Theophoric name

A theophoric name (from Greek: θεόφορος, theophoros, literally "bearing or carrying a god")^[1][2] embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or God's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that deity. For example, names embedding Apollo, such as Apollonios or Apollodorus, existed in Greek antiquity.^[3]

Theophoric personal names, containing the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted (or a generic word for god), were also exceedingly common in the ancient Near East and Mesopotamia.^[4][5][6] Some names of theophoric origin remain common today, such as Theodore (theo-, "god"; -dore, origin of word compound in Greek: doron, "gift"; hence "God's gift"; in Greek: Theodoros) or, less recognisably, Jonathan (from Hebrew Yonatan/Yehonatan, meaning "Yahweh has given").

Classical Greek and Roman theophoric names

Greek and Roman theophoric names

Deity	Name	Meaning
Aphrodite	Aphrodisius, -a
	Hermaphroditus	"Hermes and Aphrodite"
Apollo	Apollodorus, -a	"gift of Apollo"
	Apollonides	"son of Apollo"
	Apollonius
Ares	Arius	"war-like"
Artemis	Artemiche
	Artemidorus	"gift of Artemis"
	Artemisius, -ia
Athena	Athenaeus
	Athenais
	Athenagoras	"man in Athena's market"
	Athenodorus, -a	"gift of Athena"
Cephissus	Cephisodorus	"gift of Cephissus"
	Cephisodotus	"given by Cephissus"
Demeter	Demetrius, -ia
	Demetrodorus	"gift of Demeter"
Dionysus	Dionysius, -a, Dennis
	Dionysodorus, -a	"gift of Dionysus"
	Dionysicles	"glory of Dionysus"
Fortuna	Fortunatus	"fortunate, lucky"
Hecate	Hecataeus
Helios	Heliodorus	"gift of the Sun"
Hephaestus	Hephaestion
Hera	Heracles	"glory of Hera"
	Heraclitus
	Herodotus	"given by Hera"
Hermes	Hermaphroditus	"Hermes and Aphrodite"
	Hermesianax	"king Hermes"
	Hermione, Hermion
	Hermippus	"horse of Hermes"
	Hermocrates	"strength of Hermes"
	Hermogenes	"born of Hermes"
	Hermolaus	"people of Hermes"
Isis	Isidorus, -a	"gift of Isis"
Mars	Marcus
	Martialis	"Mars-like"
	Martinus
Mene (Selene)	Menodora	"gift of the Moon"
Minerva	Minervina	"little Minerva"
Nymphs	Nymphodora	"gift of the nymphs"
Poseidon	Poseidippus	"horse of Poseidon"
	Poseidorus, -a	"gift of Poseidon"
	Poseidonius
Serapis	Serapion
Themis	Themistocles	"glory of Themis"
Zeus	Dio	of Zeus (gen. Dios)
	Diocles, Diocletian	"glory of Zeus"
	Diodorus	"gift of Zeus"
	Zeno	of Zeus (gen. Zenos)
	Zenobius, -ia	"might of Zeus"
	Zenodotus	"given by Zeus"

Certain names of classical gods are sometimes given as personal names. The most common is Diana and its variants, such as Diane; others include Minerva, Aphrodite, Venus, Isis, or Juno. The first pope to take a regnal name, Pope John II, had the given name Mercurius and changed his name as he considered it inappropriate for the pope to have a pagan deity's name.

Christian theophoric names

• Abdelmasih: (Arabic) "servant of the Messiah"
• Abdisho: (Syriac) "servant of Jesus"
• Ahadabui, also Ahidabu: (Syriac) "brother to the Father"
• Ahischema: (Syriac) "brother of the schema"
• Aitillaha: (Syriac) "God exists"
• Amadeus: (Latin) "lover of God"
• Attallah: (Arabic) "gift of God"
• Bakhtishu: (Syriac) "redeemed by Jesus"
• Bogdan: (Slavic) "God given"
• Bogomil: (Slavic) "dear to God"
• Bozhidar: (Slavic) "gift of God"
• Christian: (Greek) "believer in Christ"
• Christodoulos: (Greek) "servant of Christ"
• Christopher: (Greek) "Christ-bearer".
• Deodatus/Deusdedit: (Latin) "God-given"
• Dorotheus/Dorothea: (Greek) "gift to God"
• Fürchtgott: (Germanic) "God-fearing"
• Gebreamlak: (Ge'ez) "servant of God"
• Geoffrey/Gottfried: (Germanic) "God's peace"
• Gottlieb: (Germanic) "God's love"
• Ishodad: (Syriac) "given by Jesus"
• Ishosabran or Sabrisho: (Syriac) "patient for Jesus"
• Ishoyahb or Yahbisho: (Syriac) "Jesus has given"
• Marnazka: (Syriac) "the Lord has conquered"
• Philothea/Philothei/Philotheos: (Greek) "lover of God"
• Sabrisho or Ishosabran: (Syriac) "patient for Jesus"
• Shubhalisho, also Shubhisho: (Syriac) "praise to Jesus"
• Shenouda: (Coptic) "son of God"
• Slibazka: (Syriac) "the Cross has conquered"
• Theodore/Theodora: (Greek) "gift of God"
• Theodosius/Theodosia, Theodotos/Theodotē and Dositheus/Dosithea: (Greek) "God-given"
• Theodotus: (Greek): "given by God"
• Theodulus: (Greek) "servant of God"
• Theophilus: (Greek) "one who loves God"
• Theognis: (Greek) "God-knowing"
• Theophanes/Theophania, Tiffany: (Greek) "manifestation of God"
• Theophobus: (Greek) "one who fears God"
• Theophrastus: (Greek) "godly speech"
• Theaetetus: (Greek) "one who pleads to God"
• Timothy/Timotheus: (Greek) "one who honors God"
• Yahballaha: (Syriac) "God has given"

Some Christian saints have polytheistic theophoric names (such as Saint Dionysius, Saint Mercurius, Saint Saturninus, Saint Hermes, Saint Martin of Tours, Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki).

Germanic theophoric names

• Os, meaning "god"
  • Oscar
  • Oslac
  • Oswald
  • Oswin
• Thor, the god of thunder
  • Thorstein means "Thor's stone"
  • Thorkel means "Thor's craft"
  • Thorulf means "Thor's wolf"
  • Thordis
  • Thora
• Ing, an old name for Freyr (an epithet meaning "lord")
  • Ingrid
  • Ingeborg
  • Inger
  • Ingunn

Rarely, Germanic names contain the element Wod (such as Woðu-riðe), potentially pointing to an association with the god Odin. In connection, numerous names containing wulf "wolf" have been taken as totemistic, expressing association with Odin in the earliest period, although -ulf degenerated into a mere suffix from an early time (Förstemann 1856).

Hinduism

The personal names of almost all gods and goddesses of various deities from the polytheistic Hindu pantheon are considered common and traditional names for people from the Indian subcontinent. Many traditional Hindu names are in fact from various names or epithets of Hindu gods or goddesses. This is in addition to compound theophoric names using the name of a deity in addition to possessive qualifiers.

• Names of gods that are also used as personal names include
  • Vishnu
  • Shiva
  • Lakshmi
  • Parvati
  • Indra
• Personal names using a deity's name as the base
  • Vaishnavi, meaning "a worshipper of Vishnu"
  • Shivansh, meaning "a part of Shiva"

Brahma, the Hindu creator god, is one of the only deities of the pantheon whose name is rarely if ever used as a personal name or a base for theophoric personal names.

Some seemingly theophoric names may in fact be more related to the original etymology of the deity's name itself. For example, both Lakshmi (fortune, success, prosperity) and Lakshman (prosperous, principal, marked) are names of a deity and an avatar respectively, which are related to lakṣ meaning "to mark or see".^[7]

Islam

Further information: List of Arabic theophoric names

See also: Allah

• Abdullah: "servant of God"

Judaism

Main article: Theophory in the Bible

Much Hebrew theophory occurs in the Bible, particularly in the Old Testament. The most prominent theophoric names are:

• names containing El, a word meaning might, power and (a) god in general, and hence in Judaism, God and among the Canaanites the name of the god who was the father of Baal.
• names containing Yah, a shortened form of Yahweh.
• names referring to Levantine deities (especially the storm god, Hadad) by the epithet Baal, meaning lord.

In later times, as the conflict between Yahwism and the more popular pagan practices became increasingly intense, these names were censored and Baal was replaced with Bosheth, meaning shameful one. But the name Yahweh does not appear in theophoric names until the time of Joshua, and for the most part is very rare until the time of King Saul, when it began to be very popular.^[8]

El

See also: El (deity)

• Abdiel: "Servant of God"
• Ariel: "lion of God"
• Daniel: "God is my judge" or "justice from God"
• Elijah: "my God is YHWH"
• Elihu: "He is my God"
• Elisha: "my God is salvation"
• Elisheba (Elizabeth): "my God is an oath" or "my God is abundance"
• Immanuel: "God is with us"
• Yehezkel (Ezekiel): "God will strengthen"
• Gabriel: "man of God" or "power of God"
• Ishmael: "God listens"
• Israel: "who struggles with God"
• Lemuel: "Dedicated/Devoted to God"
• Michael: "Who is like God?"
• Nathaniel: "God-given" or "gift of God"
• Raphael: "God heals/God is great"
• Samuel: "God heard"
• Uriel: "God is my light"
• Uzziel: "God is my strength"

Yahweh

See also: Yahweh and YHWH

The name of the Israelite deity YHWH (usually shortened to Yah or Yahu, and Yeho or Yo) appears as a prefix or suffix in many theophoric names of the First Temple Period. For example, Yirme-yahu (Jeremiah), Yesha-yahu (Isaiah), Netan-yah, Yedid-yah, Adoni-yah, Nekhem-yah, Yeho-natan (Jonathan), Yeho-chanan (John), Yeho-shua (Joshua), Yeho-tzedek, Zekharya (Zechariah).

"Yahū" or "Yah" is the abbreviation of YHWH when used as a suffix in Hebrew names; as a prefix it appears as "Y^ehō-", or "Yo". It was formerly thought to be abbreviated from the Masoretic pronunciation "Yehovah". There is an opinion^[9] that, as Yahweh is likely an imperfective verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding preterite or jussive short form: compare yiŝt^ahawe^h (imperfective), yiŝtáhû (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".

• Abijah: "my father is YHWH"
• Adonijah: "YHWH is the Lord"
• Hezekiah: "YHWH strengthens"
• Isaiah: "YHWH is salvation"
• Jedediah: "friend of YHWH"
• Jehu: "YHWH is He"
• Jeremiah (Jeremy): "YHWH will raise"
• Joel: "YHWH is God"
• Jonathan: "YHWH has given"
• Joseph: "YHWH shall increase"
• Josiah: "YHWH saves"
• Matityahu (Matthew): "gift of YHWH"
• Micah/Micaiah: "who is like YHWH?"
• Nehemiah: "YHWH comforts"
• Obadiah: "servant of YHWH"
• Toviyahu (Tobias): "the goodness of YHWH"
• Uriah: "YHWH is my light"
• Uzziah: "YHWH is my strength"
• Yeho'ezer (Yoʼezer): "YHWH is my help"
• Yehoshua (Joshua)/Yeshua (Jesus): "YHWH will save"
• Yohanan (John): "graced by YHWH" or "YHWH is gracious"
• Zechariah (Zachary): "YHWH has remembered"
• Zephaniah: "hidden by YHWH"

In the table below, 13 theophoric names with "Yeho" have corresponding forms where the letters eh have been omitted. There is a theory by Christian Ginsburg that this is because Hebrew scribes omitted the "h", changing Jeho (יְהוֹ‎) into Jo (יוֹ‎), to make the start of "Y^eho-" names not sound like an attempt to pronounce the Divine Name.^[10][11]

Strong's #		the name				other element	English conventional form
long form	short form	long form		short form			long form	short form
3059	3099	יְהוֹאָחָז‎	Yᵉho'achaz	יוֹאָחָז‎	Yo'achaz	achaz [# 270]	Jehoahaz	Joahaz
3060	3101	יְהוֹאָש‎	Yᵉho'ash	יוֹאָש‎	Yo'ash	'esh [# 784]	Jehoash	Joash
3075	3107	יְהוֹזָבָד‎	Yᵉhozabad	יוֹזָבָד‎	Yozabad	zabad [# 2064]	Jehozabad	Jozabad
3076	3110	יְהוֹחָנָן‎	Yᵉhowchanan	יוֹחָנָן‎	Yochanan	chanan [# 2603]	Yehochanan	Jochanan
3077	3111	יְהוֹיָדָע‎	Yᵉhoyada	יוֹיָדָע‎	Yoyada	yada [# 3045]	Jehoiada	Joiada
3078	3112	יְהוֹיָכִין‎	Yᵉhoyakin	יוֹיָכִין‎	Yoyakin	kun [# 3559]	Yehoyakin	Joiakin
3079	3113	יְהוֹיָקִים‎	Yᵉhoyaqim	יוֹיָקִים‎	Yoyaqim	qum [# 3965]	Yehoyakim	Joakim
3080	3114	יְהוֹיָרִיב‎	Yᵉhoyarib	יוֹיָרִיב‎	Yoyarib	rib [# 7378]	Jehoiarib	Joiarib
3082	3122	יְהוֹנָדָב‎	Yᵉhonadab	יוֹנָדָב‎	Yonadab	nadab [# 5068]	Jehonadab	Jonadab
3083	3129	יְהוֹנָתָן‎	Yᵉhonathan	יוֹנָתָן‎	Yonathan	nathan [# 5414]	Yehonathan	Jonathan
3085	—	יְהוֹעַדָּה‎	Yᵉho'addah	—	—	'adah [# 5710]	Jehoaddah	—
3087	3136	יְהוֹצָדָק‎	Yᵉhotsadaq	יוֹצָדָק‎	Yotsadaq	tsadaq [# 6663]	Jehozadak	Jozadak
3088	3141	יְהוֹרָם‎	Yᵉhoram	יוֹרָם‎	Yoram	rum [# 7311]	Jehoram	Joram
3092	3146	יְהוֹשָפָט‎	Yᵉhoshaphat	יוֹשָפָט‎	Yoshaphat	shaphat [# 8199]	Jehoshaphat	Joshaphat
3470a	3470	יְשַׁעְיָהוּ‎	Yᵉsha'yahu	יְשַׁעְיָה‎	Yᵉsha'yah	yasha [# 3467]	Yeshayahu	Isaiah
5418a	5418	נְתַנְיָהוּ‎	Nᵉthanyahu	נְתַנְיָה‎	Nᵉthanyah	nathan [# 5414]	Netanyahu	Netaniah
138a	138	אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ‎	'Adoniyahu	אֲדֹנִיָּה‎	'Adoniyah	'adown [# 113]	Adoniyahu	Adonijah
452a	452	אֵלִיָּהוּ‎	'Eliyahu	אֵלִיָּה‎	'Eliyah	'el [# 410]	Eliyahu	Elijah
3414a	3414	יִרְמְיָהוּ‎	Yirmᵉyahu	יִרְמְיָה‎	Yirmᵉyah	rum [# 7311]	Yirmeyahu	Jeremiah
—	5166	—	—	נְחֶמְיָה‎	Nᵉchemyah	nacham [# 5162]	—	Nechemiah

Referring to other gods

• Jerubbaal, the alternate name of Gideon, variously translated as "Baal will contend"
• Jezebel: "glory to Baal"
• Ishbaal: "man of Baal"
• Balthazar and Belshazzar (Babylonian): "Baal, protect the king"
• Abijam: "my father is Yam"
• Shalmaneser (Assyrian): "Shulmanu is foremost"
• Sennacherib (Assyrian): "Sîn has replaced the brothers"
• Pygmalion (Phoenician via Greek): "Pummay has given"
• Nebuchadnezzar (in Babylonian: Nabu-kudurri-usur): "Nabu, watch over my heir"
• Mordecai: "from Marduk"
• Ben-Hadad: in Hebrew means "son of Hadad", but his original Aramaic name is Hadadezer: "Hadad is help"

Theophoric names containing "Baal" were sometimes "censored" as -bosheth = "shameful one", whence Ishbosheth etc.

References

1. "theophoric". Merriam-Webster online dictionary.
2. θεόφορος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
3. Shendge, Malati J. The Language of the Harappans: From Akkadian to Sanskrit, 1997. p 24. "It may also be interpreted as theophorous names, i.e. the name of the god forming part of the name of an individual. The usage is theophorous because besides the eponymous Asura, each individual of high or low status has a personal name."
4. Zadok, R. The Pre-Hellenistic Israelite Anthroponymy and Prosopography, 1988. p 16. "The Period of the Judges (J) The theophorous names constitute a sizable minority (almost 40%). Many of the hypocoristica possibly originate from compound theophorous names (e.g., Abdon, Gerd, J21 1 1 1 1, 2141 12)."
5. Benz, Frank L. Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions. p 233. "Any one of the three major types of elements, divine name or theophorous, nominal, or verbal can make up a Phoenician-Punic hypocoristic name. The divine name hypocoristic is the least attested. The simplest formation is that of a single ..."
6. Drijvers, H. J. W. Cults and Behafs at Edessa, 1980. p 21. "The proper names, which are mainly theophorous ones, may increase our knowledge of the religious feeling of the people of Edessa and of the cults practiced by them, insofar as their theophorous elements reflect existing beliefs."
7. Madhuri Agrawal. Dictionary, Sanskrit English Dictionary Wilson.
8. Mark Haughwout, "Personal Names Before Exodus 6:2-3"
9. Anson F. Rainey, How Yahweh Was Pronounced Archived December 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, QUERIES & COMMENTS.
10. Christian Ginsburg, Introduction To the Massoretico-Critical Edition Of The Hebrew Bible, p 369
11. Scott Jones, Jehovah Archived December 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Gonzalo Rubio, Gods and Scholars: Mapping the Pantheon in Early Mesopotamia in Beate Pongratz-Leisten (ed.), Reconsidering the Concept of Revolutionary Monotheism, Eisenbrauns 2011
• Lexicon of Greek Personal Names
• Ogden Goelet, "Moses' Egyptian Name"
• When Can Muslims Use the Name Mohammed?: Plus, why don't English speakers name their children Jesus? by Michelle Tsai