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核苷酸

核苷酸單體的結構。該核苷酸包含:(一)一個五碳醣為脫氧核糖,(二)一個含氮鹼基為腺嘌呤,(三)一個磷酸基。具體來說,脫氧核糖和腺嘌呤組成一個脫氧核糖核苷,再與一個磷酸基團結合成一種去氧核糖核苷酸(DNA的核苷酸成分),或名去氧腺苷單磷酸

核苷酸(英語:nucleotide)是核酸的基本组成单位。核苷酸以一個含氮鹼基為核心,加上一個五碳醣和一個或者多个磷酸基團組成。含氮碱基有五种,分别是腺嘌呤(A)、鸟嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)、胸腺嘧啶(T)和尿嘧啶(U)。五碳糖为去氧核糖者称为去氧核糖核苷酸DNA單體),五碳糖为核糖者称为核糖核苷酸RNA單體)。

核苷酸的結構。常見的核酸成分的結構元素。因為它們包含至少一個磷酸基團,該化合物標記為單磷酸核苷,二磷酸核苷和三磷酸核苷全都是核苷酸(不是簡單磷酸鹽缺乏核苷)。

依核苷酸数量,又分为寡核苷酸(少于或等于15个核苷酸)和多核苷酸(15个核苷酸以上)。

合成

核苷酸可以通過多種體外(In vitro)和體內(In vivo)方法來合成。

在體內,核苷酸可以從頭合成(De novo synthesis)或补救途径(Salvage pathway)合成[1]。在從頭合成中使用碳水化合物胺基酸的代謝产物作为合成前體。肝臟是從頭合成核苷酸的主要器官。嘧啶嘌呤的从头合成遵循两个不同的途径。嘧啶首先从细胞质中的天冬氨酸胺基甲酰-磷酸合成到共同的前体环结构乳清酸,其上磷酸化的核糖基单元共价连接,而嘌呤首先从发生环合成的糖模板合成。作为参考,嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸的合成由细胞的细胞质中的几种进行,而不在特定的细胞器内。核苷酸经历分解,使得有用的部分可以在合成反应中重复使用以产生新的核苷酸。

作用

几乎所有的食品都含有微量的核苷酸以及其结合物聚核苷酸DNARNA核酸

核糖核苷酸

Chemical structure of adenosine monophosphate
單磷酸腺苷
AMP
Chemical structure of adenosine diphosphate
二磷酸腺苷
ADP
Chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate
三磷酸腺苷
ATP
Chemical structure of guanosine monophosphate
單磷酸鳥苷
GMP
Chemical structure of guanosine diphosphate
二磷酸鳥苷
GDP
Chemical structure of guanosine triphosphate
三磷酸鳥苷
GTP
Chemical structure of thymidine monophosphate
單磷酸胸苷
TMP
Chemical structure of thymidine diphosphate
二磷酸胸苷
TDP
Chemical structure of thymidine triphosphate
三磷酸胸苷
TTP
Chemical structure of uridine monophosphate
单磷酸尿苷
UMP
Chemical structure of uridine diphosphate
二磷酸尿苷
UDP
Chemical structure of uridine triphosphate
三磷酸尿苷
UTP
Chemical structure of cytidine monophosphate
單磷酸胞苷
CMP
Chemical structure of cytidine diphosphate
二磷酸胞苷
CDP
Chemical structure of cytidine triphosphate
三磷酸胞苷
CTP

脫氧核糖核苷酸

Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine monophosphate
單磷酸脫氧腺苷
dAMP
Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine diphosphate
二磷酸脫氧腺苷
dADP
Chemical structure of deoxyadenosine triphosphate
三磷酸脫氧腺苷
dATP
Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine monophosphate
單磷酸脫氧鳥苷
dGMP
Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine diphosphate
二磷酸脫氧鳥苷
dGDP
Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine triphosphate
三磷酸脫氧鳥苷
dGTP
Chemical structure of deoxythymidine monophosphate
單磷酸脱氧胸苷
dTMP
Chemical structure of deoxythymidine diphosphate
二磷酸脱氧胸苷
dTDP
Chemical structure of deoxythymidine triphosphate
三磷酸脱氧胸苷
dTTP
Chemical structure of deoxyuridine monophosphate
單磷酸脫氧尿苷
dUMP
Chemical structure of deoxyuridine diphosphate
二磷酸脫氧尿苷
dUDP
Chemical structure of deoxyuridine triphosphate
三磷酸脫氧尿苷
dUTP
Chemical structure of deoxycytidine monophosphate
單磷酸脫氧胞苷
dCMP
Chemical structure of deoxycytidine diphosphate
二磷酸脫氧胞苷
dCDP
Chemical structure of deoxycytidine triphosphate
三磷酸脫氧胞苷
dCTP

利用

鸟苷酸(GMP)、肌苷酸(IMP)等核苷酸属于呈味性核苷酸,除了本身具有鲜味之外,还有和左旋穀氨酸味精)组合时,有提高鲜味的作用,作为调料、汤料的原料使用。

母乳中含有尿苷酸(UMP)、胞苷酸(CMP)、腺苷酸(AMP)、鸟苷酸(GMP)、肌苷酸(IMP)等多种核苷酸,为提高婴儿的免疫调节功能和记忆力发挥着作用,部分婴儿奶粉按照母乳中的含量有添加微量核苷酸,也有添加RNA的例子。

核苷酸作为医药,可抑制尿道發炎,也有作为免疫调节剂给手术后的患者使用的例子。

註釋

  1. ^ Zaharevitz, DW; Anerson, LW; Manlinowski, NM; Hyman, R; Strong, JM; Cysyk, RL. Contribution of de-novo and salvage synthesis to the uracil nucleotide pool in mouse tissues and tumors in vivo. 

参考文献

延伸閱讀

  • Sigel, Astrid; Operschall, Bert P.; Sigel, Helmut. Chapter 11. Complex Formation of Lead(II) with Nucleotides and Their Constituents. Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (编). Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 17. de Gruyter. 2017: 319–402. doi:10.1515/9783110434330-011. 

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