Liberian foreign relations were traditionally stable and cordial throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, with a significant relationship with the United States, sharing close relations until the 1970s.[1][2][citation needed]
Stabilization in the 21st century brought a return to cordial relations with neighboring countries and much of the Western world. Liberia holds diplomatic relations with many western nations, including its long time partner the United States, as well as Russia, Cuba, and the People's Republic of China.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries with which Liberia maintains diplomatic relations:
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1971 when Algeria established first Mission and first Algerian Ambassador Mr. Zitouni Messaoudi presented his credentials to President of Liberia.[60]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1867 when has been appointed Chargé d'Affaires of Liberia to Belgium (resident in Paris) M. le vicomte de Fleury.[6]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1963 when M. Pierre Cofi, the Ambassador of the Ivory Coast has presented his Letters of credence to President Tubman, from the Presidents of Republics of the Upper Volta, Niger and Dahomey, accrediting him Ambassador of the free states to the Republic of Liberia.[43]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010 whe Ambassador of Liberia to Botswana Mr. Lois Lewis Brutus presented his credentials to President Seretse Khama.[104]
Relations between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Liberia have been broken and reestablished several times since February 17, 1977, when diplomatic relations between the PRC and Liberia were first formed.[119] The PRC broke off relations with Liberia on October 10, 1989, in response to Liberia's recognition of the Republic of China (Taiwan).[120]
Taiwan had offered $200 million in aid to Liberia for education and infrastructure in exchange for this recognition. The PRC reestablished relations with Liberia on August 10, 1993, and opened an embassy in Monrovia, making Liberia one of the few nations with established diplomatic ties to both the PRC and ROC.[121] In 1997, Charles Taylor's government proclaimed to recognize "two Chinas" and the PRC subsequently severed diplomatic relations.[122]
Liberia dropped diplomatic relations with the ROC on October 12, 2003, and reestablished ties with the People's Republic of China.[123] This move was seen largely as a result of the PRC's lobbying in the UN and plans to deploy a peacekeeping force in Liberia.[124]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1963 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Liberia (resident in Accra) Mr. Hans Adolf Biering[127]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited ambassador of Equatorial Guinea to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Jose Walterio Okori Dougan.[87]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 November 1965 when has been accredited Ambassador of Liberia to Gambia Mr. R. Francis Okai (Jnr.).[48]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1957 when M. Abraham Benjamin Bah Kofi, Ghanaian Charge d'Affaires to Liberia presented his credentials to President Tubman.[15]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[23]
By 1992, 120,000 people had fled from Sierra Leone to Guinea due to the RUF's practice of targeting civilians. In 2001, Liberian forces along with the RUF began attacking and burning refugee camps and Guinean villages along the border. In an inflammatory speech the Guinean president Lansana Conté, blamed the refugees for the border destabilization and alleged that the vast majority of refugees were rebels.[130]
He called for the Guinean population to defend its nation. This call precipitated attacks, beatings, rapes, and abductions of refugees by Guinean police and military forces. This reversal of Guinea's previously open policy towards refugees, further escalated the refugee crisis as refugees attempted to cross back through RUF territory.[131] By 2002, the United Nations estimated that three million people, or one in five people of the Mano River Union countries, were displaced.[132][133]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1960[29]
Indian-Liberian relations have traditionally been strong and cordial with Liberia's full-fledged support for India's stand on Kashmir and India's aspiration for permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council. In recent years, both nations have developed close and extensive cooperation in trade, military and strategic fields.
Amidst India's growing role in Liberia, the Liberian Minister of Mines and Energy, Dr. Eugene Shannon visited India in October 2005 to participate in the Confederation of Indian Industry-Africa Conclave. In 2008, the President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was invited to visit India.[135] Major items of Indian exports include engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, two wheelers, transportation equipment, steel and plastic products. Major items of imports are gold, diamonds, timber and metal scrap. Following lifting of United Nations sanctions, timber concessions have been awarded to Indian firms. Overall, Indian investments in Liberia have been increased from US$450 million in 2005 to an estimated $2 billion in 2009.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1975[78] In 2023, an Iranian drone struck the Liberian flagged chemical tanker Chem Pluto.[138][139]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Iraq to Liberia, residing in Lagos M. Saffa Mohammed Ali.[87]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1951 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Liberia Mr. Umberto Campini.[12]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1964 when Liberia's Ambassador to Kenya, Mr. George Padmore, has presented his credentials to the Governor-General of Kenya.[45]
Both countries established diplomatic relations when Liberian and Lebanese Governments to raise their Consulates General to the status of Legations, and a proclamation was issued announcing that the change would take effect from 1 January 1951.[11] In 1957 both countries raise their Legations to status of Embassies[145]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1974.[70]
Liberia's relationship with Libya has been characterized by Muammar Gaddafi's attempts at bringing Liberia under greater Libyan influence. Relations under the Doe administration were poor, owing to efforts by the United States to undermine Gaddafi's leverage, and Doe's cynicism of the Libyan leader's intentions. Gaddafi financially and militarily backed rebel leader Charles Taylor, under whose regime Liberia sought closer relations with Libya. After Taylor was ousted in 2003, Liberia continued to maintain diplomatic relations with Libya, only severing them after the onset of the Libyan Civil War, and just recently reestablishing them.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1960 when established Embassy of Mali in Liberia and appointed first Chargé d'Affaires Mr. Sango Ibrahima in Monrovia[33]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 1967 when Ambassador of Mauritania to Liberia M. Bakar Ould Ahmedou, has presented his credentials to President Tubman.[53]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 April 1990[90]
In 1960, Liberia and Ethiopia brought litigation against apartheid South Africa in the International Court of Justice to end its illegal occupation of Namibia.[147] As part of Liberia's support for Namibia's liberation struggle, many Namibian students received Liberian passports which helped them study abroad.
As of July 2008, a total of 5,900 Namibia Defence Force troops had been rotated through Liberia as part of the United Nations Mission in Liberia.[148] Namibia maintained a battalion of about 800 personnel in Grand Cape Mount county for several years, for most of the period part of UNMIL Sector 2, headquartered at Tubmanburg. In May 2005, Namibian troops were accused of sexual exploitation of young girls and women; three Namibian soldiers were sent home from the force after a United Nations investigation found them guilty of "engaging in sexual activity with civilians", which is against United Nations rules for peacekeepers.[149]
Liberia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Namibia is accredited to Liberia from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 May 1949.[9]
27 March 1936 has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Liberia to the Netherlands Baron Otto van den Bogaerde van Terbrugge.[150]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when the Nigerian Government has agreed to Liberia's raising the status its consulate general in Lagos to that of an Embassy on the same date.[32]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 June 1972.[64]
Liberia and Russia resumed bilateral relations in March 2010 and cited a recent exploration of mine by a Russian company as a sign of future trade relations.[152]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1962 when has been appointed first ambassador of Liberia to Sierra Leone Mr. Henry B. Fahnbulleh.[38]
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1980 when has been accredited Ambassador of Somalia to Liberia, residing in Dakar, M. Jaallee-Abdinur Yusuf Mohamed.[87]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Liberia to Tanzania Henry Bima Fahnbulleh presented his credentials to President Nyerere[51]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Liberia to Trinidad and Tobago (resident in Haiti) Mr. William B. Fernandez[49]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 1849[3]
The UK was amongst the first countries to recognise the new republic. After the visit to the UK in 1848 of President Roberts, Queen Victoria put the Royal Navy ship HMS Amazon at the disposal of him and his family, for his return journey to Liberia.[157]
U.S. relations with Liberia date back to 1819 when the US Congress appropriated $100,000 for the establishment of Liberia.[161] After official US recognition of Liberia in 1862, the two nations shared very close ties until strains in the 1970s due to Liberia's establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries.[162]
During the 1980s, the United States forged especially close ties with Liberia as part of a Cold War effort to suppress socialist and Marxist movements in Africa. Liberia received between $500 million and $1.3 billion during the 1980s from the United States government.[163]
The rise of Charles Taylor's government, the Liberian Civil War, regional instability and human rights abuses interrupted the previously close relations between Liberia and the United States. The United States cut direct financial and military aid to the Liberian government, withdrew Peace Corps operations, imposed a travel ban on senior Liberian Government officials, and frequently criticized Charles Taylor's government.[161][164] Due to intense pressure from the international community and the United States, Charles Taylor resigned his office on August 11, 2003.[162]
The resignation and exile of Charles Taylor in 2003 brought changes in diplomatic ties between the United States and Liberia. The United States proposed a United Nations Security Council draft resolution to authorize the deployment of a multi-national stabilization force,[165][166] and 200 marines as well as warships were sent to Monrovia's airport to support the peace-keeping effort.[167] The United States committed $1.16 billion to Liberia between 2004 and 2006.[161][168] In 2009, A 17.5 million dollar contract to support elections was offered to Liberia with International Foundation for Electoral Systems as the conduit.[169] This money is meant to support the presidential election of 2011 and the general election of 2014.[169]
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1972 when first Zambian Ambassador to Liberia Mr. Siteke G. Mwale presented his credentials[62]
^"Liberia". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ abAsia & Africa Review Volumes 2-3. Independent Publishing Company. 1962. p. 22.
^Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 48-50 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1962. p. 267.
^ abAfrika heute (in German). Deutsche Afrika-Gesellschaft. 1962. p. 210.
^Michael Th Neugebauer (1992). Die österreichisch-afrikanischen Beziehungen seit 1955 Wirtschaft, Politik, Entwicklungspolitik, Kultur (in German). Böhlau. p. 109.
^Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1963. p. 548.
^ abcdAsia & Africa Review Volume 3. Independent Publishing Company. 1963. p. 22.
^ ab"Liberia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ abAfrica Research Bulletin. Africa Research, Limited. 1964. p. 73.
^"สาธารณรัฐไลบีเรีย (Liberia)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ abAfrica Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1967. p. 734.
^Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda. Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1967. p. 3. 5-4-67 – H.E . Mr. H. B. Fahnbulleh ( Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Liberia ) ( Resident in Nairobi )
^ abWilliam R. Tolbert (Jr.) (1972). Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1. Republic of Liberia, Executive Mansion. p. 288.
^ abWilliam R. Tolbert (Jr.) (1976). Presidential Papers Documents, Diary, and Record of Activities of the Chief Executive · Volume 1. Press Division of the Executive Mansion. p. 28.
^"Libéria". portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ abIran Almanac and Book of Facts – Volume 15. Echo of Iran. 1976. p. 137.
^Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell, 1975. p. 3650.
^Muzart-Fonseca dos Santos, Idelette; Manuel Da Costa Esteves, José; Rolland, Denis (2007). Les îles du Cap-Vert: langues, mémoires, histoire (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 200.
^"Diplomatic and Consular List"(PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^"Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^Wesley, Charles H. (October 1917). "The Struggle for the Recognition of Haiti and Liberia as Independent Republics". The Journal of Negro History. 2 (4): 378. doi:10.2307/2713395. JSTOR2713395.
^Thomas McCants Stewart (1928). Revised Statutes of the Republic of Liberia: Being a Revision of the Statutes from the Organization of the Government in 1848 to and Including the Acts of the Legislature of 1910-1911 : with Forms of Conveyance and Procedure (1). Établissements Busson.
^Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 197.
^ abcd"GUINEA". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^ abcYekutiel Gershoni. War without End and End to a War: The Prolonged Wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, African Studies Review, Vol. 40, No. 3 (December 1997), pp. 55-57
^United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for West Africa, 2001, U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), March 23, 2001, section 2
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