波達計數法

波達計數法(Borda Count)是一種投票制度。投票人按喜好排列候選者。如果候選者在選票的排第一位,它就得某個分數;排第二位得一個較小的分數……如此類推。分數累計下來最高分的候選者便取勝。

歷史上有許多人曾提出使用波達計數法。它曾是羅馬議會採用的投票制度之一。13世紀的雷蒙·盧爾和15世紀的庫薩的尼古拉都曾提出這個制度。1770年,讓-夏爾·德·波達英语Jean-Charles de Borda提出用此法來選舉法國科學院,後來便以其名字來命名此計數法。

应用

截至2007年4月,有以下選舉使用波達計數法制度:

在政壇以外,波達計數法也見於體壇和文藝界,如:

由2008年起,在香港高登討論區的每月之星及全年之星選舉亦使用波達計數法。

2015年度香港小姐競選:在該年的全民投票當中,被投選冠、亞、季軍的佳麗,分別可獲得分數為:5、2、1。

Chill Club 推介榜年度推介21/22:今屆三輪投票由市民順序選出三首歌曲或三甲單位,獲排第一的單位可得三分、第二得兩分、第三得一分。

例子

假設有三個候選人甲、乙、丙的選舉。結果如下:

  • 4張選票為:1.甲 2.乙 3.丙
  • 5張選票為:1.甲 2.丙 3.乙
  • 7張選票為:1.丙 2.乙 3.甲

若排第一位的候選人取得2分,第二位得1分,第三位無分,各人的分數如下:

  • 甲:4*2+5*2+7*0 = 18
  • 乙:4*1+5*0+7*1 = 11
  • 丙:4*0+5*1+7*2 = 19

即丙勝出。

諾魯議會選舉以排第一位得1分,排第二得1/2=0.50分,排第三得1/3=0.33分來計算。如果按這個方法,剛才的選舉結果要[為何?]

  • 甲:4*1.00+5*1.00+7*0.33 = 11.31
  • 乙:4*0.50+5*0.33+6*0.50 = 6.65
  • 丙:4*0.33+5*0.50+7*1 = 10.82

這回是甲勝了。

比較

波達計數法不只考慮選民的第一選擇,會同時考慮選民的其他選擇及所有取向。換個說法,波達計數法的勝利者未必是最多人放在第一位的。

這種方法較不易選出偏激或極具爭議性的人士。

例如:

# 51票 5票 23票 21票
1 張三 王五 李四 馬六
2 王五 李四 王五 王五
3 李四 馬六 馬六 李四
4 馬六 張三 張三 張三

採用排第n位得4-n分的準則,各人分數如下:

  • 張三:153
  • 李四:151
  • 王五:205
  • 馬六:91

不論在多數制還是排序複選制,張三都是贏家。但在波達計數法之下,因為其他選民也將張三排在最尾,拖低了他的分數,結果張三敗給王五。

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