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黄油

一些黄油和麵包,這配搭在英語圈是如此重要,慣用語"bread and butter"(麵包和黄油)的意思就是「基本必需的東西」
一條有鹽分黄油

黄油(台湾称奶油,港澳、星馬称牛油,中國大陸官方稱奶油[1]、民間稱黃油吳語音譯英語butter发音为白脫台語音譯日語讀作bá-tah[2])、黃乳油[3],是由新鲜或者发酵的鲜奶油牛奶通过搅乳提製的奶製品。牛油可直接作为调味品涂抹在食品上食用,以及在烹饪中使用,例如烘焙、製作醬料和煎炸食品等,是製作蛋糕曲奇的常用材料。

一般來說,牛油是由分散在乳脂中的微小液滴組成的,而這些微小液滴大多是由和乳蛋白形成的。最常見的牛油原料是牛奶,某些牛油則採用其他哺乳動物的奶,包括山羊水牛牦牛,甚或完全沒有奶的成分而只有植物油(見人造奶油)。牛油的生產過程中有時候會加入食鹽成為有鹽牛油。有部分會加入調味劑,純度較高的牛油,大部分水分會在生產過程被分離,由於水分含量低,只要保持冷藏及包裝良好,一般不需使用防腐劑。經過提煉的牛油製造出淨化牛油或幾乎全是牛奶脂肪的酥油

冷藏的牛油是固體,但會在室溫軟化至可供塗抹的程度,並在32至35攝氏度(90至95華氏度)融化成稀薄的液體。牛油的顏色主要是淡黃色,也可以是非常深的黃色或接近白色的淺黃。顏色取決於動物的飼料,或添加的食用色素胭脂樹紅胡蘿蔔素

生產

今日商品黄油的制造是一个严格控制的操作

均質化的牛奶與淡奶油含有微小球狀的乳脂。這些小球被磷脂質脂肪酸乳化劑)和蛋白質組成的膜包覆著,这层膜防止牛奶中的脂肪聚集成塊。牛油通过搅拌淡奶油来制造,攪動可以破壞這些膜,並且使得牛奶中到處分散的脂肪結合、与其他成分分离开。製造方法中的差異會造成不同的濃稠度,大多是由於成品中的乳脂組成不同。奶油包含三種不同形式的脂肪:游离乳脂,乳脂晶体,與未破坏的脂肪球。比起主要成分是游離脂肪的奶油而言,含有許多晶体的奶油較硬。

傳統農場或小規模生產牛油,會先將牛奶置於密閉容器中劇烈搖動,使鮮奶油從牛奶中分離後,或直接使用動物性鮮奶油,放入攪拌機中攪拌,以破壞乳脂肪,將乳脂肪裡的油和水分離,形成凝固狀;用濾網和棉布隔出大部份水,並靜置等水分釋出後,再以攪拌機攪拌,去除多餘的水份,有時加入鹽調味。

工廠生產的牛油成份是大約80%乳脂和15%水;傳統方法做的牛油可低至65%脂肪和30%水。乳脂包括許多適度大小,飽和的碳氫化合物鏈子脂肪酸。

種類

西方常见的乳制品及生产流程。

在今天,乳製品通常在製造的時候會以巴斯德消毒法(pasteurization)去除會致病的細菌和其他微生物。滅菌後的鮮奶油所製成的奶油稱為甜奶油(sweet cream butter)。因為冷冻技術的發展和奶油分離器(cream separator)的發明,甜奶油的產品在19世紀變得常見。[4]

由新鮮或者人工培養,未滅菌的鮮奶油所製造的奶油稱為生奶油(raw cream butter)。生奶油有比較純的奶油味,它沒有因為滅菌而產生的煮過的牛奶的味道。

儲藏和烹飪

牛油通常以雪櫃儲存,因為一般的牛油在15 °C(60 °F)下即會軟化,成為可塗抹的狀態。有雪櫃設有「牛油儲藏區」(Butter compartment),是雪櫃中較為溫暖的部分。部份在紐西蘭販賣的雪櫃中出現了含發熱器的的牛油儲藏區。[8] 暴露在日光下或空气中会加速牛油的溶化,将牛油紧紧包裹起来可以延缓这一过程,同时防止产生异味。包装好的牛油在冷藏温度下可以有长达数月的保质期[9]

健康與營養價值

根據美國農業部的資料,1湯匙約14牛油包含:

由於牛油大部分為飽和脂肪酸和膽固醇,所以被認為是造成健康問題的食品之一,尤其是心血管疾病。上世紀專家們曾建議以植物牛油為替代品,因為它含有較多的不飽和脂肪酸,且膽固醇含量較少或幾乎沒有,但不完全氫化的植物油會含有反式脂肪,增加壞膽固醇的比例,對循環系統的危害較天然牛油更大,且歷經40年改善飲食習慣的美國,肥胖和心血管疾病、等諸多問題不減反增,近年營養師的觀點是牛油不宜大量攝取,但如果要使用牛油,寧可使用純牛油,都不要使用人造奶油瑪琪琳[11],亦有人造牛油被驗出含有氯丙二醇(3-MCPD)或環氧丙醇,過量攝入3-MCPD有機會對人體腎臟功能及男性生殖系統構成影響,環氧丙醇則具有基因毒性和致癌性[12]

使用氫化植物油製造的植物牛油,如氫化過程不完全會殘留大量反式脂肪酸,研究顯示會大量提昇身體中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL cholesterol)的含量。[13]研究顯示,反式脂肪酸「極可能」提高許多疾病(包含不孕)的患病率,在糖尿病、心血管疾病等各種疾病上比飽和脂肪更有害,此理論已經被多數專家及民眾接受。而現在市面上已經可以買到聲稱不含反式脂肪酸的植物牛油。

牛油中的乳糖是微量的,所以對乳糖不耐症患者來說,吃牛油並不會造成他們的不適。[14]牛奶過敏患者必須要避免食用牛油,因為牛油含有的酪蛋白量足以引發過敏反應。[15]

參見

資料來源

  1. ^ 國家食品標準-奶油Butter. [2024-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-01). 
  2. ^ 外來詞. 教育部. [2021-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-03) (中文(臺灣)). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2020-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05). 
  4. ^ McGee p. 33.
  5. ^ Whey Butter. senel. [2020-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28). 
  6. ^ Whey Butter. Slow Food in the UK. [2020-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05). 
  7. ^ ABOUT CULTURED BUTTER. Vermont Creamery. [2020-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-07). 
  8. ^ Bring back butter conditioners页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Retrieved 27 November 2005. The feature has been phased out for energy conservation reasons.
  9. ^ According to joyofbaking.com 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-06-23., unsalted butter can last for up to three months and salted butter up to five.
  10. ^ Data from nutritiondata.com页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Retrieved 27 November 2005.
  11. ^ 【消委會】人造牛油與牛油 兩者如何選?營養師「兩害取其輕」. HK01. [2019-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28). 
  12. ^ 消委會檢測8成半人造牛油含基因致癌物【附名單】. hket. [2019-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-06). 
  13. ^ Q&A about Saturated Fat, Trans Fat, and Cholesterol 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-05-13. from the (U.S.) National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2005). Retrieved 15 April 2006.
  14. ^ From data here页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)。one teaspoon of butter contains  grams of lactose; a cup of milk contains 400 times that amount.
  15. ^ Allergy Society of South Africa. Milk Allergy & Intolerance 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2005-11-26.. Retrieved 27 November 2005.

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