One-party state
State in which only one party has the right to form the government
A one-party state , single-party state , one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.[1] All other parties are either outlawed or only enjoy limited and controlled participation in elections . Sometimes the term "de facto one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power.[2]
Membership in the ruling party tends to be relatively small compared to the population.[3] With such a small winning coalition, leaders in one-party states usually lack the incentive to care about the well-being of citizens.[4] Rather, they give out private goods to fellow elites to ensure continued support. One-party, compared to dominant-party dictatorships, structure themselves unlike democracies. They also turn into democracies at a lower rate than dominant-party dictatorships.[5] While one-party states prohibit opposition parties, some allow for elections at the smallest local level. One-party states lack any legitimate competition. Therefore, they place elites and sympathetic candidates in key administrative races.[6] For example, the Chinese Communist Party exercises political control by infiltrating village administrations.[7] They view these positions as crucial for gathering information on the population and maintaining a presence in the far reaches of their borders.[8] One-party states recognize the trade-off between election victory and gathering valuable data.[9] To account for this, the regimes have been observed placing local nobility in easy-to-win races.[10] One-party states have also been observed using elections to ensure that only the most popular elites get chosen to office.[11] They also gather data from elections to indicate if a local official is performing poorly in the eyes of the residents.[11] This gives locals the opportunity to monitor local officials and communicate satisfaction with the local government.[11] Throughout the country, members of the one party hold key political positions.[5] In doing so, the party avoids committing outright fraud and rather sustains their power at the local level with strategic appointment of elites.[8] Data on one-party regimes can be difficult to gather given their lack of transparency.[6]
Current one-party states
As of 2024 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
Country
Head of party
Leader title
Party
Ideology
Date of establishment
Duration
Notes
China [12]
Xi Jinping
General Secretary
Chinese Communist Party
Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1 October 1949
74 years, 245 days
Cuba [13]
Miguel Díaz-Canel
First Secretary
Communist Party of Cuba
Marxism–Leninism , Castroism , Guevarism , Left-wing nationalism
16 April 1961
63 years, 47 days
Eritrea [14]
Isaias Afwerki
Chairperson
People's Front for Democracy and Justice
Eritrean nationalism , Statism
24 May 1993
31 years, 9 days
Laos [15]
Thongloun Sisoulith
General Secretary
Lao People's Revolutionary Party
Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
2 December 1975
48 years, 183 days
North Korea [16]
Kim Jong-un
General Secretary
Workers' Party of Korea
Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
9 September 1948
75 years, 267 days
Vietnam [17]
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
General Secretary
Communist Party of Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh Thought
30 April 1975
49 years, 33 days
De facto one-party states
A de facto one-party system is one that, while not officially linking a single political party to governmental power, utilizes some means of political manipulation to ensure only one party stays in power.[18] Many different countries have been claimed to be de facto one-party states, with differing levels of agreement between scholars, although most agree that the African continent is marked by this political system.[19] [20] [21] Below are just a few examples of governments that have been claimed to have single party rule due to political manipulation.
Country
Party
Date of
establishment
Information
Rwanda
Rwandan Patriotic Front
1994
Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and electoral fraud .[22] [23]
Syria [24]
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2012
While the 2012 constitution introduced by Bashar al-Assad theoretically enabled the establishment of political parties, Ba'athist Syria remains a de-facto one-party state with an extensive secret police apparatus that curtails independent political activities.[25]
Venezuela [26]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela
2017/2024
Since 2014, the country has been going through a period of crisis of legitimacy and exceptionality due to the order to close the National Assembly and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly by Nicolás Maduro on May 1, 2017, composed mostly of PSUV politicians. Since then, different laws have been approved to restrict political participation, including informal persecution and the disqualification of certain politicians (including complaints of electoral fraud), concluding in the year 2024 where, thanks to the new laws approved, the majority of opposition politicians have been disqualified and their organizations were banned, leaving only a controlled "opposition."[27] [28]
Former one-party states
Country
Party
Ideology
Date of establishment
Date of dissolution
Duration
Continent
Republic of Afghanistan
National Revolutionary Party
Pashtun nationalism , Pashtunization , Republicanism , Secularism
14 February 1977 [29] [30]
28 April 1978
1 year, 73 days
Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan -Khalq
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Stalinism , Pashtun nationalism , Anti-imperialism
30 April 1978
24 December 1979
1 year, 238 days
Asia
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan /Republic of Afghanistan
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan -Parcham (National Fatherland Front )
Communism (until 1990), Marxism–Leninism (until 1990), Afghan nationalism , Anti-imperialism
24 December 1979
28 July 1992
12 years, 217 days
Asia
Albanian Kingdom
Albanian Fascist Party
Albanian nationalism , Greater Albania , Fascism , Italophilia , Serbophobia , Hellenophobia
2 June 1939
27 July 1943
4 years, 55 days
Europe
Albanian Kingdom
Guard of Greater Albania
Albanian nationalism , Fascism
27 July 1943
8 September 1943
43 days
Europe
Albanian Kingdom
National Front
Albanian nationalism , Greater Albania , Anti-communism , Republicanism , Big tent , Agrarian socialism
14 September 1943
29 November 1943
76 days
Europe
Democratic Government of Albania
Party of Labour of Albania (National Liberation Movement )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Hoxhaism , Anti-revisionism
20 October 1944
5 August 1945
289 days
Europe
Democratic Government of Albania
Party of Labour of Albania (Democratic Front )
5 August 1945
11 January 1946
159 days
Europe
Albania
11 January 1946
11 December 1990
44 years, 334 days
Europe
Algeria
National Liberation Front
Arab socialism , Algerian nationalism , Pan-Arabism , Anti-imperialism
3 July 1962
23 February 1989
26 years, 235 days
Africa
People's Republic of Angola
People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
Communism , Left-wing nationalism , Marxism–Leninism
11 November 1975
30 May 1991
15 years, 200 days
Africa
Armenia
Communist Party of Armenia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
2 December 1920
30 December 1922
2 years, 28 days
Asia
Transcaucasia
Communist Party of Armenia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
12 March 1922
30 December 1922
293 days
Asia
Federal State of Austria
Fatherland Front
Clerical fascism
1 May 1934
13 March 1938
3 years, 316 days
Europe
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Communist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
30 April 1920
30 December 1922
2 years, 244 days
Asia
Transcaucasia
Azerbaijan Communist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
12 March 1922
30 December 1922
293 days
Asia
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
Mujibism , Bengali nationalism , Socialism
24 January 1975
15 August 1975
203 days
Asia
Bangladesh
Jatiya Party
Bangladeshi nationalism , Conservatism , Authoritarianism , Militarism
11 March 1988
6 December 1990
2 years, 270 days
Asia
Dahomey
Dahomeyan Democratic Party
African nationalism
15 December 1963
4 December 1965
1 year, 354 days
Africa
Benin
People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
Communism , Marxism–Leninism (nominally)
30 November 1975
1 March 1990
14 years, 91 days
Africa
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
National Partnership
Collaborationism , Nazism
6 April 1939
9 May 1945
6 years, 33 days
Europe
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Communist Party (Fatherland Front )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
15 September 1946
15 January 1990
43 years, 122 days
Europe
State of Burma
Dobama Sinyetha Asi Ayon [31]
1943
1944
1 year, 0 days
Asia
State of Burma
Maha Bama Asi Ayon[32]
1944
1945
1 year, 0 days
Asia
Burma
Burma Socialist Programme Party
Burmese Way to Socialism
2 March 1962
18 September 1988
26 years, 200 days
Asia
Republic of Burundi
Union for National Progress
Burundian nationalism , Tutsi interests
11 July 1974
13 March 1992
17 years, 246 days
Africa
Byelorussia
Communist Party of Byelorussia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
31 July 1920
30 December 1922
2 years, 152 days
Europe
Cambodia (Sangkum era )
Sangkum
Khmer nationalism , National conservatism , Royalism , Statism , Buddhist socialism , Economic nationalism
22 March 1955
18 March 1970
14 years, 361 days
Asia
Kampuchea
Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
Communism , Socialism , Marxism–Leninism , Revisionism , Left-wing nationalism
7 January 1979
1 May 1989
10 years, 114 days
Asia
Republic of Cameroon
Cameroonian National Union
Big tent
1 September 1966 [33]
24 March 1985
18 years, 204 days
Africa
Cameroon
Cameroon People's Democratic Movement
Big tent , Nationalism , Francophilia
1975
1990
15 years, 0 days
Africa
Cape Verde
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
1 July 1975
20 January 1981
5 years, 203 days
Africa
Cape Verde
African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
20 January 1981
28 September 1990
9 years, 251 days
Africa
Carpatho-Ukraine
Ukrainian National Union [uk ] [34]
Nationalism [35]
18 January 1939 [36]
March 1939
60 days
Europe
Central African Republic
Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa
African nationalism , Anti-colonialism , Progressivism , Anti-imperialism
1962
1980
18 years, 0 days
Africa
Central African Republic
Central African Democratic Union
African nationalism , Republicanism
1 March 1980
2 September 1981
1 year, 185 days
Africa
Central African Republic
Central African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , Democratic socialism , Social democracy , Republicanism
6 February 1987
22 April 1991 [37]
4 years, 75 days
Africa
Chad
Chadian Progressive Party
African nationalism , Pan-Africanism , Anti-imperialism , African socialism , Federalism
16 April 1962
6 April 1973
10 years, 355 days
Africa
Chad
National Movement for the Cultural and Social Revolution
African nationalism , Pan-Africanism , Anti-imperialism , African socialism , Federalism
6 April 1973
13 April 1975
2 years, 7 days
Africa
Chad
National Union for Independence and Revolution
Nationalism
24 June 1984
3 December 1990
6 years, 162 days
Africa
Guangzhou
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
1927
1927
Asia
Hunan
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
1927
1927
Asia
Jinggang
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
1927
1928
1 year, 0 days
Asia
Southwest Jiangxi
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
1930
1931
1 year, 0 days
Asia
Chinese Soviet Republic
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
7 November 1931
22 September 1937
5 years, 319 days
Asia
Xinjiang
People's Anti-Imperialist Association
Six Great Policies
1 August 1935
1 April 1942
6 years, 243 days
Asia
Republic of China [note 1] /Taiwan
Kuomintang
Tridemism
1 July 1925
15 July 1987
62 years, 14 days
Asia
Yan'an
Chinese Communist Party
Marxism–Leninism , Mao Zedong Thought , Chinese communism
1937
1949
12 years, 0 days
Asia
Comoros
Comorian Union for Progress
Nationalism
1982
1990
8 years, 0 days
Africa
People's Republic of the Congo
Congolese Party of Labour
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
31 January 1969
18 March 1992
23 years, 47 days
Africa
Tinoquista Costa Rica
Peliquista Party
Nationalism , Personalism , Authoritarianism
27 January 1917
12 August 1919
2 years, 197 days
North America
Czechoslovakia
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (National Front )
Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism , Husakism
25 February 1948
30 November 1989
41 years, 278 days
Europe
Dahomey
Dahomeyan Unity Party
African nationalism , Republicanism
11 April 1961
13 November 1963
2 years, 216 days
Africa
Danzig
Nazi Party
Nazism
21 October 1937 [38] [39]
1 September 1939
1 year, 315 days
Europe
Djibouti
People's Rally for Progress
Issa interests
1 October 1981
4 September 1992
10 years, 339 days
Africa
Dominican Republic
Dominican Party
Trujillism , National conservatism , Right-wing populism , Antihaitianismo
2 August 1931
28 December 1961
30 years, 148 days
North America
East Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Democratic Bloc )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
7 October 1949
30 March 1950
174 days
Europe
East Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany (National Front of the German Democratic Republic )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
30 March 1950
1 December 1989
39 years, 246 days
Europe
Egypt
Liberation Rally
Egyptian nationalism , Pan-Arabism , Socialism
10 February 1953
1957
4 years, 0 days
Africa
Egypt
National Union
Nasserism , Pan-Arabism , Socialism
1957
1962
5 years, 0 days
Africa
Egypt
Arab Socialist Union
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism , Pan-Arabism , Nasserism
1961
1976
15 years, 0 days
Africa
Egypt
National Democratic Party
Egyptian nationalism , Big-Tent , Neo-liberalism
1976
2011
35 years, 0 days
Africa
El Salvador
National Pro Patria Party
Fascism , Anti-communism , Conservatism , Agrarian oligarchy
1933
1944
11 years, 0 days
Central America
Equatorial Guinea
United National Workers' Party
African nationalism , Personalism , Anti-imperialism , Anti-colonialism , Anti-racism , Pan-Africanism , Anti-intellectualism , Totalitarianism
7 July 1970
25 August 1979
9 years, 49 days
Africa
Equatorial Guinea
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea
African nationalism , Militarism
11 October 1987
16 November 1991
4 years, 36 days
Africa
Eritrea
Eritrean People's Liberation Front
Left-wing nationalism
1991 (Provisional government)
1993 (Recognized state)
16 February 1994
3 years, 0 days
Africa
Estonia
Patriotic League (National Front for the Implementation of the Constitution )
Estonian nationalism , Personalism
9 March 1935
21 July 1940
5 years, 134 days
Europe
Estonia
Communist Party of Estonia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
21 July 1940
9 August 1940
19 days
Europe
Ethiopia
Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
12 September 1984
22 February 1987
2 years, 163 days
Africa
Ethiopia
Workers' Party of Ethiopia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
22 February 1987
28 April 1991
4 years, 65 days
Africa
Gabon
Gabonese Democratic Party
Conservatism
12 March 1968
22 May 1990
22 years, 71 days
Africa
Georgia
Communist Party of Georgia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
25 February 1921
30 December 1922
1 year, 308 days
Asia
Transcaucasia
Communist Party of Georgia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
12 March 1922
30 December 1922
293 days
Asia
Nazi Germany
National Socialist German Workers' Party
Nazism
14 July 1933
23 May 1945
11 years, 313 days
Europe
Reich Commissariat for the Occupied Dutch Territories
National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
Collaborationism , Dutch irredentism , Dutch nationalism and Nazism
14 December 1941
6 May 1945
3 years, 143 days
Europe
Ghana
Convention People's Party
Nkrumaism , African socialism , African nationalism , Pan-Africanism
31 January 1964
24 February 1966
2 years, 24 days
Africa
Grenada
New Jewel Movement
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
13 March 1979
25 October 1983
4 years, 226 days
North America
Guatemala
Progressive Liberal Party
Ubicoism , Liberalism , Nationalism , Anti-communism
1931
1944
Central America
Guinea
Democratic Party of Guinea – African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , African socialism , Pan-Africanism
1960
1984
Africa
Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
1974
1991
Africa
Haiti
National Unity Party
Black nationalism , Haitian nationalism , Right-wing populism , Anti-communism , Anti-Americanism
14 June 1957
22 July 1985
28 years, 38 days
North America
Hawaii
Reform Party
Americanisation , Annexationism
4 July 1894
12 August 1898
4 years, 39 days
North America
Government of National Unity
Arrow Cross Party
Hungarism , Fascism , Collaborationism , Agrarianism
16 October 1944
7 May 1945
203 days
Europe
Hungary
Hungarian Working People's Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Stalinism
20 August 1949
31 October 1956
7 years, 72 days
Europe
Hungary
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Kádárism
31 October 1956
16 October 1989
32 years, 350 days
Europe
Indonesia
Indonesian National Party
Nationalism , Marhaenism
17 August 1945
3 November 1945
78 days
Asia
Imperial State of Iran
Rastakhiz Party
Monarchism , Populism , Secularism , Democratic centralism , Third Position
2 March 1975
1 November 1978
3 years, 244 days
Asia
Iran
Islamic Republican Party
Velyât-e Faqih , Anti-imperialism , Iranian nationalism , Shi'ite Islamism , Anti-Monarchism , Anti-Americanism , Anti-communism , Anti-Sovietism , Anti-Zionism , Islamic fundamentalism , Homophobia , Anti-Western sentiment
1981
1987
Asia
Iraq
Iraqi Arab Socialist Union
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism , Pan-Arabism , Nasserism
1964
1968
Asia
Iraq
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front )
Saddamist Ba'athism
1968
2003
Asia
Kingdom of Italy
National Fascist Party
Fascism , Corporatism , Ultranationalism , Totalitarianism
17 May 1928 [40]
27 July 1943
Europe
Italian Social Republic
Republican Fascist Party
Fascism , Corporatism , Ultranationalism , Totalitarianism , Antisemitism , Collaborationism
13 September 1943
28 April 1945
Europe
Ivory Coast
Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , Conservatism , Populism , Houphouëtism , Pan-Africanism
1960
1990
Africa
Empire of Japan
Imperial Rule Assistance Association
Shōwa statism
1940
1945
Asia
Philippine Executive Commission
Association for Service to the New Philippines
Filipino nationalism , National conservatism , Fascism , Japanophilia , collaborationism
8 December 1942
14 October 1943
Asia
Kampuchea
Communist Party of Kampuchea
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Agrarianism , Autarky , Khmer nationalism , Ultranationalism
17 April 1975
22 June 1982
Asia
Kenya
Kenya African National Union
Kenyan nationalism , Conservatism
1982
1991
Africa
Independent State of Croatia
Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement
Croatian irredentism , Croatian ultranationalism , National conservatism , Social conservatism , Clerical fascism , Fascist corporatism , Political Catholicism , Anti-communism
10 April 1941
8 May 1945
Europe
Latvia
Communist Party of Latvia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
17 December 1918
13 January 1920
Europe
Latvia
Communist Party of Latvia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
21 July 1940
5 August 1940
Europe
Libya
Arab Socialist Union
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism , Pan-Arabism , Nasserism , Nationalism
1971
1977
Africa
Lithuania–Byelorussia
Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
17 February 1919
17 July 1919
Europe
Lithuania
Lithuanian Nationalist Union
Lithuanian nationalism , National conservatism , Social conservatism , Fascist corporatism , Anti-communism
1936[41]
1940
Europe
Lithuania
Communist Party of Lithuania
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
21 July 1940
3 August 1940
Europe
Democratic Republic of Madagascar
National Front for the Defense of the Revolution
Left-wing nationalism , Scientific socialism
1976
1989
Africa
Malawi
Malawi Congress Party
Ubuntu , Conservatism , African nationalism , Anti-colonialism
1964
1993
Africa
Mali
Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , Pan-Africanism , African socialism
1960
1968
Africa
Mali
Democratic Union of the Malian People
African socialism , Democratic centralism
1976
1991
Africa
Manchukuo
Concordia Association
Fascism , Monarchism , Manchurian nationalism , Pan-Asianism , Anti-communism , Personalism , collaborationism
1 April 1932 [42]
1 May 1945 [42]
Asia
Mauritania
Mauritanian People's Party
Nationalism , Centralism , Islamic socialism
1961
1978
Africa
Mexico
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Revolutionary nationalism , Big tent
4 March 1929
2 July 2000
71 years, 120 days
North America
Mongolia
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
1921
29 July 1990
Asia
Mozambique
FRELIMO
Marxism–Leninism
25 June 1975
1 December 1990
Africa
Niger
Nigerien Progressive Party – African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , Pan-Africanism
1960
1974
Africa
Niger
National Movement for the Development of Society
Conservatism
1989
1991
Africa
Vietnam (partially)
Workers' Party of North Vietnam (League for the Independence of Vietnam )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Ho Chi Minh Thought
2 September 1945
1946[citation needed ]
Asia
North Vietnam
Workers' Party of North Vietnam (Vietnamese Fatherland Front )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , Ho Chi Minh Thought
1955
2 July 1976
Asia
North Yemen
General People's Congress
Yemeni nationalism , Arab nationalism , Pan-Arabism , Big tent
1982
1988
Asia
National Government
National Rally
Fascism , Nazism , Fascist corporatism , Anti-communism , Collaborationism
25 September 1940
8 May 1945
Europe
Ottoman Empire
Union and Progress Party [43]
İttihadism
11 June 1913
1918
Asia/Europe
Paraguay
Colorado Party
Conservatism , national conservatism
1947
1962
South America
Persia
Communist Party of Persia
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
1920
1921
Asia
Republic of the Philippines
Association for Service to the New Philippines
Filipino nationalism , National conservatism , Fascism , Japanophilia , collaborationism
14 October 1943
17 August 1945
Asia
Poland
Polish United Workers' Party (Front of National Unity )
Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
5 February 1947
July 1982
Europe
Poland
Polish United Workers' Party (Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth )
Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
July 1982
24 August 1989
Europe
Portugal
National Union
Salazarism , corporatism , Integralismo Lusitano
30 July 1930 [44]
8 October 1945 [44]
Europe
Portugal
National Union
Salazarism , corporatism , Integralismo Lusitano
31 January 1948 [45]
September 1969 [note 2]
Europe
Portugal
People's National Action (formerly National Union)
Corporatism , Integralismo Lusitano
1970
25 April 1974
Europe
Romania
Party of the Nation
Big tent , Romanian nationalism , Monarchism
16 December 1938
6 September 1940
Europe
National Legionary State
Iron Guard
Legionarism , clerical fascism , Christian nationalism
6 September 1940
23 January 1941
Europe
Romania
Romanian Communist Party (People's Democratic Front )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
5 February 1948
1968
Europe
Romania
Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , National Communism
1968
1980
Europe
Romania
Romanian Communist Party (Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy )
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , National Communism
1980
29 December 1989
Europe
Rwanda
Parmehutu
Hutu Power
1965
1973
Africa
Rwanda
National Revolutionary Movement for Development
Hutu Power , Ultranationalism , Social conservatism , Anti-communism
1978
1991
Africa
San Marino
Sammarinese Fascist Party
Italian fascism , Corporatism
1926
1943
Europe
San Marino
Republican Fascist Party of San Marino
Italian fascism
1943
1944
Europe
Senegal
Socialist Party of Senegal
African nationalism , African socialism
1966
1974
Africa
Seychelles
Seychelles People's Progressive Front
Communism , Marxism-Leninism
1979
1991
Africa
Sierra Leone
All People's Congress
African nationalism , Democratic socialism
1978
1991
Africa
Slovak Republic
Hlinka's Slovak People's Party – Party of Slovak National Unity
Clerical fascism , Slovak nationalism
14 March 1939
8 May 1945
Europe
Somalia
Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
Islamic socialism , Marxism–Leninism , Pan-Somalism
Scientific socialism , Somali nationalism
July 1976
26 January 1991
Africa
South Yemen
National Liberation Front
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism
30 November 1967
31 October 1978
Asia
South Yemen
Yemeni Socialist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
31 October 1978
22 May 1990
Asia
Yemen
Yemeni Socialist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
21 May 1994
7 July 1994
Asia
Estonia
Russian Communist Party (Central Committee of the Estonian Sections)
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
29 November 1918
5 June 1919
188 days
Europe
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russian Communist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
8 March 1918 [46]
30 December 1922
4 years, 297 days
Europe/Asia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
19 January 1918
8 March 1918 [46]
48 days
Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Russian Communist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
30 December 1922
31 December 1925 [46]
3 years, 1 day
Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
All-Union Communist Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism , Stalinism
31 December 1925 [46]
13 October 1952 [46]
26 years, 287 days
Europe/Asia
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
13 October 1952 [46]
9 October 1990 [47]
37 years, 361 days
Europe/Asia
Kingdom of Spain
Patriotic Union
Spanish nationalism , Political Catholicism , Monarchism , Conservatism
1924
1930
Europe
Spanish State
FET y de las JONS
Francoism , Falangism , Spanish nationalism , traditionalism , National Catholicism , anti-liberalism , corporatism
1 April 1939
6 July 1976 [48]
Europe
Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Sudanese Socialist Union
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism , Anti-communism
1971
1985
Africa
Sudan
National Congress Party
Islamism , Arab nationalism , Salafism , Social conservatism
1989
2005
Africa
Syrian Republic
Arab Liberation Movement
Pan-Arabism , Modernization , Pro-Western
1953
1954
Asia
Syria
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (National Progressive Front )
Neo-Ba'athism
1963
27 February 2012 [49] [50]
Asia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe – Social Democratic Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism
1975
1990
Africa
Tanganyika
Tanganyika African National Union
African nationalism , African socialism , Ujamaa
1961
1977
Africa
Tanzania
Chama Cha Mapinduzi
Ujamaa , African socialism
1977
1992
Africa
Togo
Party of Togolese Unity
African nationalism
1962
1963
Africa
Togo
Rally of the Togolese People
African nationalism , Right-wing populism
1969
1991
Africa
Tunisia
Neo Destour
Tunisian nationalism , Bourguibism
1963
1964
Africa
Tunisia
Socialist Destourian Party
Tunisian nationalism , Secularism , Bourguibism
1964
1981
Africa
Turkey (one-party period )
Republican People's Party
Kemalism
1923
1945
Asia/Europe
Turkmenistan
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan
Turkmen nationalism , Secularism , Social conservatism , Catch-all party
1992
2008
Asia
Tuva
Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
14 August 1921
11 October 1944
Asia
Uganda
Uganda People's Congress
Social democracy , African nationalism , Pan-Africanism
1969
1971
Africa
Ukraine
Communist Party of Ukraine
Communism , Marxism–Leninism , democratic centralism , state socialism
10 March 1919
30 December 1922
Europe
United Arab Republic
National Union
Arab nationalism , Arab socialism , Pan-Arabism
1958
1961
Africa
Upper Volta
Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally
African nationalism , Pan-Africanism
1960
1966
Africa
Yugoslavia
Yugoslav Radical Peasants' Democracy
Royalism , Yugoslav nationalism , Agrarianism , Centralism , Anti-liberalism
1929
1931
Europe
Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia (Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia )
Marxism–Leninism , Titoism , Yugoslavism
29 November 1945
22 January 1990
Europe
Zaire
Popular Movement of the Revolution
Mobutism , Zairean nationalism , Authenticité
1970
1990
Africa
Zambia
United National Independence Party
African socialism , African nationalism
1972
1990
Africa
Zanzibar
Afro-Shirazi Party
African nationalism , Marxism–Leninism
1964
1977
Africa
See also
Notes
References
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