e Escadre de Chasse at Nancy-Ochey Air Base (5 September 2014)

In the second phase, the French Air Force announced in August 2015 the creation of six additional wings:^[60]

• the 8e Escadre de Chasse at Cazaux Air Base (25 August 2015)
• the 4e Escadre de Chasse at Saint-Dizier ( 26 August 2015)
• the 64e Escadre de Transport at Évreux-Fauville Air Base (27 August 2015)
• the 2e Escadre de Chasse at Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base (3 September 2015)
• the 61e Escadre de Transport (fr:61e escadre de transport) at Orléans – Bricy Air Base (1 September 2015)
• the 30e Escadre de Chasse at Mont-de-Marsan Air Base (3 September 2015).

Also established was the Escadre Aérienne de Commandement et de Conduite Projetable at Évreux-Fauville Air Base on 27 August 2015.

The French Air and Space Force announced in August 2015 that unit numbering, moves of affected aircraft, and the transfer of historic material (flags, traditions and names) would be completed in 2016.^[60]

• the 62e Escadre de Transport was re-constituted at Orléans – Bricy Air Base on 5 September 2017, taking over C-130 Hercules operations from 61e Escadre de Transport so the latter could specialise in A400M Atlas operations.

Another air force wing was added on September 5, 2019:

• the 33e Escadre de surveillance, de reconnaissance et d'attaque at Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base, operating the air and space force's drone fleet.

Squadrons and flights

Commanded by a lieutenant-colonel, the Escadron is the basic operational unit. This term replaced that of Group as of 1949 with the aim to standardize usage with the allies of NATO who were using the term 'squadron'. However, the term Group did not entirely disappear: the term was retained for the Aerial Group 56 Mix Vaucluse, specialized in Special Operations or Group – Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne (French: Groupe de Ravitaillement en Vol 02.091 Bretagne) which is still carrying the same designation since 2004.^{[citation needed]}

A fighter squadron (escadron) can number some twenty machines, spread in general in three Escadrilles. A Transport Escadron (Escadron de Transport) can theoretically count a dozen Transall C-160, however, numbers are usually much less for heavier aircraft (three Airbus A310-300 and two Airbus A340-200 for the Transport Escadron 3/60 Estérel (French: Escadron de Transport 3/60 Estérel)).^{[citation needed]}

The squadrons have retained the designations of the former Escadres disbanded during the 1990s. For instance: Transport Escadron 1/64 Béarn (French: escadron de transport 1/64 Béarn) (more specifically Transport Escadron 01.064 Béarn), which belonged to the 64th Transport Escadre (French: 64^e Escadre de Transport) during the dissolution of the later (recreated in August 2015). Not all escadrons (Squadrons) are necessarily attached to an Escadre.^{[citation needed]}

The Escadrille (flight) has both an administrative and operational function, even of the essential operational control is done at the level of the Esacdron. A pilot is assigned to the Escadrille, however the equipment and material devices, on the other hand, are assigned to the Escadron. Since the ESTA (Aeronautic Technical Support Escadrons) came into being, material devices and the mechanics have been assigned directly to the base then put at disposition of the based Escadrons.^{[citation needed]}

The Escadrilles adopted the traditions of the prestigious units out of which most (SPA and SAL),^{[note 1]} are those traditions of the First World War.^{[citation needed]}

Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air

The Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air comprise:^[61]

• Protection squadrons (French: Escadrons de protection) (EP)
• Air Parachute Commando 10 (French: Commando parachutiste de l'air) (CPA 10)
• Air Parachute Commando 20 (CPA 20)
• Air Parachute Commando 30 (CPA 30)

Protection Squadrons protect airbases inside and outside the national territory, and in exterior operations as well.

The CPAs carry out common missions, as well as specialized tasks including intervention and reinforcement of protection at the profit of sensible points " air " inside and outside the national territory.

Air bases

Main article: List of French Air and Space Force bases

Air bases in Metropolitan France

Flying activity in France is carried out by a network of bases, platforms and French air and space defence radar systems. It is supported by bases, which are supervised and maintained by staff, operational centres, warehouses, workshops, and schools. Both in France and abroad, bases have similar infrastructure to provide standardised support.

The French Air and Space Force has, as of 1 August 2014:

• Within the metropolitan territory of France, 27 airbases, out of the which 18 aeronautical platform with perceived runways and 5 Bases non-platform, two schools, 3 air detachments and " one attached air element " (EAR).
• Beyond the metropole/Europe, 7 Aerial Bases or permanent detachments in overseas or country.

A French Air and Space Force Dassault Rafale B at RIAT in 2009

Crotale missile-launchers of the Air Defense Ground-to-Air Squadron of the French Air and Space Force

Some French airbases house radar units (e.g. Lyon, Mont-Verdun, Drachenbronn, Cinq-Mars-la-Pile, Nice, Mont-Agel) to carry out air defence radar surveillance and air traffic control. Others house material warehouses or command posts. Temporary and semi-permanent foreign deployments include transport aircraft at Dushanbe (Tajikistan, Operation Héraclès), and fighter aircraft in N'Djamena (Tchad, Opération Épervier), among others.

As swift as the French Air and Space Force operates, the closure of aerial bases is more constant and immediate, having known a strong acceleration since the 1950s. An air base commander has authority over all units stationed on their base. Depending on the units' tasks, this means that they are responsible for approximately 600 to 2500 personnel.

On average, a base, made up of about 1500 personnel (nearly 3500 people including family), provides a yearly economic boost to its area of about 60 million euros. Consequently, determining the sites for air bases constitutes a major part of regional planning.^[62]

Orange-Caritat Air Base

• BA 105 Évreux-Fauville Air Base. Command, operational and logistic support. Air transport units with 27× CASA CN-235M, 9× Transall C-160 NG.
• BA 107 Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base. Helicopter and heavy air transport units.
• BA 113 Saint-Dizier – Robinson Air Base 4e Escadre de Chasse, 50× Rafale B and Rafale C.
• BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base. Air defence fighter base with 28× Mirage 2000-5F.
• BA 123 Orléans – Bricy Air Base. Air transport units with 17× Airbus A400M Atlas and 18× Lockheed C-130 Hercules. CFPSAA operational command.
• BA 133 Nancy – Ochey Air Base. Three strike fighter squadrons units with 70× Mirage 2000D,^[63] SAM sqns.
• BA 279 Châteaudun Air Base. Airplane maintenance, repair and storage airbase.
• BA 702 Avord Air Base. CFAS nuclear strike stockpile. AWACS 4× E-3F Sentry unit.
• BA 705 Tours airbase. Fighter pilot training school were equipped with Alpha Jet. This school has been moved to BA 709 in 2020.
• DA 273 Romorantin air detachment. Logistics unit.
• BA 106 Bordeaux-Mérignac Airport. Transport support base for the air staff.
• BA 115 Orange-Caritat Air Base. 6× Mirage 2000B-S5.
• BA 118 Mont-de-Marsan Air Base. Home to 52× Rafale B and Rafale C. Home of CEAM, the Air and Space Force military experimentation and trials organisation, Air defence radar command reporting centre, and the air traffic control and air defence control training centre.
• BA 120 Cazaux Air Base, situated South-west of the port city of Bordeaux. Fighter pilot training squadron equipped with 45× Alpha Jet. Air and Space Force airplane stockpile.
• BA 125 Istres-Le Tubé Air Base. Two Transall C-160G strategic communication flight. Inflight refueling unit with 4× Airbus A330 MRTT. CEAM – the Air and Space Force military test centre.
• BA 126 Solenzara Air Base. Fighter gunnery range. SAR unit.
• DA 277 Varennes-sur-Allier. Air and Space Force supply depot. DA 277 was dissolved on 30 June 2015.
• Air Base 278 Ambérieu. Logistic support base.
• BA 701 Salon-de-Provence Air Base. Presentation Team equipped with 12× Alpha Jet. Officer instruction school. Enlisted instruction school.
• BA 709 Cognac – Châteaubernard Air Base. Basic flight training school equipped with 17× Pilatus PC-21 and UAV squadron with 8× MQ-9 Reaper.
• Air Base 721 Rochefort. Home of the NCO school, the École de formation des sous-officiers de l'armée de l'air.
• BA 942 Lyon – Mont Verdun Air Base. Air defence radar command reporting centre. National Air Operations Command (CNOA) location.
• EAR 943 Nice Mont-Agel. Air defence radar GM 406.
• DA 204 Bordeaux-Beauséjour air detachment. Logistic unit.
• EETAA 722 Saintes. Air and Space Force electronic, technical instruction also as Military basic Bootcamp.
• EPA 749 Grenoble. Air and Space Force child support school.

Overseas

Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base

• BA 160 Dakar, Senegal. Mixed units.
• Réunion, Indian Ocean.
• BA 188 Djibouti, Africa. Mixed units.
• Air elements Libreville/Gabon.
• Air elements N’Djamena/Chad. Mixed units.
• BA 190 French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity). Mixed unit.
• BA 365 Martinique (French department), West Indies. Mixed unit.
• BA 367 French Guiana (French department), South America. Mixed units.
• BA 376 Base aérienne 186 Nouméa, New Caledonia (special collectivity of France)
• BA 104 Abu Dhabi

More than ten bases have been closed since 2009. Doullens Air Base (BA 922) was a former command and reporting centre; Toulouse - Francazal Air Base (BA 101), was closed on 1 September 2009; Colmar-Meyenheim Air Base (BA 132) was closed on 16 June 2010; Metz-Frescaty Air Base (BA 128) was closed on 30 June 2011; Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base (BA 217), closed 26 June 2012; Cambrai - Épinoy Air Base (BA 103), was closed on 28 June 2012; Reims – Champagne Air Base (June 2012); Drachenbronn Air Base (BA 901) closed on 17 July 2015; Dijon Air Base (BA 102), was vacated on 30 June 2016;^[64] Creil Air Base (BA 110) vacated on 31 August 2016; and Taverny Air Base (DA 921), the former Strategic Air Forces Command headquarters.

Inventory

Aircraft

See also: List of active military aircraft of the French Armed Forces

Dassault Rafale B

Dassault Mirage 2000

Boeing E-3F Sentry

Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix

Airbus A400M Atlas

Airbus A330-200 presidential aircraft

Dassault Falcon 2000EX

Airbus H225M Caracal

Dassault Mirage 2000B conversion trainer

General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAV

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Introduced	In service	Notes
Combat aircraft
Dassault Rafale B/C	France	Multirole fighter	2006	100	Additional units on order (185 Rafale in total planned for the Air Force) The Rafale B replaced the Mirage 2000N in the pre-strategic nuclear strike role 40 additional units (Rafale M) in naval service[5][65] The Rafale has enjoyed continuous evolution since its introduction through cyclical modernization programs. The F2 standard was the first to be delivered to the French Air Force and was introduced in 2006 (the F1 standard representing the first 10 Rafale production units delivered to the French Navy as an emergency replacement for its F-8 Crusader carrier-based fighters, which were running out of steam). The Rafale F3 entered operational service in 2009 and the F3-R standard in 2018. The Rafale F4 is scheduled to enter operational service in 2025 and the Rafale F5 in the early 2030s.[66][67]
Dassault Mirage 2000D	France	Tactical bomber	1995	66	48 units being modernized (mid-life upgrade program launched in 2016), with first modernized aircraft being delivered in January 2021 36 modernized units in service as of 2023[68][69]
Dassault Mirage 2000-5F	France	Multirole fighter	1993	26[70]
AWACS
Boeing E-3F Sentry	United States	AEW&C	1990	4	Fitted with the newer CFM56-2 engines All upgraded to the Block 40/45 standard, with the first modernized unit delivered in July 2014[71] To be succeeded by the Alliance Future Surveillance and Control (AFSC) in the early 2030s[72]
Reconnaissance
Dassault Falcon Archange	France	SIGINT / ELINT / EW	TBD	0	New generation strategic electromagnetic intelligence gathering and electronic warfare aircraft program launched in November 2019 to succeed France's aging Transall C-160 Gabriel (the 2 aircraft were withdrawn from service in May 2022). Under development by Dassault and Thales and based on the Dassault Falcon 8X 2 on order and an additional unit planned. Service entry expected in 2028.[73]
ASLR VADOR	United States	ISTAR / SIGINT	2022	2	Based on the Beechcraft Super King Air 350 and equipped with sensors dedicated to both image-based intelligence and electromagnetic intelligence (sensors developed by Thales and Sabena Technics). Also scheduled to integrate Safran's Euroflir 410 optronic ball. 1 additional unit on order Purchase of 8 units in total originally planned but reduced to 3 in 2023. The leasing of additional ISTAR and SIGINT aircraft to complement the 3 VADOR and as an interim solution until the Archange's service entry is now the preferred option.[74]
Tanker
Airbus A330 MRTT Phénix	Europe	Aerial refueling / Airborne command and control node / Transport	2018	12	15 planned in total (3 civilian Airbus A330-200 purchased in 2020 will be converted to complement the 12 MRTT ordered by 2025)[75]
Lockheed KC-130J	United States	Aerial refueling / Transport	2019	2[76]
Boeing KC135	United States	Aerial refueling	1964	3	The original C135FR were retired between October 2020 and December 2023. The remaining 3 KC135 should remain in service until 2025[77]
Transport
Airbus A400M Atlas	Europe	Tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities / Aerial refueling	2013	24	26 additional units on order[78]
Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules	United States	Tactical airlifter	2018	2[79]
Lockheed C-130 Hercules	United States	Tactical airlifter	1987	14	To be replaced by the Future Medium-size Tactical Cargo (FMTC) aircraft[80]
CASA CN235	Spain	Tactical airlifter	1993	27	To be replaced by the FMTC aircraft[81][82]
Airbus A330-200	Europe	VIP transport	2010 2020	4	The first unit, in service since November 2010, is the main transport aircraft of the French President and part of the presidential fleet (7 aircraft in total) 3 additional units were ordered in August 2020 and delivered between November 2020 and November 2022. They will be converted into MRTT aircraft by 2025 in order to complement the 12 A330 MRTT purchased[75]
Dassault Falcon 7X	France	VIP transport	2009	2	Part of presidential fleet In service since 2009 and 2010 respectively[83]
Dassault Falcon 2000EX/LX	France	VIP transport	2011	2	Part of the presidential fleet
Dassault Falcon 900	France	VIP transport	1991	2	Part of the presidential fleet[84]
Socata TBM 700	France	Liaison aircraft	1990	15	[85]
DHC-6 Twin Otter	Canada	Liaison aircraft	1978	5
Helicopter
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal	Europe	Transport / CSAR helicopter	2006	10	32 H225M Caracal and H225 units scheduled to be in service by 2030 and all 36 planned by 2035 10 Caracal in service as of 2021, with additional units on order[86] All Caracal helicopters in service with the French Army (8 units) will also be transferred to the Air and Space Force after delivery of 18 NH90 Forces Spéciales to the army's 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment.
Airbus Helicopters H225	Europe	Transport / SAR helicopter	2016	2	Additional units on order
Airbus Helicopters H215 Super Puma	France	VIP transport helicopter	1984	3	Dedicated to presidential and governmental transport Being replaced by the Airbus H225
Aérospatiale SA330 Puma	France	Medium utility helicopter	1974	18	Being replaced by the H225M Caracal
Eurocopter AS555 Fennec	Europe	Light utility helicopter	1990	40	To be replaced by the Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard
Airbus Helicopters H160M Guépard	Europe	Medium multirole helicopter	TBD	0	40 units out of the 180 planned for the French Armed Forces are destined for the Air and Space Force.
Trainer aircraft
Dassault Mirage 2000B-S5	France	Conversion trainer	1993	7
Pilatus PC-21	Switzerland	Advanced trainer	2018	26
Embraer EMB 121 Xingu	Brazil	Multi-engine trainer	1982	22
Beechcraft Super King Air 350 Extended Range	United States	Multi-engine trainer / Navigation trainer	2020	1	Training outsourced to CAE Aviation
Grob 120A-F	Germany	Basic trainer	2007	18	Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy[87]
Cirrus SR20	United States	Ab initio trainer	2013	16	Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy
Cirrus SR22	United States	Ab initio trainer	2013	9	Fleet outsourced to Airbus Flight Academy[88]
Diamond HK36 Super Dimona	Austria	Motor glider	2010	5
Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal	Europe	Rotorcraft trainer	2006	1	[89]
Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet	France Germany	Advanced jet trainer Aerobatic display	1978	18	The last six student fighter pilots trained on the Alpha Jet have received their badges in March 2023. The 53 aircraft dedicated to advanced jet training were thus retired and as of April 2024, discussions are taking place with the United Kingdom and Spain for a joint program to replace the jet trainer. The new aircraft is expected by 2032. 18 units remain in service with the Patrouille de France.[90]
Extra EA-300	Germany	Aerobatic display	2005	3
UAVs
General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper	United States	ISTAR / UCAV	2013	12	4 systems (12 drones) in service as of 2023 To be replaced by at least 6 Eurodrone systems by 2035 (first system to be delivered by 2030)[91][92]

Satellites

Mock-up of a CSO satellite

Mock-up of a Pléiades satellite

Mock-up of a CERES satellite

Mock-up of the two Syracuse IV satellites

Name	Origin	Type	Introduced	In service	Notes
Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space CSO	France	Earth observation constellation	2018	2 satellites	Successor of the Helios 2 constellation CSO-1 launched in December 2018 and CSO-2 in December 2020 The last satellite, CSO-3, is scheduled to be launched in 2024 To be succeeded by a new generation optical intelligence constellation (IRIS) from 2028 onwards[93]
Airbus Defence and Space Pléiades Neo	France	Earth observation constellation	2021	2 satellites	Successor of the Pléiades constellation Pléiades Neo 3 and 4 launched in April and August 2021 respectively 4 satellites originally planned but the Pléiades Neo 5 and 6 were lost in December 2022 as a result of the failure of Vega C flight VV22
Airbus Defence and Space Pléaides	France	Earth observation constellation	2011	2 satellites	Pléiades 1A launched in December 2011 and Pléiades 1B in December 2012 Still operational as of 2023
Airbus Defence and Space Helios 2	France	Earth observation constellation	2004	2 satellites	Successor of the Helios 1 constellation (launched in 1995 and decommissioned in 2012) Helios 2A launched in December 2004 and Helios 2B in December 2009 Still operational as of 2023
Airbus Defence and Space / Thales Alenia Space CERES	France	Electromagnetic intelligence constellation	2021	3 satellites	All 3 CERES satellites launched in November 2021 To be succeeded by a new generation electromagnetic intelligence constellation (CELESTE) from 2029 onwards
Thales Alenia Space / Airbus Defence and Space Syracuse IV	France	Telecommunication satellite constellation	2021	2 satellites	Successor of the Syracuse III constellation Syracuse 4A launched in October 2021 and Syracuse 4B launched in July 2023. 3 satellites originally planned but in April 2023, it was announced the first two satellites would be more than sufficient and that the last, Syracuse 4C (previously scheduled to be launched by 2025), would be cancelled in favor of financing the European Union's IRIS² satellite internet constellation. It was also announced a program to develop the next generation of communications satellite constellation (Syracuse V) would be launched in the 2024–2030 French Military Planning Law to succeed the Syracuse 4A and Syracuse 4B satellites in the 2030s.[94]
Thales Alenia Space Syracuse III	France	Telecommunication satellite constellation	2005	2 satellites	Syracuse 3A launched in October 2005 and Syracuse 3B in August 2006. Still operational as of 2023
Thales Alenia Space Sicral 2	France Italy	Telecommunication satellite	2015	1 satellite	Launched in April 2015
Thales Alenia Space Athena-Fidus	France Italy	Telecommunication satellite	2014	1 satellite	Launched in February 2014
Galileo	Europe	Global navigation satellite system	2011	24 satellites	Being launched since October 2011

Air defense

A SAMP/T launch module deployed

Crotale NG

Name	Origin	Type	Introduced	In service	Notes
Eurosam SAMP/T Mamba	France Italy	High to medium air defense system	2011	8 batteries	First French MAMBA squadron achieved operational status in October 2011 To be succeeded by the SAMP/T NG (New Generation) 12 SAMP/T NG batteries planned in total (8 to be in service by 2030 and 12 by 2035)[95]
Thales Crotale NG	France	Short range air defense system	1990	8–10 units	To be replaced by the VL MICA NG medium-range surface-to-air missile system 12 VL MICA NG batteries planned in total (9 to enter service by 2030 et 12 by 2035)[96]
Thales/CS Group PARADE	France	Modular counter-drone platform	2023	Unknown	Development led by Thales and CS Group 6 systems to be delivered to the French Armed Forces in 2023 (the number of systems going to the Air and Space Force is unknown) 15 systems planned in total, with full delivery to be completed by 2030[97]
MC2 Technologies NEROD F5	France	Man-portable anti-drone jamming system	2020	Unknown	The NEROD F5 is a microwave jammer capable of disrupting and neutralizing all communication protocols used by drones. It neutralizes: the usual or improvised mini and micro drones by acting simultaneously on 4 remote control frequencies among 5 available the satellite navigation system of the targeted drone.[98]

Surveillance systems

The Air and Space Force operates a wide range of air and space surveillance systems. Among them, the:

• 23 CM
• ALADIN NGD tactical and air-transportable low- and very-low-altitude coverage radars
• ARES
• CENTAURE primary and secondary panoramic radars
• GRAVES space surveillance system
• Ground Master 406 and 403 AESA long-range air defense 3D radars
• Ground Master 200 AESA medium-range air defense 3D radars
• PAR NG new-generation precision approach radars
• SAT 3D
• SATAM
• TRAC 2400 long-range two-dimensional electronically scanned radars
• TRS 22XX and TRS 2215 three-dimensional long-range electronically scanned radars

Personnel

Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air at the opening of a war memorial

Side cap of the French Air and Space Force personnel

Since the end of the Algerian War, the French Air and Space Force has comprised about 17 to 19% of the French Armed Forces.^[99] In 1990, at the end of the Cold War, numbers reached 56,400 military personnel under contract, out of which 36,300 were part of conscription and 5,400 civilians.^[100]

In 2008, forecasts for personnel of the French Air Force were expected to number 50,000 out of which 44,000 aviators on the horizon in 2014.

In 2010, the number personnel of the French Air Force was reduced to 51,100 men and women (20%) out of which: 13% officers; 55% sous-officier; 29% air military technicians (MTA); 3% volunteers of national service and aspirant volunteers; 6,500 civilians (14%). They form several functions:

Non-flying personnel

Non-navigating personnel of the French Air and Space Force include and are not limited to : Systems Aerial Mechanics (French: mécanicien système aéronautique), Aerial Controllers (French: contrôleur aérien), Meteorologists (French: météorologue), Administrative Personnel, Air Parachute Commandos (French: Commandos parachutistes de l'air), in Informatics, in Infrastructures, in Intelligence, Commissioner of the Armies (French: Commissaire) (Administrator Task).

Flying personnel

Pilots, Mechanical Navigating Officer (French: Mécanicien Navigant), Navigating Arms Systems Officer (French: Navigateur Officier Système d'Armes) (NOSA), Combat Air Medic (French: Convoyeur de l'Air) (CVA).

Training of personnel

Students of the École de l'air (Air School) during the military parade of July 14th in 2007 on the Champs-Élysées

Officers, within their recruitment and future specialty, are trained at:

• École de l'air (French: École de l'air) (Air School) de Provence^[101]
• École Militaire de l'Air (French: École militaire de l'air) (Military Air School)
• École des commissaires des armées (French: École des commissaires des armées) (Commissioners Armies School)
• École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air (French: École de pilotage de l'Armée de l'air) (Piloting School of the French Air and Space Force)
• École de l'aviation de transport (French: École de l'aviation de transport) (Aviation Transport School)
• École de l'aviation de chasse (French: École de l'aviation de chasse) (Aviation Hunter Fighter Pilot School)
• École de transition opérationnelle (French: École de transition opérationnelle) (Operational Transition School)

Officers of the French Air and Space Force are spread in three corps:

• Air Officer (French: Officiers de l'air)
• Officer Mechanics (French: Officiers Mécaniciens)
• Aerial Base Officer (French: officiers des bases de l'air), amongst which, officers of the Air Parachute Commandos (French: Commandos parachutistes de l'air) are featured.

Non-commissioned officers (Sous-Officiers) are trained at:

• École de formation des sous-officiers de l'Armée de l'air (French: École de formation des sous-officiers de l'Armée de l'air) (EFSOAA) de Rochefort
• École interarmées (French: École interarmées) (Inter-arm School) for administrative specialists
• Escadron de formation des commandos de l'air (French: Escadron de formation des commandos de l'air) (EFCA) at Orange-Caritat Air Base (BA 115) for the personnel concerned

Military Air Technicians (French: militaires techniciens de l’air) having been trained until 1 July 2015 at the Center of Elementary Military Formation (French: " Centre de formation militaire élémentaire ") of the Technical Instruction School of the French Air and Space Force (French: École d'enseignement technique de l'Armée de l'air) of Saintes. Since 1 July 2015, training has taken place at Orange-Caritat Air Base, within the " Operational Combatant Preparation Center of the Air Force " (French: Centre de préparation opérationnelle du combattant de l'Armée de l'air).

Air traffic controllers are trained at the Center of Instruction Control and Air Defense (French: Centre d'Instruction du Contrôle et de la Défense Aérienne).^[102]

Ranks

Main article: Ranks in the French Air and Space Force

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1
French Air and Space Force[103] v t e
			Général d´armée aérienne		Général de corps aérien		Général de division aérienne		Général de brigade aérienne		Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel		Commandant		Capitaine		Lieutenant			Sous-lieutenant

Rank group	Aspirant student		Officer cadet
	Aspirant élève de l'École de l'air	Aspirant élève de l'École militaire de l'air	Élève officier de l'École de l'air	Elève officier du personnel navigant

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
French Air and Space Force[103] v t e
	Major			Adjudant-chef			Adjudant				Sergent-chef						Sergent						Caporal-chef				Caporal		Aviateur 1^e classe						Aviateur 2^e classe

See also

• List of Escadres of the French Air Force
• List of French Air and Space Force aircraft squadrons
• French Naval Aviation
• List of military aircraft of France

Notes

1. Designations of Escadrilles composed of the identifying number of material devices (for instance SPA for escadrille equipped with SPAD, N for Nieuport, SAL for Salmson, etc.) and an order number.

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Further reading

• Olivier, Jean-Marc, (ed.), Histoire de l'armée de l'air et des forces aériennes françaises du XVIII^e siècle à nos jours" [History of the Air Force and French aerial forces since the 18th century to the present], Toulouse, Privat, 2014, 552 p.
• Pither, Tony (1998). The Boeing 707 720 and C-135. England: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85130-236-2.
• Diego Ruiz Palmer, "France's Military Command Structures in the 1990s," in Thomas-Durell Young, Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National and Multinational Considerations, U.S. Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1997

External links

• (in French) Official website
• (in French) List of air bases, appendix of the budget bill for 2006, French Senate