Ekspedisi Portugis ke Otranto

Ekspedisi Portugis ke Otranto pada 1481, yang juga disebut Perang Salib Turki oleh Portugis (bahasa Portugis: Cruzada Turca), berlangsung terlambat sehingga mereka tidak terlibat dalam pertempuran sama sekali. Pada tanggal 8 April 1481, Paus Siktus IV mengeluarkan bulla kepausan Cogimur iubente altissimo, yaitu panggilan untuk perang salib terhadap orang Turki yang saat itu sedang menduduki Otranto di Italia selatan. Harapan Paus adalah setelah berhasil menguasai kembali Otranto, para pejuang salib akan menyeberangi Laut Adriatik dan membebaskan pula kota Vlorë (Valona).

Portugal memutuskan pengiriman satu skuadron di bawah kepemimpinan Uskup Évora, Garcia de Meneses. Dalam sebuah surat tertanggal 27 Agustus 1481 kepada Kardinal Paolo di Campofregoso, Siktus menulis, "Dari Portugal ada dua puluh karavel dan sebuah kapal kargo yang kita harapkan tiba pada hari Santo Paulus, yang dipimpin oleh yang terhormat saudara Garcia, uskup dari Évora."[1] Pada 7 September ia menulis kepada Raja Ferdinand I dari Napoli untuk mengabarkannya bahwa "sebuah armada yang kami minta sedang berlayar ke Otranto dari Portugal . . . Kami harap ini akan sangat bermanfaat dalam serangan ke Otranto . . ."[2] Pada 14 September, yaitu tepat pada hari pasukan Utsmaniyah menyerahkan Otranto, Paus menulis dari Bracciano kepada wakil bendaharanya yang sebelumnya mengabarkan padanya mengenai lambatnya kedatangan armada Portugis. Siktus menyatakan keraguan atas niat Garcia. Hari berikutnya (15 September), ia menulis kepada uskup tersebut, memujinya atas ketekunan dan kehati-hatiannya, namun mendesaknya agar membawa armadanya ke Vlorë untuk mengusir garnisun Turki dari sana, untuk melakukan "sesuatu yang pantas bagi kehormatan agama Kristen dan Anda dan bagi raja Anda", yaitu merujuk pada Raja Alfonso V yang baru saja meninggal. Ia juga mendorong agar Garcia membawa Andreas Palaiologos, despot Morea yang terguling, kembali ke Yunani agar dapat memulai penaklukkan kembali daerah kekuasaannya.[3]

Pada saat Portugis tiba di Napoli, pasukan Utsmaniyah telah ditarik mundur karena Sultan Utsmaniyah Mehmed II meninggal dunia pada tanggal 3 Mei dan berlangsung perselisihan mengenai penerusnya.

Referensi

  1. ^ Ex Po[r]tugallia viginti adsunt caravelle et navis una oneraria quas in dies apud Sanctum Paulum expectamus quarum prefectus est venerabilis frater Garsias episcopus Elborensis.
  2. ^ proficiscitur Hydruntum classis quam ex Portugallia accersivimus. . . Speramus illam magno usui Hydruntine expugnationi futuram. . .
  3. ^ Semua kutipan dari surat-surat Siktus dapat dilihat di Setton, K. M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. 2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. hlm. 371–72. 

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Dias Vicente, Joâo (1974). "Participaçâo portuguesa na recuperaçâo de Otranto (1481)". Itinerarium. 20 (83): 26–54. 

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