Swedish Air Force

Swedish Air Force
Flygvapnet
Coat of arms of the Swedish Air Force
Founded	1 July 1926; 98 years ago (1926-07-01)
Country	Sweden
Type	Air force
Role	Aerial warfare
Size	2,700[1]
Part of	Swedish Armed Forces
March	Flygvapnets Defileringsmarsch (English: "March of the Swedish Air Force"), by Helge Damberg
Equipment	207 aircraft
Engagements	Winter War[2] Congo Crisis Afghanistan War 2011 military intervention in Libya
Commanders
Chief of Air Force	MajGen Jonas Wikman
Deputy Chief of Air Force	BGen Tommy Petersson [sv]
Chief of the Air Staff	Col Dennis Hedström
Notable commanders	Bengt Nordenskiöld
Insignia
Roundel
Aircraft flown
Electronic warfare	Saab 340 AEW&C, Gulfstream IV-SP
Fighter	JAS 39 Gripen
Helicopter	A109LUH, NH90, UH-60M
Trainer	Grob G 120TP
Transport	C-130H Hercules, Saab 340B, Gulfstream IV-SP, Gulfstream G550

The Swedish Air Force (Swedish: Svenska flygvapnet or just Flygvapnet) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

History

DH.98 Mosquito NF.19 night fighter of the Swedish Air Force in 1949

The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the escalating international tension during the 1930s the Air Force was reorganized and expanded from four to seven squadrons.

World War II

When World War II broke out in 1939 further expansion was initiated and this substantial expansion was not finished until the end of the war. Although Sweden never entered the war, a large air force was considered necessary to ward off the threat of invasion and to resist pressure through military threats from the great powers. By 1945 the Swedish Air Force had over 800 combat-ready aircraft, including 15 fighter divisions.

A major problem for the Swedish Air Force during World War II was the lack of fuel. Sweden was surrounded by countries at war and could not rely on imported oil. Instead domestic oil shale was heated to produce the needed petrol.^[3]

About 250 aircrew were killed in crashes 1939-1945 according to statistics that were not disclosed during the war years but published afterwards.^[4]

Expansion during the Cold War

Swedish Air Force P-51D on display at the Swedish Air Force Museum

The Swedish Air Force underwent a rapid modernization from 1945. It was no longer politically acceptable to equip it with second-rate aircraft types. Instead, the Air Staff purchased the best it could find from abroad, e.g. P-51D Mustangs, De Havilland Mosquito NF.19 night fighters and de Havilland Vampires, and supported the development of top performance domestic models. The Saab 29 Tunnan jet fighter was introduced around 1950.

In the late 1950s the Swedish Air Force introduced the Bas 60 air base system, which revolved around force dispersal of air squadrons across many wartime air bases in case of war in order to make it complicated for an opponent to destroy the air force on the ground. Road runways were also introduced as backup runways. Bas 60 was developed further into Bas 90 during the 1970s and 1980s.^[5][6][7][8]

During the Cold War large amounts of money (including funds intended for the Swedish nuclear weapons programme) were spent on the Swedish Air Force and domestic aircraft production. In 1957 Sweden had the world's fourth most powerful air force,^[9] with about 1,000 modern planes in front-line service.^[10] During the 1950s, it introduced fighters such as the Saab J 29 Tunnan, Saab A 32 Lansen and Saab J 35 Draken.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1952 the Swedish Air Force lost two aircraft on Cold War operations, in what became known as the Catalina affair. A signals intelligence Douglas DC-3 was intercepted by Soviet MiG-15s over the Baltic, and shot down with the loss of three aircrew and five civilian technicians. A PBY Catalina rescue seaplane was then also downed, the five-man crew being rescued from the sea by a freighter.^{[citation needed]}

In the air defence role the Swedish Air Force also operated surface-to-air missiles. Svea Air Corps (F 8) operated de Havilland J-28B Vampire jet aircraft in 1949 being replaced in 1953 by Saab J-29 Tunnan and in 1957 by J-34 Hunter fighters. As of 1961 F 8 reroled into missile defence role becoming the air force technical training centre for using the new RB-68 Bloodhound systems in 2 squadrons until 1974.

These Swedish units also operated the RB-68 missile system (1 squadron each):

• Scania Wing, also F 10 Ängelholm
• Kalmar Wing, also F 12 Kalmar,
• Bråvalla Wing, also F 13 Norrköping
• Blekinge Wing, also F 17 Kallinge,

Death toll during the Cold War

In the Cold War era, more than 600 Swedish fighter pilots were killed in crashes during peacetime exercises and training in the 1945–1991 period.^[11] In the 1950s–60s era the flight training curriculum was deficient and the training regimes were too risky and some aircraft types had design flaws. In the 1950s, about 21 pilots were killed annually.^[12]

In the 1960s the average number of killed were 13 per year, which meant Sweden had sixfold mortality rate per 100,000 flight hours compared to the United States. In the 1960s flight safety started to become a consideration, not due to the death toll but because the aircraft were getting increasingly expensive.^[12] In October 1960, a Lansen fighter crashed into a farmhouse and killed 7 people.^[4] In the 1970s the death toll was reduced to 6–7 per year. In subsequent years, it continued to fall and from 1996 onwards, no fatal accident has been recorded.^[12]

War service

The Swedish Air Force has been involved in three wars, the Finno-Soviet Winter War in 1939–40, in which volunteers took part, the Congo Crisis, 1961–64, and in the 2011 Libyan civil war.

Finland 1940

When the Soviet Union attacked Finland in November 1939, Sweden came to its neighbour's assistance but eventually decided not to join the war.

A Swedish volunteer infantry brigade and a volunteer air squadron fought in northern Finland from January to March 1940. The squadron was designated F 19 and consisted of 12 Gloster Gladiator fighters and four Hawker Hart dive-bombers.

Congo 1961–1964

Saab 37 Viggen (1972–2005)

The Swedish Air Force saw combat as part of the United Nations peace-keeping mission ONUC during the Congo Crisis in 1961 to 1964. It established a separate air wing, F 22, equipped with a dozen Saab 29 Tunnans, which performed well under the rough conditions in central Africa. The secessionist adversaries possessed only a small number of aircraft with poor combat capabilities, e.g. Fouga Magister trainers.

1990s – restructuring

With the end of the Cold War the Swedish Armed Forces underwent a massive restructuring process. During this time, several air bases were deemed unnecessary and closed with fighters like the Saab 37 Viggen retired prematurely. In 1994 the air force had over 400 fighters, by 2005 the number had sunk to fewer than 150.

Libya 2011

On 29 March 2011, the Swedish prime minister announced that eight Saab JAS 39 Gripens would support the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya.^[13] The announcement responded to a NATO request for assistance. The Swedish fighters were limited to supporting the no-fly zone and were not authorized to engage in ground attack sorties. The deployment was approved by the Swedish Riksdag on 1 April 2011 and the first jets departed for Libya on 2 April. A C-130 Hercules accompanied the fighters for mid-air refueling.^[14]

Equipment

Aircraft

See also: List of military aircraft of Sweden

A Gripen performing at RIAT 2009

An A109E on take off

A Saab 340 AEW&C in flight at the Swedish Armed Forces' Airshow 2010.

Aircraft	Origin	Type	Variant	In service	Notes
Combat aircraft
JAS 39 Gripen	Sweden	Multirole	JAS 39C JAS 39D JAS 39E	71[15] 23[15] 3 (60)[16]	60 E variants on order 24 Gripen A/B in storage 120 C/D/E units are projected to be operational.[17]
AWACS
Saab 340	Sweden	AEW&C	ASC 890	2[15]	Equipped with the Erieye radar. 2 pledged to Ukraine.[18][19]
Bombardier Global 6000	Canada	AEW&C	GlobalEye	0 (+3)	3 on order to replace ASC 890.[20][21]
Tanker
KC-130 Hercules	United States	Aerial refueling	KC-130H	1[15]
Transport
Saab 340	Sweden	Utility transport		1[15]	One used for reconnaissance
Gulfstream IV	United States	VIP transport		4[22]	Two aircraft used for SIGINT[15]
C-130 Hercules	United States	Tactical airlifter	C-130H	5[15]	To be replaced by Embraer C-390[23]
Embraer C-390	Brazil	Tactical airlifter		TBC[24]
Helicopters
Sikorsky UH-60	United States	Utility	UH-60M	15 (+12) [15]	12 UH-60M on order[25]
NHIndustries NH90	European Union	Utility / Transport	TTH	18[15]
AgustaWestland AW109	Italy	Trainer / Light utility		20[15]
Trainer aircraft
Grob G 120TP	Germany	Basic trainer		10 (+3)	Additional 3 on order in 2024, to be delivered by 2025.
UAV
AAI RQ-7 Shadow	United States	Surveillance		8[26]
Elbit Skylark[27]	Israel	Surveillance

Note: Three C-17 Globemaster III's are available through the Heavy Airlift Wing based in Hungary^[28]

Weapons

Main article: Swedish Air Force weapons

Organization

Skaraborg Wing

Blekinge Wing

Norrbotten Wing

Malmen Air Base

Uppland Wing

Vidsel Air Base

class=notpageimage|

Swedish Air Force bases 2024:
JAS 39C/D Gripen Helicopters Other bases

Fighter wings

There are four fighter wings:

• Skaraborg Wing (F 7), at Såtenäs Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D^[29]
• Uppland Wing (F 16), at Ärna Air Base, reestablished in 2021 and without fighter divisions as of 2024^[30]
• Blekinge Wing (F 17), at Ronneby Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D
• Norrbotten Wing (F 21), at Luleå Air Base, operates JAS 39C/D

Helicopter squadrons

The aviation units that were formerly under the Swedish Army ("Arméflyget") and the Swedish Navy ("Marinflyget") have been merged with the helicopter units of the Air Force to form the single Helicopter Wing (Hkpflj) for the entire Armed Forces. The wing has been placed under the authority of the Air Force and consists of:

• 1st Helicopter Squadron, co-located with Norrbotten Wing at Luleå Air Base, operates NH90 TTH (Hkp 14)
• 2nd Helicopter Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates AW109 (Hkp 15) and UH-60M Black Hawk (Hkp 16)
• 3rd Helicopter Squadron, co-located with Blekinge Wing at Ronneby Air Base, operates NH90 TTH (Hkp 14) and AW109 (Hkp 15)
• 4th Helicopter Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates AW109 (Hkp 15) and UH-60M Black Hawk (Hkp 16)

Other squadrons

The air transport units perform airlift operations, and are used in both national and in international missions. The unit also organizes the Swedish part of the Heavy Airlift Wing in Hungary. Signals reconnaissance units conduct electronic combat reconnaissance and intelligence gathering.

• 71st Air Transport Squadron, co-located with Skaraborg Wing at Såtenäs Air Base, operates C-130H Hercules
• 74th Special Air Squadron, at Malmen Air Base, operates Gulfstream IV-SP, Saab 340 AEW&C and Saab 340
• 75th State Air Squadron, at Arlanda Air Base, operates Gulfstream IV

Future of the Swedish Air Force

A Gripen over at RIAT 2014

The Swedish Air Force is being adapted to new future tasks. Today about 80 Gripen C/D fighters remain in service. Some orders have been made and 60 new Jas 39 Gripen E units will join the air force in the coming years. Saab has also joined the primarily French project for the unmanned future stealth plane Dassault nEUROn.

In 2008 and 2010, the Swedish armed forces wanted to retire even more fighters and close air bases to relocate money to other branches. However, because of negative response from the public and pressure from the Swedish government, no cuts happened as of 2011.^{[31][32][33][34]}

In 2013, the USMC introduced Swedish helicopter units to the forward air control airborne mission profile for better air-ground coordination.^[35] In the same year, 60 further modified E class Gripens were ordered with the first plane to join the Air force in 2018.^[36]

At RIAT 2022, the commander of the Swedish Air Force stated that the air force in the future (2030) will consist of 60 Jas 39C/D and 60 Jas 39E in a total of 7 fighter squadrons.

In November 2022, the Strategic Defence Plan was published in which it was announced that all NH90 helicopters will be phased out and replaced, additional Sikorsky Black Hawks will be ordered for the tactical transport role, a new medium sized helicopter for the ASW/ASuW role will be selected.^[37]

Saab JAS 39 Gripen E

Today the Swedish Air Force main fighter is the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, in the C/D versions. By 2018 95 fighters were active with about 30 of these being updated from the A version.^[38]

The heavily modernised E version will replace the current fleet of Gripen Cs. The new aircraft includes a new Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, and is powered by the General Electric F414G. It carries more fuel and weapons. The upgrade also includes new weapon systems like the Meteor missile system.^[39] In 2013, Saab signed an agreement with the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration for 60 new Gripen in the E version. The first aircraft is to join the Swedish Air Force by 2018.^[40] JAS 39C is expected to remain in service until 2030.^[41]

A Swedish Air Force C-130 Hercules at the 2017 RIAT, England

Military transport aircraft

The Swedish C-130 Hercules (TP 84) were bought from the United States in the 1960s and has been updated several times. The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration has been tasked to update the aircraft so they can remain in service to 2030. There are also plans to buy new aircraft by 2024 to replace the current fleet.^[42] As part of the Heavy Airlift Wing cooperation, Sweden also operates three Boeing C-17 which are located at Pápa Air Base in Hungary.

Training aircraft

Sweden used the Saab 105 as the primary jet-trainer until phase out per June 2024. About 40 planes were operational. Designed in the 1960s the aircraft is starting to show its age and were gradually phased out from active service. The Swedish Air Force has selected the Grob G 120TP as its new Basic Trainer Aircraft, designated SK 40. 10 aircraft have been ordered and delivered but due to work environment problems caused by high workload the implementation of the new planes have been put on hold temporarily.^[43]

Saab GlobalEye AEW&C

Sweden will procure the Saab GlobalEye airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platform to replace its two S100D/ASC890. The Swedish Armed Forces submitted an official request to the government to buy the Saab GlobalEye platform on October 1, 2021. On October 24, 2021 the Swedish government approved the purchase to replace its old S100D/ASC890.

On 30 June 2022 SAAB and the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) signed a contract for the acquisition of 2 GlobalEye aircraft, to be designated S 106 in Swedish service. The deal is valued at 7,3 billion SEK (US$710 million) and deliveries was scheduled for 2027. The contract also includes the option to procure up to 2 additional GlobalEye aircraft. After pledging current Saab ASC 890 platforms to Ukraine, the GlobalEye delivery was rushed and 1 additional aircraft was ordered.

Ranks

Main article: Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1
Swedish Air Force[44] v t e
			General		Generallöjtnant		Generalmajor		Brigadgeneral		Överste		Överstelöjtnant		Major		Kapten		Löjtnant			Fänrik

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Swedish Air Force[44] v t e
	Flottiljförvaltare						Förvaltare		Överfanjunkare	Fanjunkare	Översergeant			Sergeant			Överfurir			Furir			Korpral				Vicekorpral		Menig 4		Menig 3		Menig 2	Menig 1	Menig

See also

• Chief of Air Force (Sweden)
• Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences
• List of air forces
• List of military aircraft of Sweden
• Swedish Air Force Museum
• Swedish Air Force Historic Flight

People

• Bengt Nordenskiöld
• Lars Olausson

References

1. IISS (2022). The Military Balance 2022. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8.
2. Gyllenhaal, Lars. "I luftstrid över Lappland". Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
3. Prien, Charles (1976). "Survey of Oil-Shale Research in the Last Three Decades". In Yen, T.F.; Chilingarian, George V. (eds.). Oil Shale. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 236. ISBN 0444414088.
4. "Svenska flygvapnets dödliga facit". Militarhistoria.se (in Swedish). 17 February 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
5. Rystedt, Jörgen (1 October 2005). "Flygbassystem 60" (PDF). Försvarets Historiska Telesamlingar (in Swedish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.
6. Rystedt, Jörgen (25 April 2009). "Flygbassystem 90" (PDF). Försvarets Historiska Telesamlingar (in Swedish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2017.
7. Törnell, Bernt (5 February 2007). "Svenska militära flygbaser" (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2017.
8. Andersson, Lennart (23 November 2006). "Svenska reservvägbaser" (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2017.
9. "The Growth of the Air Force". Flygvapenmuseum. 1 May 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
10. "Flygvapnet 80 år". Statens försvarshistoriska museer (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 18 March 2012.
11. "Pilotdöden – vårt okända nationella trauma". Vetenskapsradion Historia (in Swedish). 14 March 2013. Sveriges Radio. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
12. "Nu utreds massdöden inom flygvapnet". Expressen (in Swedish). 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
13. "Sweden plans to join Libya no-fly zone with fighter jets, but no ground attacks". Google News. Associated Press. 29 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
14. "Swedish Gripen Planes Headed to Libya". The Local. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
15. Hoyle, Craig (2023). "World Air Forces 2024". Flightglobal Insight. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
16. "Leverans av det första serieproducerade JAS 39E-planet till FMV" [Delivery of the first series-produced JAS 39E aircraft to FMV] (in Swedish). Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. 2023-10-19. Archived from the original on 2024-07-13. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
17. Hoyle, Craig (2024-06-12). "Why Swedish Gripen fleet is NATO's new ACE off base". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 2024-07-20. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
18. Post, Kyiv (2024-05-29). "Sweden Sending Two Saab 340 AEWCS Sky and Sea Surveillance Planes to Ukrainian Air Force". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
19. Rogoway, Thomas Newdick, Tyler (2024-05-29). "Ukraine Getting Swedish Airborne Early Warning Radar Planes Is A Big Deal". The War Zone. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
20. "Saab signs contract with Swedish FMV for a third GlobalEye". Start. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
21. Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (2024-05-29). "Military support package 16 to Ukraine – new capability to strengthen Ukraine's air defence and support to meet its prioritised needs". Regeringskansliet. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
22. "TP 100" (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
23. "Avsiktsförklaring undertecknad – C-390 utpekat som Försvarsmaktens nya transportflyg". Swedish Armed Forces. November 9, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
24. Hoyle2024-11-10T11:14:00+00:00, Craig. "Sweden picks C-390 airlifter, as Brazil seeks extra Gripens". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
25. "Beställning av tolv helikoptrar".
26. "Materiel och teknik: UAV 3 Ornen". Försvarets materielverk (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.
27. "Materiel och teknik Flyg: SUAV systemet Falken" [Goods and technology Flights]. Försvarets materielverk (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 5 July 2011.
28. "Heavy Airlift Wing". Strategic Airlift Capability Program. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
29. "Förband och förmågor: Julgran markerar slutet för en epok". Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 18 April 2013.
30. Olofsson, Kristoffer. "Upplands flygflottilj är tillbaka". Försvarsmakten.
31. "Kraftig minskning av antalet Jas-plan". Sveriges Television (in Swedish). 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009.
32. "Ingen flygflottilj utpekad". Sveriges Television (in Swedish). 15 May 2008. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009.
33. "Inga nedläggningar av förband". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
34. "Försvaret föreslår nya nedläggningar" [The defence proposes new closures]. Smålandsposten (in Swedish). 6 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
35. Vayavananda, Tatum (28 August 2013). "MAWTS-1 Marines introduce FAC(A) to Swedish Air Force". Marine Corps Forces Europe. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013.
36. "Klartecken ätt köpa nya JAS plan" [The go-ahead to buy new fighter, attack & reconnaissance planes]. Riksdag & Departement (in Swedish). 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
37. Perry, Dominic (2022-11-01). "Sweden to axe NH90 fleet under revised defence equipment plan". Flightglobal. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
38. Gummesson, Jonas (29 April 2015). "Vart tredje JAS-plan taget ur drift" [Every three JAS aircraft in service]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
39. "Gripen E Multirole Fighter Aircraft". Air Force Technology. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
40. "Saab signs agreement for the next generation fighter aircraft Gripen E and receives development order". Saab Group. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
41. "Försvarsmaktens budgetunderlag för 2022" (PDF). Swedish Armed Forces. 2022.
42. Augustsson, Tomas (20 July 2016). "Flyg jättarna som kan lyfta svenska Försvaret" [Flights giants that can lift Swedish defence]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
43. Sundgren, Linda (2023-04-14). "Akuta arbetsmiljöproblem på Flygskolan - införandet av SK 40 påverkas". Officerstidningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 2023-05-15.
44. "Försvarsmaktens Gradbeteckningar" (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish). Swedish Armed Forces. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

Further reading

• Annerfalk, Anders. Flygvapnet: An Illustrated History of the Swedish Air Force (Ljungsbro: Aviatic Förlag, 1999).
• Åselius, Gunnar. "Swedish strategic culture after 1945." Cooperation and Conflict 40.1 (2005): 25–44.
• Böhme, Klaus-Richard. The Growth of the Swedish Aircraft Industry: 1918-1945: the Swedish Air Force and Aircraft Industry (Sunflower University Press, 1988).
• Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The End of the Beginning...The Seversky P-35". Air Enthusiast, No. 10, July–September 1979, pp. 8–21. ISSN 0143-5450
• Owers, Colin (Spring 1994). "Fokker's Fifth: The C.V Multi-role Biplane". Air Enthusiast. No. 53. pp. 60–68. ISSN 0143-5450.
• Silvester, John. "Call to Arms: The Percival Sea Prince and Pembroke". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 56–61. ISSN 0143-5450
• Weibull, Alise. "The Swedish Armed Forces: Recent Developments and Future Strategy." in Giuseppe Caforio, ed., Cultural Differences between the Military and Parent Society in Democratic Countries (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2007) pp. 307–312.

External links

• Swedish Air Force – Official site
• Swedish Air Force Historical Flight, SwAFHF
• History of the Swedish Air Force (in Swedish)
• Information on Swedish military aviation
• Sunneberg – Information on Swedish aircraft (in Swedish)