Minister. A minister was a head of mission who was accredited to the receiving country's government. A minister headed a legation rather than an embassy. After World War II, the embassy became the standard form of diplomatic mission, and the rank of minister is now obsolete. Many countries use the title minister-counsellor to refer to the deputy head of a mission,[2][3] but does not hold the rank of minister[clarification needed].
An envoy or an internuncio is also considered to have the rank of minister.
A chargé d'affaires en pied is a permanent head of mission who is accredited by their country's foreign minister to the receiving nation's foreign minister, in cases where the two governments have not reached an agreement to exchange ambassadors.
A chargé d'affaires ad interim is a diplomat who temporarily heads a diplomatic mission in the absence of an ambassador.
The body of diplomats accredited to a country form the diplomatic corps. Ambassadors have precedence over chargés, and precedence within each rank is determined by the date on which diplomatic credentials were presented.[4] The longest-serving ambassador is the dean of the diplomatic corps, who speaks for the entire diplomatic corps on matters of diplomatic privilege and protocol. In many Catholic countries, the papal nuncio is always considered the dean of the diplomatic corps.
Historical ranks, 1815–1961
The ranks established by the Vienna Convention (1961) modify a more elaborate system of ranks that was established by the Congress of Vienna (1815):[5]
Ambassadors, legates and nuncios were personal representatives of their sovereign.
Envoys and ministers represented their government and were accredited to the receiving sovereign.
Chargés d'affaires were accredited by their foreign minister to the receiving foreign minister.
The rank of envoy was short for "envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary", and was more commonly known as "minister".[2] For example, the "envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of the United States to the French Empire" was known as the "United States Minister to France" and addressed as "Monsieur le Ministre".[7][8]
An Ambassador was regarded as the personal representative of his sovereign as well as his government.[9] Only major monarchies would exchange Ambassadors with each other, while smaller monarchies and republics only sent Ministers. Because of diplomatic reciprocity, Great Powers would only send a minister to a smaller monarchy or a republic.[10] For example, in the waning years of the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom sent an ambassador to Paris, while Sweden-Norway and the United States sent ministers.[11]
The rule that only monarchies could send ambassadors was more honored in the breach than the observance. This had been true even before the Congress of Vienna, as England continued to appoint ambassadors after becoming a republic in 1649.[12] Countries that overthrew their monarchs proved to be unwilling to accept the lower rank accorded to a republic. After the Franco-Prussian War, the French Third Republic continued to send and receive ambassadors.[8] The rule became increasingly untenable as the United States grew into a Great Power. The United States followed the French precedent in 1893, and began to exchange ambassadors with other Great Powers.[2]
Historically, the order of precedence had been a matter of great dispute. European powers agreed that the papal nuncio and imperial ambassador would have precedence, but could not agree on the relative precedence of the kingdoms and smaller countries. In 1768, the French and Russian ambassadors to Great Britain even fought a duel over who had the right to sit next to the imperial ambassador at a court ball. After several diplomatic incidents between their ambassadors, France and Spain agreed in 1761 to let the date of arrival determine their precedence. In 1760, Portugal attempted to apply seniority to all ambassadors, but the rule was rejected by the other European courts.[12]
The Congress of Vienna finally put an end to these disputes over precedence. After an initial attempt to divide countries into three ranks faltered on the question of which country should be in each rank, the Congress instead decided to divide diplomats into three ranks. A fourth rank was added by the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818). Each diplomatic rank had precedence over the lower ranks, and precedence within each rank was determined by the date that their credentials were presented. The papal nuncio could be given a different precedence than the other ambassadors. The Holy Roman Empire had ceased to exist in 1806, so the Austrian ambassador would accumulate seniority along with the other ambassadors.[12][13]
Bilateral diplomacy
The distinction between managers and officers is not necessarily as apparent. Senior officers (such as first and second secretaries) often manage junior diplomats and locally hired staff.
In modern diplomatic practice, there are a number of diplomatic ranks below Ambassador. Since most missions are now headed by an ambassador, these ranks now rarely indicate a mission's (or its host nation's) relative importance, but rather reflect the diplomat's individual seniority within their own nation's diplomatic career path and in the diplomatic corps in the host nation:
The term attaché is used for any diplomatic agent who does not fit in the standard diplomatic ranks, often because they are not (or were not traditionally) members of the sending country's diplomatic service or foreign ministry, and were therefore only "attached" to the diplomatic mission. The most frequent use is for military attachés, but the diplomatic title may be used for any specific individual or position as required, generally related to a specific or technical field. Since administrative and technical staff benefit from only limited diplomatic immunity, some countries may routinely appoint support staff as attachés. Attaché does not, therefore, denote any rank or position (except in Soviet and post-Soviet diplomatic services, where attaché is the lowest diplomatic rank of a career diplomat). Note that many traditional functionary roles, such as press attaché or cultural attaché, are not formal titles in diplomatic practice, although they may be used as a matter of custom.
Multilateral diplomacy
Furthermore, outside this traditional pattern of bilateral diplomacy, as a rule on a permanent residency basis (though sometimes doubling elsewhere), certain ranks and positions were created specifically for multilateral diplomacy:
An ambassador-at-large is equivalent to an ambassador and assigned specific tasks or region in which they are assigned various assignments aimed at multi track diplomacy.
A permanent representative is the equivalent of an ambassador, normally of that rank, but accredited to an international body (mainly by member—and possibly observer—states), not to a head of state.
A resident representative (or sometimes simply representative) is also a member of the diplomatic corps, but is below the rank of ambassador. A representative is accredited by an international organization (generally a United Nations agency, or a Bretton Woods institution) to a country's government. The resident representative typically heads the country office of that international organization within that country.
A special ambassador or honorary ambassador is a government's specialist diplomat in a particular field, not posted in residence, but often traveling around the globe.
The U.S. trade representative (USTR) is an ambassador of Cabinet rank, in charge of U.S. delegations in multilateral trade negotiations (since 1962). The USTR's special agricultural negotiator also typically holds an ambassadorial appointment.
Special envoy
Special envoys have been created ad hoc by individual countries, treaties and international organizations including the United Nations. A few examples are provided below:
India: During the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal, India sent on April 18 Karan Singh, who is related to royalty in both predominantly Hindu countries, as Special Envoy to neighbouring Nepal, where increasingly violent opposition started its successful challenge of the king's autocratic rule. Another instance was during the 2009 Copenhagen climate change summit, India appointed senior diplomat Shyam Saran as a special envoy to coordinate the negotiating position of the BASIC countries.[15]
United Kingdom: Appointed special envoys from time to time.[16]
European Union: appointed various special representatives (some regional, some thematic); e.g., in 2005—as a response to events in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan—the Council of the EU appointed Jan Kubis as its Special Representative for Central Asia.
Pakistan: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed ambassador Javed Malik as Pakistan's special envoy for trade and investment based in the GCC Gulf region with a diplomatic rank of an ambassador
United States: appointed numerous special envoys including a special envoy for Northern Ireland with the diplomatic rank of ambassador to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. Special envoys have also been appointed for Afghanistan, Yemen, Sudan, Syria, Middle East peace, Eurasian energy, climate change, and human rights in North Korea. Other posts include special representative, special advisor, and special coordinator.[17]
The director-general of UNESCO appoints special envoys who can use their talents and renown to further the organization's ideals and action. Envoys include:[18]
Special Envoy to Niue for the 2022 Japan State Funeral for the former Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe
Usage worldwide
Most countries worldwide have some form of internal rank, roughly parallel to the diplomatic ranks, which are used in their foreign service or civil service in general. The correspondence is not exact, however, for various reasons, including the fact that according to diplomatic usage, all Ambassadors are of equal rank, but Ambassadors of more senior rank are typically sent to more important postings. Some countries may make specific links or comparisons to military ranks.
Australia
Officers from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) are graded into four broad bands (BB1 to BB4), with the Senior Executive Service (SES Band 1 to SES Band 3) following above.
Ambassadors, High Commissioners and Consuls-General usually come from the Senior Executive Service, although in smaller posts the head of mission may be a BB4 officer. Generally speaking (and there are variations in ranking and nomenclature between posts and positions), Counsellors are represented by BB4 officers; Consuls and First and Second Secretaries are BB3 officers and Third Secretaries and Vice Consuls are BB2 officers. DFAT only posts a limited number of low-level BB1 staff abroad. In large Australian missions an SES officer who is not the head of mission could be posted with the rank of Minister.
Brazil
The Brazilian Foreign Service (Serviço Exterior Brasileiro) is made up of three careers: the Diplomat Career, the Chancery Officer Career and the Chancery Assistant Career.[20][21]
Assistente de Chancelaria (Chancery Assistants / Attaché) are career civil servants with a minimum high-school degree who provide technical and administrative support in Brazil and in Brazilian representations abroad.
Oficial de Chancelaria (Chancery Officers / Attaché) are career civil servants with a minimum university degree who contribute for the formulation, implementation and execution of acts of technical analysis and administrative management, necessary for the development of Brazilian foreign policy.
Diplomata (Diplomat) are career civil servants responsible for diplomatic and consular activities, in their specific aspects of representation, negotiation, information and protection of Brazilian interests in the international field.
There are no ranks in the Chancery Assistant or Chancery Officer careers, nor a hierarchy between careers. However, when working abroad, it is common for Chancery Assistants and Chancery Officers to be assigned to sensitive functions, such as the Vice-Consul, and/or as Head of Sectors such as administration, accounting, communications, processing of political, commercial, diplomatic or consular information.
There are six ranks in the Diplomat career, in hierarchical order:
Terceiro(a)-Secretário(a) ("Third secretary")
Segundo(a)-Secretário(a) ("Second secretary")
Primeiro(a)-Secretário(a) ("First secretary")
Conselheiro(a) ("Counsellor")
Ministro(a) de Segunda Classe ("Minister, second class")
Ministro(a) de Primeira Classe ("Minister, first class", usually referred to as 'Ambassador')
Embaixador / Embaixadora is the honorary dignity conceded permanently when a Minister of First Class assumes a Post overseas. It can also be a temporary assignment, when carried on by a lower-rank diplomat or Brazilian politician of high level.
The following ranks are used in the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs:
Diplomatic Attaché
Third Secretary
Second Secretary
First Secretary
Counselor
Minister Plenipotentiary
Ambassador
France
There are five ranks in the French Diplomatic Service:[23]
(in ascending order)
Secrétaire de chancellerie
Secrétaire des affaires étrangères (du cadre général or else du cadre d'Orient)
Conseiller des affaires étrangères (du cadre général or else du cadre d'Orient)
Ministre plénipotentiaire, the most common rank for heads of mission, but it also applies to some ministers-counsellors in important embassies
Ambassadeur de France, an honorary dignity
There are two additional ranks for ICT specialists (also in ascending order):
Secrétaire des systèmes d'information et de communication
Attaché des systèmes d'information et de communication
Germany
The German Foreign Service uses a rank system[24] that is connected to that of the rest of the civil administration and to military ranks through a common pay table. All ranks also occur in female form.
Vortragender Legationsrat Erster Klasse, Botschaftsrat Erster Klasse
A 16 - B 3
Colonel
Generalkonsul
A 16 - B 6 according to importance
Colonel - Brigadier general
Botschafter
A 15 - B 9 according to importance
Lieutenant colonel - Lieutenant general
Hungary
The ranks at the Hungarian Foreign Service are the following.:
Segédattasé – Assistant Attaché
Attasé – Attaché
III. osztályú titkár- Third Secretary
II. osztályú titkár – Second Secretary
I. osztályú titkár – First Secretary
II. osztály tanácsos – Second Counsellor
I. osztályú tanácsos – First Counsellor
Rendkívüli követ és meghatalmazott miniszter – Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
Nagykövet - Ambassador
Italy
In Italy, ranks and functions are not exactly connected: each rank can cover several functions. Moreover, several exceptions apply.
Segretario di legazione in prova ("Secretary of Legation in probation period"): 9-month training period at the beginning of the career (no other functions)
Segretario di legazione ("Secretary of Legation"): second secretary at an embassy, head of vice-consulate, vice-consul
Consigliere di legazione ("Counsellor of Legation"): counsellor at an embassy, consul (head of a first-class general consulate)
Consigliere d'ambasciata ("Counsellor of Embassy"): first counsellor at an embassy, consul
Ministro plenipotenziario ("Minister Plenipotentiary"): ambassador (as for functions), minister-counsellor at an embassy, head of a Directorate at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ambasciatore ("Ambassador"): ambassador (thus both as for the rank and for the functions), General Secretary or head of a Directorate at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
There are about 30 people who hold the rank of Ambassador. Therefore, most of the about 150 Italian embassies or permanent representations are held by a Minister Plenipotentiary: traditionally, ambassadors are appointed to the most important representations, such as London, Paris, Washington, New Delhi and Peking embassies and representations to the UN in New York City and the EU in Brussels.
Mexico
After the merger of the Consular and Diplomatic Corps, the current grades of Mexican career diplomats are (in ascending order)
Agregado Diplomático ("Diplomatic Attaché"): title held during the one-year training program at the Diplomatic School and an internship in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Tercer Secretario ("Embassy Secretary, Third Secretary").
Segundo Secretario ("Embassy Secretary, Second Secretary").
Primer Secretario ("Embassy Secretary, First Secretary").
Consejero ("Counsellor").
Ministro ("Minister").
Embajador ("Ambassador").
There are additional ranks for Administrative specialists and Staff, this civil servants are also part of the Mexican Foreign Service.
Agregado Administrativo A ("Administrative Attache A").
Agregado Administrativo B ("Administrative Attache B").
Agregado Administrativo C ("Administrative Attache C").
Agregado Administrativo D ("Administrative Attache D").
Portugal
In ascending order, the five ranks of the Portuguese diplomatic career are, as defined in the Statute of the Diplomatic Career (Estatuto da Carreira Diplomática):[25]
Adido de embaixada ("Embassy Attaché")
Secretário de embaixada ("Embassy Secretary")
Conselheiro de embaixada ("Embassy Counsellor")
Ministro plenipotenciário ("Minister Plenipotentiary")
Embaixador ("Ambassador")
Ministers Plenipotentiary who have been in that rank for three or more years are called "Minister Plenipotentiary, First Class" (ministro plenipotenciário de 1.ª classe), those who have been in the rank for less than three years are called "Minister Plenipotentiary, Second Class" (ministro plenipotenciário de 2.ª classe). Embassy Secretaries who have been in that rank for six years or more and in the diplomatic career for eight years or more are called "First Embassy Secretary" (primeiro-secretário de embaixada), those who have been in the rank for three years or more and for five years or more in the diplomatic career are called "Second Embassy Secretary" (segundo-secretário de embaixada), and those who have been in that rank for less than three years are called "Third Embassy Secretary" (terceiro-secretário de embaixada).[25]
Russia
The diplomatic ranks in Russian Federation were introduced with enactment of the Federal Law of 27 July 2010 No.205-FZ.[26] Diplomatic ranks are not to be confused with diplomatic positions (posts).
Singapore
The Singapore Foreign Service also has a merged Diplomatic and Consular Corps.
Its career diplomats and diplomatic support staff are split across two discrete career schemes, namely: (a) Foreign Service Officers; and (b) Foreign Service Administration Specialists.
Foreign Service Officers (FSOs)
FSOs are selected through multiple rounds of highly competitive written and observational psychometric and neuropsychological evaluations. Being one of the most exclusive and sought-after roles in the entire Singapore Civil Service, FSO candidates are typically drawn from graduates of the world's top universities. This is especially the case for candidates vying to be emplaced on the extremely competitive Political Track, of which only around 20 are recruited nationwide annually.
Foreign Service Administration Specialists (FSASes)
FSASes, on the other hand, while still selected through some manner of written and observational assessments, are typically those bearing more conventional educational qualifications. These include graduates from top universities but without "good" honours, or from private and mainstream universities. A large number of FSASes also include Polytechnic graduates (who possess Diplomas).
Given the above, FSOs typically occupy the managerial positions, while FSASes generally perform more operational roles. [Note: FSOs are typically the diplomats, while FSASes serve as support staff.]
Officials from both schemes occupy billets at both the Singapore Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as Singapore's Overseas Missions (Embassies/High Commissions/Consulates-General/Consulates) - which number over 50.
Rank on Post
FSOs are posted to Singapore's overseas missions at the rank of Second Secretary, while FSASes are posted according to their substantive grades (typically ranging from Assistant Mission Support Officer to Attache - although in rare cases some senior FSASes may be promoted up to the rank of Third/Second/First Secretary). [Note: FSOs and FSASes are on discrete career tracks. Hence, even the rare FSAS who holds a senior diplomatic rank on post, will not enjoy a similar substantive grade or pay to that of an FSO.]
Regardless of rank, personnel are typically split across three tracks: (a) Political, (b) Administration and Consular, (c) Administration and Technical. Officers on the Political track take precedence over the rest, as all Heads of Mission (HOMs) or Deputy Chiefs of Mission (DCMs) are generally Political Officers. [Note: The Political track is reserved exclusively for FSOs.]
Other ministries and agencies
Personnel seconded from other government agencies receive different protocol-based suffixes and titles from those in the Foreign Service, which differ from the wider public and military services' ranks/grades and titles. For instance, a First Secretary (Economic) would represent a middle-manager of Senior Assistant Director-rank from the Ministry of Trade and Industry. While such persons may hold diplomatic status temporarily, they are not considered to be part of the career Foreign Service.
Diplomatic rank
Consular Rank
Military rank equivalent (by protocol)
Notes
Ambassador / High Commissioner
[Note: An Ambassador / High Commissioner / Consul-General in his country of post would take precedence over any Singapore military officer, by protocol.]
Consul-General
Major General (MG)
Minister-Counsellor
Brigadier General (BG)
Political-Track FSOs of this rank usually concurrently hold the DCM appointment in larger Missions.
Political-Track FSOs of this rank usually concurrently hold the DCM appointment in smaller Missions (e.g. Consulates-General or Consulates).
Second Secretary
Vice-Consul
Lieutenant Colonel (LTC)/Major (MAJ)
Third Secretary
Vice-Consul
Captain (CPT)
Attache
Attache
Lieutenant / 2nd Lieutenant (LTA/2LT)
Support staff rank
Notes
Mission Support Officer / Executive Officer
Assistant Mission Support Officer
Personal Assistant
Consular Officer
Usually seconded from the Immigrations and Checkpoints Authority (ICA)
Consular Agent
Spain
After the merger of the Consular and Diplomatic Corps, the current eight grades of Spanish career diplomats are (in ascending order):
Funcionario en prácticas ("Trainee Diplomat"): title held during the one-year training program at the Diplomatic School.
Secretario de Embajada de tercera clase ("Embassy Secretary, Third Class") or Secretary.
Secretario de Embajada de segunda clase ("Embassy Secretary, Second Class")
Secretario de Embajada de primera clase. ("Embassy Secretary, First Class")
Consejero or Canciller, lowest grade to be appointed Consul-General.
Ministro Plenipotenciario de tercera clase ("Minister Plenipotentiary, Third Class") commonly known as Minister, lowest grade to be appointed Ambassador.
Ministro Plenipotenciario de segunda clase. ("Minister Plenipotentiary, Second Class")
Ministro Plenipotenciario de primera clase. ("Minister Plenipotentiary, First Class")
Embajador de España ("Ambassador of Spain"): not all Spanish Ambassadors hold this grade, which is limited by law to 3% of the total Corps.
United Kingdom
His Majesty's Diplomatic Service differentiates between officers in the "Senior Management Structure" (SMS; equivalent to the Senior Civil Service grades of the Home Civil Service) and those in the "delegated grades".
SMS officers are classified into four pay-bands, and will serve in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office in London as (in descending order of seniority) Permanent Under-Secretary (O-10), Directors-General (O-9), Directors (O-8), and Heads of department or deputy directors (O-7).
Overseas Ambassadors and High Commissioners (in Commonwealth countries) are generally drawn from all four SMS bands (and the D7 delegated grade) depending on the size and importance of the mission, as are Consuls-General, Deputy Heads of Mission, and Counsellors in larger posts. (Deputy Heads of Mission at the most significant Embassies, for example those in Washington and in Paris, are known as Ministers.)
In the "delegated grades", officers are graded by number from 1 to 7; the grades are grouped into bands lettered A‑D (A1 and A2; B3; C4 and C5; and D6 and D7).
Overseas, A2 grade officers hold the title of Attache; B3‑grade officers are Third Secretaries; C4s are Second Secretaries; and C5s and D6s are First Secretaries. D7 officers are usually Counsellors in larger posts, Deputy Heads of Mission in medium-sized posts, or Heads of Mission in small posts.
United States
In the United States Foreign Service, the personnel system under which most U.S. diplomatic personnel are assigned, a system of personal ranks is applied which roughly corresponds to these diplomatic ranks. Personal ranks are differentiated as "Senior Foreign Service" (SFS) or "Member of the Foreign Service".[27] Officers at these ranks may serve as ambassadors and occupy the most senior positions in diplomatic missions. The SFS ranks, in order from highest to lowest, are:
Members of the Foreign Service consist of five groups, including Foreign Service Officers and Foreign Service Specialists.[28] Like officers in the U.S. military, Foreign Service Officers are members of the Foreign Service who are commissioned by the President.[29] Foreign Service Specialists are technical leaders and experts, commissioned by the Secretary of State.[30] Ranks descend from the highest, FS‑01, equivalent to a full Colonel in the military, to FS‑09, the lowest rank in the U.S. Foreign Service personnel system.[31] (Most entry-level Foreign Service members begin at the FS‑05 or FS‑06 level.) Personal rank is distinct from and should not be confused with the diplomatic or consular rank assigned at the time of appointment to a particular diplomatic or consular mission.
In a large mission, several Senior Diplomats may serve under the Ambassador as Minister-Counselors, Counselors, and First Secretaries; in a small mission, a diplomat may serve as the lone Counselor of Embassy.
Consular counterpart
Most countries' consular corps are composed of career diplomats who are simply posted to Consulates/Consulates-General. In such situations, these career diplomats will hold consular ranks instead (ranking in descending order: consul-general, consul, vice-consul, consular agent; equivalents with consular immunity limited to official acts only include honorary consul-general, honorary consul, and honorary vice-consul. Other titles, including "vice consul-general", have existed in the past.) – although they are usually also given a diplomatic rank by the country. Consular ranks and responsibilities differ from country to country, and may also be used concurrently with diplomatic titles if the individual is assigned to an embassy. Diplomatic immunity is generally more limited for consular officials without other diplomatic accreditation, and is broadly limited to immunity with respect to their official duties.
While in the past, consular officials have often been more distant from the politically sensitive aspects of diplomacy, this is no longer necessarily the case, and career diplomats in consulates often perform the same roles as those in an embassy would. Some countries also routinely provide their embassy officials with consular commissions, including those without formal consular responsibilities, since a consular commission allows the individual to legalize documents, sign certain documents, and undertake certain other necessary functions.
Depending on the practice of the individual country, "consular services" may be limited to services provided for citizens or residents of the sending country, or extended to include, for example, visa services for nationals of the host country.
Sending nations may also designate incumbents of certain positions as holding consulary authority by virtue of their office, while lacking individual accreditation, immunity and inviolability. For example, 10 U.S.C. §§ 936 and 1044a identify various U.S. military officers (and authorize the service secretaries to identify others) who hold general authority as a notary and consul of the United States for, respectively, purposes of military administration and those entitled to military legal assistance. A nation may also declare that its senior merchant sea captain in a given foreign port—or its merchant sea captains generally—has consulary authority for merchant seamen.
^Washburne, E. B. (1887). Recollections of a Minister to France, Volume I. New York: Scribner.
^ abWashburne, E. B. (1887). Recollections of a Minister to France, Volume II. New York: Scribner.
^"Ministers, Foreign". The popular encyclopedia; or, 'Conversations Lexicon'. Glasgow: W. G. Blackie. Those of the first class, to whom in France the title of ambassadeurs is restricted, are not merely the agents of their government, but represent their sovereign personally, and receive honours and enjoy privileges accordingly. They can be sent out only by such states as possess royal honours.
^Allen, Debra J. (2012). Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from the Revolution to Secession. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN9780810878952. Basically, because of diplomatic protocol, a receiving state would not dispatch a representative with a higher rank than it has received, so when the U.S. sent ministers, it also received ministers, not ambassadors. ... The U.S. adjusted its ranking system in 1893 and began to send and receive ambassadors.
^Chambers's handy guide to Paris. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers. 1867. p. 167.
^"British and Foreign History". The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics, and Literature, for the Year 1816. London: William Stockdale. 1816. p. 268. The 17th particular act annexed to the general treaty of Vienna, containing regulations concerning the precedence of diplomatic agents, may at first sight seem of little comparative moment: but it will not be thus regarded by those who recollect how often disputes concerning precedency among ambassadors have assumed a very serious and alarming aspect, and somewhat a strong tendency to produce hostilities. The fourth article of this act is well calculated to do away all future disputes on this head.
مذبحة البعثة الطبية لهداسا المعلومات الموقع القدس الإحداثيات 31°47′34″N 35°13′53″E / 31.792666666667°N 35.231416666667°E / 31.792666666667; 35.231416666667 التاريخ 13 أبريل 1948 الخسائر الوفيات 77 الإصابات 20 تعديل مصدري - تعديل مذبحة البعثة الطبية لهداسا هي مذبحة نُفذت في يو
DB 2705Remscheid-Lennep - Remscheid-Hasten Totale lengte9,1 kmSpoorwijdtenormaalspoor 1435 mmAangelegd doorBMEGeopendLennep - Remscheid: 1 september 1868Remscheid - Hasten: 1 september 1883GeslotenRemscheid - Vieringhausen: 20 mei 1988Vieringhausen - Hasten: 22 december 1986Huidige statusLennep - Remscheid: in gebruikRemscheid - Hasten: opgebrokenGeëlektrificeerdneeAantal sporen1Baanvaksnelheid90 km/uBeveiliging of treinbeïnvloedingIndusiTreindienst doorDeutsche Bahn Traject Legenda DB 2700...
Керченський морський рибний порт Вид на порт Розташування Країна Україна Розташування Керч, АР Крим Координати 45°20′15″ пн. ш. 36°27′43″ сх. д. / 45.33750° пн. ш. 36.46194° сх. д. / 45.33750; 36.46194 Деталі Відкритий 24 липня 1949 року Тип бухти штучна Розмір бу
United States historic placeSheboygan TheatreU.S. National Register of Historic Places Location826 North 8th StreetSheboygan, Wisconsin United StatesCoordinates43°45′13″N 87°42′47″W / 43.75373°N 87.71319°W / 43.75373; -87.71319Built1928Architectural styleSpanish Colonial RevivalNRHP reference No.99001606Added to NRHPDecember 22, 1999 The Stefanie H. Weill Center for the Performing Arts (formerly the Sheboygan Theatre) is a historic theat...
معهد اللاهوت[1] هي مؤسسة تعليمية لتعليم الطلاب الكتاب المقدس واللاهوت، وبشكل عام إعدادهم لرسامتهم ليخدموا كرجال دين في المجال الأكاديمي أو الكهنوتي.[2] (بالإنجليزية: Seminary) أصلها (باللاتينية: seminarium)، وتترجم ل «مكان البذرة»، وذُكرت في وثيقة مجمع ترينت Cum Teencentium aetas ال...
Este artigo não cita fontes confiáveis. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW • CAPES • Google (N • L • A) (Julho de 2022) Torneio Relâmpago de 1939 Dados Participantes 11 Organização AMGEA Local de disputa Porto Alegre Período 30 de abril – 10 de setembro Campeão Internacional (1º título) Vice-campeão Grêmio Melhor marcador Carlitos (Internacional) – 16...
1979 studio album by Houston PersonThe Big HornStudio album by Houston PersonReleased1979RecordedMay 20, 1976GenreJazzLength43:03LabelMuseMR 5136ProducerMichael CuscunaHouston Person chronology Stolen Sweets(1976) The Big Horn(1979) Pure Pleasure(1976) The Big Horn is an album by saxophonist Houston Person recorded in 1976 and released on the Muse label in 1979.[1][2] Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[3] Allmusic awarded the album ...
Rancho Estero Americano was a 8,849-acre (35.81 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Sonoma County, California given in 1839 by Governor Pro-tem Manuel Jimeno to Edward Manuel McIntosh.[1] The rancho takes its name from Estero Americano.[2][3] History At the direction of Governor José Figueroa in 1835, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo began construction of the Presidio of Sonoma to counter the Russian presence at Fort Ross. To extend the settlements in the direction o...
Trust in which the beneficiaries and their entitlements are not fixed Wills, trustsand estates Part of the common law series Wills Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No-contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent ...
Carta de los Derechos Fundamentalesde la Unión Europea Preámbulo de la CartaIdioma En los 24 idiomas oficiales de la UniónTexto Conjunto de derechos personales, civiles, políticos, económicos y sociales de los ciudadanos europeosFunción Consolidación única de los derechos humanos en la UniónRedactor(es) Primera Convención Europea (original)Conferencia intergubernamental de Lisboa de 2007 (reformada)Creación 2000Proclamación 7 de diciembre de 2000 (original)12 de diciembre de 2007 ...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Mei 2016. Mesakh Frans RumbinoBerkas:Frans Sisir.jpgLahirMesakh Frans Rumbino(1972-02-11)11 Februari 1972Biak, PapuaNama lainFrans SisirPekerjaanMusikusTahun aktif1990 - sekarangSuami/istriJoyce JeannyAnakAnnelo Rumbino Mesakh Frans Rumbino (lahir 11 Febru...
Celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center Artist's depiction of the Milky Way Galaxy, showing the galactic longitude. A vector matching the plane of the galaxy, at 0° longitude, notably has the Galactic Center and intersects arms directly beyond. Far less of the galaxy lies at all points with opposing 180° longitude The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, with the Sun as its center, the primary directio...
1995 studio album by µ-ZiqIn Pine EffectStudio album by µ-ZiqReleased31 October 1995 (1995-10-31)GenreIDM[1]Length78:24 (CD)96:59 (vinyl)LabelHi-RiseProducerMike ParadinasΜ-Ziq chronology Bluff Limbo(1994) In Pine Effect(1995) Lunatic Harness(1997) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2]Muzik4.5/5[3]Spin6/10[4]The Village VoiceA−[5] In Pine Effect is the third studio album by English electronic music producer...
American politician (born 1980) Reggie StoltzfusMember of the Ohio House of Representativesfrom the 50th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 7, 2019Preceded byChristina Hagan Personal detailsBorn (1980-09-15) September 15, 1980 (age 43)Hartville, Ohio, U.S.Political partyRepublican Reggie Stoltzfus (born September 15, 1980) is an American politician who has served in the Ohio House of Representatives from the 50th district since 2019.[1][2] References ...
American labor and political leader (1855–1926) Eugene V. DebsDebs, c. 1912Member of the Indiana House of Representativesfrom the 17th districtIn officeJanuary 8, 1885 – January 6, 1887Serving with Reuben ButzCity Clerk of Terre Haute, IndianaIn office1879–1883 Personal detailsBornEugene Victor Debs(1855-11-05)November 5, 1855Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.DiedOctober 20, 1926(1926-10-20) (aged 70)Elmhurst, Illinois, U.S.Resting placeHighland Lawn CemeteryPo...
Ejecución en Medellín, hacia 1906.La pena de muerte en Colombia fue abolida en 1910, la última ejecución tuvo lugar en 1909 aunque, según la constitución de 1886, el legislador no puede en ningún caso imponer la pena capital. El artículo 11 de la Constitución de Colombia de 1991 establece que El derecho a la vida es inviolable. No habrá pena de muerte..[1] Historia Siglo XIX El primer avance hacia la abolición de la pena capital en Colombia se dio durante el mandato del...
Cell mechanics is a sub-field of biophysics that focuses on the mechanical properties and behavior of living cells and how it relates to cell function.[1] It encompasses aspects of cell biophysics, biomechanics, soft matter physics and rheology, mechanobiology and cell biology. Eukaryotic Eukaryotic cells [2] are cells that consist of membrane-bound organelles, a membrane-bound nucleus, and more than one linear chromosome. Being much more complex than prokaryotic cells, cells ...
Canadian tall ship This article is about the schooner. For the bird, see Pacific swift. Pacific Swift under sail History Canada NamePacific Swift OperatorS.A.L.T.S. Sail and Life Training Society BuilderS.A.L.T.S. Sail and Life Training Society Laid downExpo 86, Vancouver BC Launched1986 In serviceMarch – October Out of serviceNovember – February HomeportVictoria, British Columbia, Canada Identification MMSI number: 316001487 Callsign: CFC2233 General characteristics Displacement98 Tonnes...
Campionati mondiali di nuoto in vasca corta 1993 Competizione Campionati mondiali di nuoto in vasca corta Sport Nuoto Edizione I Organizzatore FINA Date 2 - 5 dicembre Luogo Palma di Maiorca ( Spagna) Partecipanti 313 Nazioni 46 Statistiche Miglior medagliato Jingyi Le, Cina (5/0/0) Miglior nazione Cina (10/4/1) Gare 32 Cronologia della competizione Mondiali in vasca corta 1995 Manuale I primi Campionati mondiali di nuoto in vasca corta si sono svolti ad Palma di Ma...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!
