領先者當選

領先者當選(英語:First Past the Post,縮寫FPTP[註 1],或稱相对多数制簡單多數制先馳得點制贏者全得制[3],指在單一選區中選民只需投票一次,由所有候選人中的最多得票者當選,而不論绝对票數的多寡。约三分之一的國家使用此選舉制度。[4]

產生效果

2024年英國大選為例,全部650选区正式结果如下:[5]

議席分佈一覽


各政黨在選舉中贏得的席次(外環)與得票數(內環)
政党 工黨 保守黨 自由民主黨 蘇格蘭民族黨 新芬黨 改革黨 民主聯盟黨 綠黨 威爾斯黨
黨魁 施紀賢 里希·苏纳克 愛德·戴維 約翰·斯文尼 瑪麗·盧·麥當勞 奈傑爾·法拉奇 加文·羅賓遜 卡拉·丹尼爾英语Carla Denyer
阿德里安·拉姆齊英语Adrian Ramsay
林·阿普约沃思英语Rhun ap Iorwerth
Carla Denyer, 1 October 2022.jpg
Adrian Ramsay UK Green Party October 2022y.jpg
选票 9,704,655 6,827,311 3,519,199 724,758 210,891 4,117,221 172,058 1,841,888 194,811
席位 412 (63.38%) 121 (18.46%) 72 (10.92%) 9 (1.38%) 7 (1.08%) 5 (0.77%) 5 (0.77%) 4 (0.62%) 4 (0.62%)
412 / 650
121 / 650
72 / 650
9 / 650
7 / 650
5 / 650
5 / 650
4 / 650
4 / 650


工黨僅以34%的選票取得了63%(411席)的議席,而改革黨在獲得14.3%的選票下,只贏得不到0.8%(5席)的議席。[6]

優點

方便執行及統計。[7]

由於本身即相對多數制,不像絕對多數制若無法一次選出結果,得舉行兩輪甚至多輪投票。

缺點

当選者得票不一定过半,不一定獲得廣泛认同,且由于当选者无需獲绝对多数支持,只须爭取一部分核心選民支持即可当选。选举制度对擁有铁票支持的政党有利,容易形成两党制,且這種制度雖然穩定,但在議會選舉上缺乏多元比例,不利其他小黨生存。

另外有可能出現總得票超過另一方而獲得的議席少於另一方的情況。以2015年英國大選為例,英国独立党獲得了12.6%的選票,卻只獲得1席,而選票數少於該黨的許多黨派獲得的議席數量卻超過了該黨,有些甚至超過甚多,比如自由民主党7.9%的選票而獲得8席、蘇格蘭民族黨4.7%的選票而獲得56席,變相導致不同地區的選民票值可能相差很大。這是由於該制度相當於每個地區的贏者獲得該地區輸者全部票數,無論是否過半。若參加某地區競選的黨派眾多,則有可能僅有該地區20%的支持亦能位列第一而當選,而無法代表該地區多數的利益。

領先者當選甚至可能出現票數不如其他黨而當選的情況,最近的一個例子是2019年加拿大聯邦大選。總理小杜魯多帶領的加拿大自由黨僅獲得585萬選票,不及官方反對黨保守黨610萬選票。但由於領先者當選政策,結果自由黨獲得157席(超過保守黨的121席)而保住執政權。本次選舉若改為比例代表制,則獲得610萬選票的保守黨所獲得的的席位可能超過獲得585萬選票的自由黨而反敗為勝。

現行實施制度國家

過去實施國家地區

參見

註釋

  1. ^ 「past the post」是賽馬術語,指馬通過終點標竿(finishing post)[1];「first past the post」即一馬當先通過終點標竿[2]

參考資料

  1. ^ Search Results : past the post. 新加坡赛马公会. [2020-11-15]. [失效連結]
  2. ^ 葉劉淑儀. Learning English with Regina IV──正「識」英語. 明報出版社. 2014-07: 21 [2019-08-07]. ISBN 978-988-8287-34-5. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28). 
  3. ^ 林東璟. 以色列總理選舉制度的變遷. 秀威出版. 2004-07: 20 [2019-08-07]. ISBN 978-986-7614-33-9. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28). 
  4. ^ Affairs, The Department of Internal. More about FPP. www.dia.govt.nz. [2019-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-24) (英语). 
  5. ^ General election 2024 in maps and charts. BBC News. 4 July 2024 [2024-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-08). 
  6. ^ Surridge, Paula. Labour wins big but the UK's electoral system is creaking. The Guardian. 5 July 2024 [5 July 2024]. 
  7. ^ Williams, Andy. UK Government & Politics. Heinemann. 1998: 24– [2017-12-20]. ISBN 978-0-435-33158-0. (原始内容存档于2017-03-25). 
  8. ^ Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting. 2016-11-10 [2016-11-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-10). 
  9. ^ Milia, Juan Guillermo. El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. 2015: 40-41 [2017-12-20]. ISBN 978-987-02-8472-7. (原始内容存档于2017-10-20). 
  10. ^ Law 14,032. Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica. [2017-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-20). 
  11. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  12. ^ Bhuwan Chandra Upreti. Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly. Gyan Publishing House. 2010: 69– [2017-12-20]. ISBN 978-81-7835-774-4. (原始内容存档于2017-03-26). 
  13. ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
  14. ^ PNG voting system praised by new MP. ABC. 2003-12-12 [2015-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2005-01-04). 

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