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Perang Salib Kesembilan

Perang Salib Kesembilan
Bagian dari Perang Salib

Operasi-operasi selama Perang Salib Kesembilan
Tanggal1271–1272
LokasiAcre
Hasil

Perjanjian Kaisarea

  • Pengepungan atas Tripoli, Lebanon dicabut.
  • Sisa pasukan salib dihancurkan.
  • Gencatan senjata selama 10 tahun antara kaum Mamluk dan para Tentara Salib.
  • Kemenangan pasukan mamluk
Pihak terlibat
  • Kerajaan Inggris
  • Kerajaan Prancis
  • Kerajaan Armenia Kilikia
  • Kerajaan Siprus
  • Kerajaan Yerusalem
  • County Tripoli
  • Ilkhanat
  • Mamluk

    Tokoh dan pemimpin
    Edward I dari Inggris
    Charles I dari Naples
    Levon II dari Armenia
    Hugues III dari Siprus
    Bohémond VI dari Antiokhia
    Abaqa Khan
    Samagar
    Baibars
    Kekuatan

    Tentara Salib: Tidak diketahui

    • 1.000 dalam rombongan awal Edward
    Ilkhanat: 10.000 kavaleri
    Tidak diketahui
    Korban
    Tidak diketahui

    Tidak diketahui seluruhnya

    Perang Salib Kesembilan, yang mana terkadang dikelompokkan bersama dengan Perang Salib Kedelapan, umumnya dianggap sebagai Perang Salib besar yang terakhir di Tanah Suci pada abad pertengahan. Perang ini berlangsung antara tahun 1271–1272. Kegagalan Louis IX dari Prancis untuk menguasai Tunis dalam Perang Salib Kedelapan Edward, putra Henry III dari Inggris, untuk berlayar ke Akko dalam rangka melangsungkan apa yang disebut sebagai Perang Salib Kesembilan. Perang Salib Kesembilan meraih beberapa kemenangan yang mengesankan bagi Edward atas Baibars. Pada akhirnya Perang Salib dipandang tidak begitu banyak kegagalan ketika kemudian menarik diri; Edward memiliki kekhawatiran akan masalah-masalah di negaranya dan merasa tidak mampu untuk menyelesaikan konflik-konflik di dalam wilayah-wilayah outremer yang tersisa. Dapat dikatakan bahwa semangat untuk melakukan Perang Salib sudah hampir "punah", pada periode ini juga.[2] Hal ini juga merupakan pertanda ambang keruntuhan kubu-kubu pertahanan tentara salib terakhir yang masih tersisa di sepanjang pesisir Mediterania.

    Prolog

    Menyusul kemenangan Mamluk atas suku Mongol pada tahun 1260 dalam Pertempuran Ain Jalut oleh Saif ad-Din Al-Qutuz dan jenderalnya Baibars, Qutuz tewas terbunuh sehingga menjadikan Baibars satu-satunya orang yang mengklaim takhta kesultanan. Sebagai sultan, Baibars melanjutkannya dengan menyerang para tentara salib di Arsuf, Atlet, Haifa, Safed, Jaffa, Ashkelon, dan Kaisarea. Karena kota-kota benteng tentara salib satu per satu jatuh, mereka meminta bantuan dari Eropa, tetapi bantuan tersebut lambat datangnya.

    Pada tahun 1268 Baibars merebut Antiokhia, dengan demikian menghancurkan sisa-sisa Kepangeranan Antiokhia yang terakhir, mengamankan front utara Mamluk dan mengancam County Tripoli tentara salib.

    Louis IX dari Prancis, yang telah mengorganisir sejumlah besar bala tentara salib dengan maksud menyerang Mesir, beralih ke Tunis di mana ia sendiri meninggal dunia karena penyakit pada tahun 1270. Edward I dari Inggris datang terlambat di Tunis untuk berpartisipasi dalam sisa perang salib di Tunis. Sebaliknya ia melanjutkan perjalanannya ke Tanah Suci untuk membantu Bohemond VI, Pangeran Antiokhia dan Comte Tripoli, dalam menghadapi ancaman Mamluk atas Tripoli dan sisa-sisa Kerajaan Yerusalem. Pada tanggal 9 Mei 1271 Edward akhirnya tiba di Akko.[3] Ia membawa sekelompok kecil pasukan, namun bukannya tidak berarti, yang terdiri tidak lebih dari 1.000 orang termasuk 225 ksatria.[4]

    Operasi-operasi tentara salib di Tanah Suci

    Telah diputuskan bahwa Edward bersama dengan Charles dari Anjou, saudara Louis, akan menggunakan kekuatan mereka untuk maju ke Akko, ibu kota dari sisa-sisa Kerajaan Yerusalem dan tujuan akhir kampanye Baibars. Pasukan Edward dan Charles tiba pada tahun 1271, seiring dengan pengepungan Baibars atas Tripoli, di mana dalam wilayah terakhir yang masih tersisa di County Tripoli tersebut terdapat puluhan ribu pengungsi Kristen. Edward tiba di Akko saat kota tersebut masih dalam pengepungan. Kedatangan Edward menyebabkan Baibars mengubah rencananya dan berpaling dari Akko.[3]

    Lihat pula

    Catatan

    1. ^ Presumably, the oarsmen, sailors, and soldiers on the ships were killed as well, which would easily result in thousands of casualties
    2. ^ A Manual of Church History, Albert Henry Newman, p. 461
    3. ^ a b Prestwich, p. 75
    4. ^ Prestwich, p. 71

    Referensi

    • "Histoire des Croisades III", René Grousset
    • "Edward I", Michael Prestwich, University of California Press, 1988
    • "The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time", Jonathan Howard, 2011
    • "God's War: A New History of the Crusades", Christopher Tyerman
    • "Mongols and Mamluks", Reuven Amitai-Preiss, 2005
    • "A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades", Steven Runciman, 1987
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