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罗安达

8°50′18″S 13°14′04″E / 8.83833°S 13.23444°E / -8.83833; 13.23444

罗安达
São Paulo da Assunção de Luanda
罗安达在安哥拉的位置
罗安达
罗安达
在安哥拉的位置
坐标:8°50′18″S 13°14′04″E / 8.8383°S 13.2344°E / -8.8383; 13.2344
國家 安哥拉
羅安達省
成立於1575年
面积
 • 市116 平方公里(45 平方英里)
 • 都會區1,876 平方公里(724 平方英里)
海拔6 公尺(20 英尺)
人口(2019)[2]
 • 市2,571,861 [1]
 • 密度22,171人/平方公里(57,423人/平方英里)
 • 都會區8,069,612
 • 都會區密度4,301人/平方公里(11,141人/平方英里)
 2019
时区+1

罗安达(葡萄牙語:Luanda,原稱:São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda),或译鲁安达卢安达,位于安哥拉西部大西洋沿岸,是该国首都和第一大城市,也是重要的港口和全國政治文化經濟交通的中心。

羅安達是安哥拉的首都,是瀕臨大西洋海岸中段的一座歐洲式港口城市,具有濃厚的葡萄牙風味。它位於撒哈拉以南,是歐洲移民最早在安哥拉境內所建立的城市,市內有鐵路通往马兰热

经过内战后的重建,该市开始建起较为现代的商业大楼、酒店等现代化设施;但是城区建筑布局较为混乱,交通极为拥堵。

歷史

葡萄牙統治時期

1700年代的羅安達地圖
1883年的羅安達市中心

葡萄牙探險家保羅·迪亞士·德·諾發伊斯在1576年1月25日發現了羅安達,遂命名此地為“São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda”,並有數百個海員和移民家庭定居到此。1618年,葡萄牙人建立了名為“Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra”的堡壘,後來在1634年建造了聖米格爾堡,1765年至1766年間建立了Forte de São Francisco do Penedo。其中圣米格爾堡還保存甚好。[3]

1550年至1836年之間的大部分時間,羅安達都是葡萄牙向巴西奴隸貿易的橋頭堡,大批商人從中獲益。只有在1640年到1648年的短暫幾年中處於荷蘭人的管理下,這段時期羅安達被稱作艾倫堡(Fort Aardenburgh)。[4][5]

17世紀時,姆班加拉人代替安本杜人成為奴隸的主要提供者,1750年代每年都有五千至一萬奴隸在羅安達市場上銷售。[6]

1889年,安哥拉總督埃梅內希多·卡佩羅建造了給城市輸水的水槽,為羅安達的迅速發展製造了有利條件。像其他葡屬安哥拉地區一樣,羅安達並沒有受到葡萄牙殖民地戰爭的影響[7],因此羅安達在這段時期的發展極快。在葡萄牙新國家時期,羅安達都會人口從1940年時61,208人、且14.6%是白人,上升至1970年的475,328人、且有26.3%為歐洲人,另有50,000人為混血[8][9]

獨立

安哥拉在安哥拉獨立戰爭中脫離葡萄牙獨立,國家由外族(葡萄牙人)統治的狀況也從此不復存在。1974年,葡萄牙里斯本爆發康乃馨革命,再加上後來發生於1975年至2002年間的安哥拉內戰,大多數葡萄牙人都離開了羅安達[10]。這導致了當地居民因缺乏管理城市經驗而使得城市陷入混亂,一支古巴軍隊被派往羅安達以支持安哥拉人民解放運動,并提供了大量技術工人。然而由於長期內戰,羅安達貧民窟的數量也逐年增長,而社會不公也成了很嚴重的問題。2002年內戰停止後,通過出口石油和鑽石,經濟開始復甦,羅安達的大規模重建工作隨之開始[11]

地理

人文

羅安達航拍圖
羅安達大教堂

羅安達是羅安達省的七個自治市之一,可以分為老城區“Baixa de Luanda”和新城區“Cidade Alta”,老城區靠近羅安達港,充滿狹窄的街道和舊式殖民地建築 [12]。但一些現代化的建築也開始出現,2012年還開始了衛星城南羅安達(Luanda Sul)的建造。

羅安達屬於天主教羅安達總教區所轄,有一位羅馬天主教大主教,而當地也有教會創辦的大學安哥拉天主教大學。公立大學則為阿戈什蒂紐内圖大學。安哥拉的主要體育場城堡體育場也位於羅安達,該體育場可容納六萬人。[13]

氣候

羅安達處於半乾旱氣候區(柯本氣候分類法:BSh),由於本吉拉寒流的影響,常年氣候炎熱乾旱。六月到十月間夜間有頻繁大霧,而氣溫也因此難以下降。羅安達的年降雨量為323毫米(12.7英寸),但可變性居全球前列[14]。其觀測記錄自1858年開始,較低值有1958年的55毫米(2.2英寸),較高值則有1916年的851毫米(33.5英寸)。三月至四月間為短暫的雨季,受強弱不同的本吉拉寒流影響,降雨量之間的差距可達六倍[15][16]

羅安達
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °C(°F) 32.8
(91.0)
35.0
(95.0)
35.0
(95.0)
34.4
(93.9)
36.1
(97.0)
31.7
(89.1)
29.4
(84.9)
28.3
(82.9)
28.9
(84.0)
31.7
(89.1)
36.7
(98.1)
34.4
(93.9)
36.7
(98.1)
平均高温 °C(°F) 28.3
(82.9)
29.4
(84.9)
30.0
(86.0)
29.4
(84.9)
27.8
(82.0)
25.0
(77.0)
23.3
(73.9)
23.3
(73.9)
24.4
(75.9)
26.1
(79.0)
27.8
(82.0)
28.3
(82.9)
26.9
(80.4)
日均气温 °C(°F) 25.8
(78.4)
26.7
(80.1)
27.0
(80.6)
26.7
(80.1)
25.3
(77.5)
22.5
(72.5)
20.8
(69.4)
20.6
(69.1)
21.9
(71.4)
23.9
(75.0)
25.3
(77.5)
25.8
(78.4)
24.4
(75.9)
平均低温 °C(°F) 23.3
(73.9)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
23.9
(75.0)
22.8
(73.0)
20.0
(68.0)
18.3
(64.9)
17.8
(64.0)
19.4
(66.9)
21.7
(71.1)
22.8
(73.0)
23.3
(73.9)
21.8
(71.2)
历史最低温 °C(°F) 20.6
(69.1)
21.1
(70.0)
21.1
(70.0)
21.1
(70.0)
17.8
(64.0)
15.0
(59.0)
14.4
(57.9)
14.4
(57.9)
16.7
(62.1)
18.3
(64.9)
20.0
(68.0)
19.4
(66.9)
14.4
(57.9)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 25.4
(1.00)
35.6
(1.40)
76.2
(3.00)
116.8
(4.60)
12.7
(0.50)
1.3
(0.05)
0.0
(0.0)
1.3
(0.05)
2.5
(0.10)
5.1
(0.20)
27.9
(1.10)
20.3
(0.80)
325.1
(12.80)
平均降水天数(≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 6 8 2 0 0 0 1 2 4 3 32
平均相對濕度(%) 77.5 75.5 77.0 79.5 79.5 78.5 79.5 81.0 80.0 79.0 78.0 77.0 78.5
月均日照時數 217 198 217 180 217 210 155 155 150 155 180 186 2,220
数据来源1:Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[17]
数据来源2:BBC Weather [18]

人口

羅安達以非洲人居多,主要是安本杜人奧文本杜人巴剛果人。官方的和最廣泛使用的語言是葡萄牙語,此外數個班圖語支的語言,例如金邦杜語姆班杜語剛果語,也比較流行。羅安達也有一定數量的歐洲人,例如葡萄牙人就有約120,000,此外巴西人拉丁美洲人也有一些。在20世紀末,華人社區開始形成,南非等非洲國家也有一定量的移民到此。2000年代中期,因為葡萄牙經濟危機,移民至此的葡萄牙人開始增多。[19]

因為羅安達相對其他城市較為安全,本國人也會移民至此[20]。但實際上除去以移民為主的都市中心,羅安達其他地區的犯罪率近年正在上升[21]

經濟

羅安達的BIC銀行大樓,城中的許多企業都是因為石油業發達而派生的
羅安達的貧民區

大約三分之一的安哥拉人都生活在羅安達,其中53%處於貧困線之下,因而大多數人的生活條件也很差,電力和水資源依舊短缺,交通狀況也堪憂[22]。而另一方面,少數富有者卻建造了很多奢華的建築。對外國人來說,羅安達是世界上生活費用最昂貴城市之一[23]

2014年3月採用新的進口關稅,而物價更是飛漲。半升香草冰激凌的價格可達31美元,實際上,從蒜到汽車價格無一不高。雖然初衷是保護本地工業和農業,但實際上這種高關稅只造成了人民生活困苦。[24]

製造業主要生產便利食品、飲料、織物和衣物、水泥的等建築材料、塑料產品、金屬器皿、香煙等。羅安達有石油精煉廠,雖然石油工廠在內戰中受到破壞,石油業從業人員工資仍然高達平均工資的20倍,為5400美元[24]。羅安達港是天然港,主要在此出口咖啡、棉花、糖、鑽石、鐵和鹽等,隨著經濟發展,建築業日益興隆。[25]

交通

羅安達是羅安達鐵路的起始點,這條鐵路通往東部的馬蘭哲。內戰期間鐵路被毀,但現在經過修復已經可以重新通往馬蘭哲了[26]。不同於鐵路,羅安達的公路較為破敗,政府正在修繕中。[27]

羅安達的主要機場為二月四日國際機場,此機場也是安哥拉最大的機場。新的國際機場安哥拉國際機場的第一期工程已在2010年完工[28],本来預計2015/2016年即可交付使用[29],但因資金糾紛而延期至2020年左右[30]。羅安達港是安哥拉最大的港口,大部分的進出進口貿易都在此完成,其規模也在擴大。

参考文献

  1. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola.
  2. ^ Archived copy. [2018-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-12).  Citypopulation reporting on Instituto Nacional de Estatística, República de Angola (web) projection july 2019
  3. ^ Portuguese Colonial Remains. Colonialvoyage.com. [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-25). 
  4. ^ See Joseph Miller, Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, London & Madison/Wis,: James Currey & University of Wisconsin Press, 1988
  5. ^ João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata. H-net.org. 2002 [2014-05-20]. ISBN 978-972-8427-24-5. (原始内容存档于2005-01-22). 
  6. ^ Njoku, Onwuka N. Mbundu. 1997: 38–39. 
  7. ^ Mayor's International Council Sister Cities Program. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. [2008-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2007年12月23日). 
  8. ^ Angola antes da Guerra页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a film of Luanda, Portuguese Angola (before 1975), youtube.com
  9. ^ LuandaAnosOuro.wmv页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a film of Luanda, Portuguese Angola (before 1975), youtube.com
  10. ^ Flight from Angola页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Economist (August 16, 1975).
  11. ^ The Economist: Marching towards riches and democracy?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) August 28, 2008
  12. ^ MBRO%20de%202010.pdf Streets of Luanda from the Luanda Provincial Government website[永久失效連結] new pictures from Luanda City (Portuguese)
  13. ^ Estádio da Cidadela. [2014-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-04). 
  14. ^ Dewar, Robert E. and Wallis, James R; "Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach"; in Journal of Climate, 12; pp. 3457-3466
  15. ^ Bank Quantum website with citing Geography & Climate conditions in Angola 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2017-01-30.
  16. ^ Video from heavy rain falls in Luanda页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) December 28, 2010
  17. ^ Angola - Luanda New. Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. [January 8, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-02-04) (西班牙语). 
  18. ^ Average Conditions Luanda, Angola. BBC Weather. [January 8, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08). 
  19. ^ Smith, David. Portuguese escape austerity and find a new El Dorado in Angola. The Guardian (London). 2012-09-16 [2014-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-11). 
  20. ^ International Spotlight: Angola. Washingtonpost.com. [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08). 
  21. ^ John Pike. ANGOLA: Easy access to guns concern as election nears. Globalsecurity.org. 2006-03-13 [2011-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-19). 
  22. ^ Keeping the flow in Angola's slums 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2009-07-15., Department for International Development (DFID), United Kingdom (February 13, 2009)
  23. ^ Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2010 - City rankings. www.mercer.com. [2010-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-25). 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Angola's new import tariffs putting the squeeze on the poorest residents in one of the world's most expensive cities. The Independent. 2014-04-23 [2014-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-27). 
  25. ^ GDP growth: A look ahead. The Economist. 2007-12-19 [2010-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2010-01-25). 
  26. ^ China International Fund Limited. Chinainternationalfund.com. [2010-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-18). 
  27. ^ Angola: Part of Luanda's Highway Complete By December. allAfrica.com. 2008-08-15 [2010-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2009-10-04). 
  28. ^ Novo aeroporto orgulha África[永久失效連結] Jornal de Angola Online, 12 May 2012 (en)
  29. ^ Interview with Pimentel Araujo about the Angola air traffic 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-12-03., aeroscope.com, 21 August 2012 (de)
  30. ^ New Luanda international airport in Angola expected to start operating in 2019/2020页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2017-11-01

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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a full view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2021) Futures studies Concepts Accelerating change Cashless society Existential risk Future Earth Mathematics Race Climate Space exploration Universe Kardashev scale Moore's law Resource depletion Singularity Techniques Backcasting Causal layered analysis Chain-linked model Consensus forecast Cross impact analysis Delphi Real-tim...

Svor–Jablonné v Podještědí[1] Kursbuchstrecke:8n (1975)Streckenlänge:17,124 kmSpurweite:1435 mm (Normalspur) Legende von Ebersbach (Sachs) (vorm. BNB) (-0,072) Svor früher Röhrsdorf 0,000 nach Bakov nad Jizerou (vorm. BNB) 4,539 Cvikov früher Zwickau i. B. 6,977 Lindava früher Lindenau 9,436 Kunratice u Cvikova früher Kunnersdorf von Řetenice (vorm. ATE) 17,124 Jablonné v Podještědí früher Deutsch Gabel nach Liberec (vorm. ATE) Die Bahnstrecke Svor–J...

2020 studio album by Vika and LindaSunday (The Gospel According to Iso)Studio album by Vika and LindaReleased11 September 2020 (2020-09-11)GenreGospel musicLabelBloodlines MusicProducer Cameron Bruce Vika and Linda Bull Vika and Linda chronology 'Akilotoa(2020) Sunday (The Gospel According to Iso)(2020) The Wait(2021) Singles from Sunday (The Gospel According to Iso) There Ain't No Grave (Gonna Hold My Body Down)Released: 24 July 2020[1] Strange Things Happening...

1958 film by Paul Landres The Flame BarrierTheatrical release posterDirected byPaul LandresScreenplay byPat FielderGeorge Worthing YatesStory byGeorge Worthing YatesProduced byArthur GardnerJules LevyStarringArthur FranzKathleen CrowleyRobert BrownVicente PadulaRodd RedwingCinematographyJack MacKenzieEdited byJerry YoungMusic byGerald FriedProductioncompanyGramercy PicturesDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date April 2, 1958 (1958-04-02) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited St...

Species of bird Obbia lark Conservation status Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae Genus: Spizocorys Species: S. obbiensis Binomial name Spizocorys obbiensisWitherby, 1905 range Synonyms Calandrella obbiensis The Obbia lark (Spizocorys obbiensis) is a species of lark in the family Alaudidae. It is found in central Somalia, where it is endemic. Its natura...

British photographer This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (April 2020) Mandy BakerFRPSBorn1964NationalityEnglishKnown forphotographic artist of plastic pollutionMovementEnvironmentalism, contemporary [photography] [art]Websitewww.mandy-barker.com Mandy Barker is a British photographer. She is mostly known for work with marine plastic debris. Barker has worked alongsid...

American hurdler Tiffany WilliamsPersonal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1983-02-05) February 5, 1983 (age 40)Miami, Florida, U.S.SportSportRunningEvent400 metres hurdles Medal record US National Championships 2008 400 m hurdles 2007 400 m hurdles IAAF World Athletics Final 2006 Stuttgart 400 m hurdles Tiffany Williams (née Ross; born 5 February 1983 in Miami, Florida) is an American hurdler who is a former US 400m hurdles champion in 2007 and 2008. She had a standout collegiate ca...

Line Up Anggota 1st Generation: Aki Takajo, Ayana Shahab, Beby Chaesara Anadila, Cindy Gulla, Delima Rizky, Devi Kinal Putri, Diasta Priswarini, Frieska Anastasia Laksani, Gabriela Margareth Warouw, Ghaida Farisya, Haruka Nakagawa, Jessica Vania Widjaja, Jessica Veranda Hardja, Melody Nurramdhani Laksani, Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia, Rena Nozawa, Rezky Wiranti Dhike, Rica Leyona, Sendy Ariani, Shania Junianatha, Sonia Natalia, Sonya Pandarwaman, Stella Cornelia 2nd Generation: Annisa Athia, Alic...

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