In computing, the Executable and Linkable Format[2] (ELF, formerly named Extensible Linking Format) is a common standard file format for executable files, object code, shared libraries, and core dumps. First published in the specification for the application binary interface (ABI) of the Unix operating system version named System V Release 4 (SVR4),[3] and later in the Tool Interface Standard,[1] it was quickly accepted among different vendors of Unix systems. In 1999, it was chosen as the standard binary file format for Unix and Unix-like systems on x86 processors by the 86open project.
Each ELF file is made up of one ELF header, followed by file data. The data can include:
Program header table, describing zero or more memory segments
Section header table, describing zero or more sections
Data referred to by entries in the program header table or section header table
The segments contain information that is needed for run time execution of the file, while sections contain important data for linking and relocation. Any byte in the entire file can be owned by one section at most, and orphan bytes can occur which are unowned by any section.
ELF header
The ELF header defines whether to use 32-bit or 64-bit addresses. The header contains three fields that are affected by this setting and offset other fields that follow them. The ELF header is 52 or 64 bytes long for 32-bit and 64-bit binaries respectively.
0x7F followed by ELF(45 4c 46) in ASCII; these four bytes constitute the magic number.
0x04
1
e_ident[EI_CLASS]
This byte is set to either 1 or 2 to signify 32- or 64-bit format, respectively.
0x05
1
e_ident[EI_DATA]
This byte is set to either 1 or 2 to signify little or big endianness, respectively. This affects interpretation of multi-byte fields starting with offset 0x10.
0x06
1
e_ident[EI_VERSION]
Set to 1 for the original and current version of ELF.
Further specifies the ABI version. Its interpretation depends on the target ABI. Linux kernel (after at least 2.6) has no definition of it,[5] so it is ignored for statically-linked executables. In that case, offset and size of EI_PAD are 8.
glibc 2.12+ in case e_ident[EI_OSABI] == 3 treats this field as ABI version of the dynamic linker:[6] it defines a list of dynamic linker's features,[7] treats e_ident[EI_ABIVERSION] as a feature level requested by the shared object (executable or dynamic library) and refuses to load it if an unknown feature is requested, i.e. e_ident[EI_ABIVERSION] is greater than the largest known feature.[8]
0x09
7
e_ident[EI_PAD]
Reserved padding bytes. Currently unused. Should be filled with zeros and ignored when read.
0x10
2
e_type
Identifies object file type.
Value
Type
Meaning
0x00
ET_NONE
Unknown.
0x01
ET_REL
Relocatable file.
0x02
ET_EXEC
Executable file.
0x03
ET_DYN
Shared object.
0x04
ET_CORE
Core file.
0xFE00
ET_LOOS
Reserved inclusive range. Operating system specific.
This is the memory address of the entry point from where the process starts executing. This field is either 32 or 64 bits long, depending on the format defined earlier (byte 0x04). If the file doesn't have an associated entry point, then this holds zero.
0x1C
0x20
4
8
e_phoff
Points to the start of the program header table. It usually follows the file header immediately following this one, making the offset 0x34 or 0x40 for 32- and 64-bit ELF executables, respectively.
0x20
0x28
4
8
e_shoff
Points to the start of the section header table.
0x24
0x30
4
e_flags
Interpretation of this field depends on the target architecture.
0x28
0x34
2
e_ehsize
Contains the size of this header, normally 64 Bytes for 64-bit and 52 Bytes for 32-bit format.
0x2A
0x36
2
e_phentsize
Contains the size of a program header table entry. As explained below, this will typically be 0x20 (32 bit) or 0x38 (64 bit).
0x2C
0x38
2
e_phnum
Contains the number of entries in the program header table.
0x2E
0x3A
2
e_shentsize
Contains the size of a section header table entry. As explained below, this will typically be 0x28 (32 bit) or 0x40 (64 bit).
0x30
0x3C
2
e_shnum
Contains the number of entries in the section header table.
0x32
0x3E
2
e_shstrndx
Contains index of the section header table entry that contains the section names.
0x34
0x40
End of ELF Header (size).
Program header
The program header table tells the system how to create a process image. It is found at file offset e_phoff, and consists of e_phnum entries, each with size e_phentsize. The layout is slightly different in 32-bit ELF vs 64-bit ELF, because the p_flags are in a different structure location for alignment reasons. Each entry is structured as:
readelf is a Unix binary utility that displays information about one or more ELF files. A free software implementation is provided by GNU Binutils.
elfutils provides alternative tools to GNU Binutils purely for Linux.[10]
elfdump is a command for viewing ELF information in an ELF file, available under Solaris and FreeBSD.
objdump provides a wide range of information about ELF files and other object formats. objdump uses the Binary File Descriptor library as a back-end to structure the ELF data.
The Unix file utility can display some information about ELF files, including the instruction set architecture for which the code in a relocatable, executable, or shared object file is intended, or on which an ELF core dump was produced.
Nokia phones or tablets running the Maemo or the Meego OS, for example, the Nokia N900.
Android uses ELF .so (shared object[19]) libraries for the Java Native Interface.[citation needed] With Android Runtime (ART), the default since Android 5.0 "Lollipop", all applications are compiled into native ELF binaries on installation.[20] It's also possible to use native Linux software from package managers like Termux, or compile them from sources via Clang or GCC, that are available in repositories.
Some phones can run ELF files through the use of a patch that adds assembly code to the main firmware, which is a feature known as ELFPack in the underground modding culture. The ELF file format is also used with the Atmel AVR (8-bit), AVR32[21]
and with Texas InstrumentsMSP430 microcontroller architectures. Some implementations of Open Firmware can also load ELF files, most notably Apple's implementation used in almost all PowerPC machines the company produced.
The Linux Standard Base (LSB) supplements some of the above specifications for architectures in which it is specified.[22] For example, that is the case for the System V ABI, AMD64 Supplement.[23][24]
86open
86open was a project to form consensus on a common binary file format for Unix and Unix-likeoperating systems on the common PC compatiblex86 architecture, to encourage software developers to port to the architecture.[25] The initial idea was to standardize on a small subset of Spec 1170, a predecessor of the Single UNIX Specification, and the GNU C Library (glibc) to enable unmodified binaries to run on the x86 Unix-like operating systems. The project was originally designated "Spec 150".
The format eventually chosen was ELF, specifically the Linux implementation of ELF, after it had turned out to be a de facto standard supported by all involved vendors and operating systems.
The group began email discussions in 1997 and first met together at the Santa Cruz Operation offices on August 22, 1997.
The steering committee was Marc Ewing, Dion Johnson, Evan Leibovitch, Bruce Perens, Andrew Roach, Bryan Wayne Sparks and Linus Torvalds. Other people on the project were Keith Bostic, Chuck Cranor, Michael Davidson, Chris G. Demetriou, Ulrich Drepper, Don Dugger, Steve Ginzburg, Jon "maddog" Hall, Ron Holt, Jordan Hubbard, Dave Jensen, Kean Johnston, Andrew Josey, Robert Lipe, Bela Lubkin, Tim Marsland, Greg Page, Ronald Joe Record, Tim Ruckle, Joel Silverstein, Chia-pi Tien, and Erik Troan. Operating systems and companies represented were BeOS, BSDI, FreeBSD, Intel, Linux, NetBSD, SCO and SunSoft.
With the BSDs having long supported Linux binaries (through a compatibility layer) and the main x86 Unix vendors having added support for the format, the project decided that Linux ELF was the format chosen by the industry and "declare[d] itself dissolved" on July 25, 1999.[27]
FatELF: universal binaries for Linux
FatELF is an ELF binary-format extension that adds fat binary capabilities.[28] It is aimed for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. Additionally to the CPU architecture abstraction (byte order, word size, CPUinstruction set etc.), there is the potential advantage of software-platform abstraction e.g., binaries which support multiple kernel ABI versions. As of 2021[update], FatELF has not been integrated into the mainline Linux kernel.[29][30][31]
^
Rosen, Kenneth; Host, Douglas; Klee, Rachel; Rosinski, Richard (2007). UNIX: The Complete Reference (2 ed.). McGraw Hill Professional. p. 707. ISBN9780071706988. Retrieved 2017-06-08. Dynamically linked libraries are also called shared objects (.so).
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