1954年的日内瓦会议决定在1956年于越南就统一问题进行选举[38],但无论是南越还是美国都没有在协定上签字。会上,法国代表采纳了北越代表范文同提出的“选举由地方委员会监督进行”的提议[39],而美国则提出选举应由联合国负责监督[40],得到南越和英国的支持,及苏联、北越的反对[40]。美国总统艾森豪威尔于1954年写道:“我未曾与任何一个不同意举行战时选举的印度支那专家谈过话。可能80%的越南国民都会选择共产主义的胡志明作为他们的领袖,而不是保大国长。事实上,越南人普遍认为保大缺乏领导力和驱动力,他们并不愿意为这样一个领导人而战。”[41]五角大楼提供的材料[42]指“吴廷琰政权在1954年至1956年确实在南越实现了奇迹”,“几乎可以肯定,投票给胡志明的国民会小于80%。”[43]1957年,来自印度、波兰和加拿大的独立观察家于当年的国际控制委员会(英语:International Control Commission)会议上称越南的统一选举不可能做到公正,因为南北双方的领导人都没有遵守停战协议[44]。同年5月,吴廷琰总统到访美国,实行国事访问。
越南共和国军最初的作战任务是同南越境内的民解游击队作战,为此美国总统肯尼迪向南越军支援了大量物资,并派遣顾问团提供军事支持,但随后吴廷琰却利用军队以剿共名义多同高台教、和好教叛军作战及动员军队查抄佛寺等,这使得美国人对吴失去信心。1963年,吴廷琰遇刺,南越政局陷入混乱之中,军方势力举足轻重。同期的越南战场基本为美军主导同北方作战,南越军的地位日渐低微。此外南越军更深受军官腐败问题困扰,而无法组织起有效的作战,加上训练质素不高等问题,战力饱受质疑。南越军的失败战例包括1963年的北邑战役(英语:Battle of Ap Bac),约1,400名南越军士兵遭350人的民解游击部队击退;以及1965年的同帥戰役,此次战役中约2,000名南越军败给1,500人的民解游击队,阵亡人数416人,约是民解游击队伤亡人数的4倍[86]。
^Duncanson, Dennis J. Government and Revolution in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 - anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Viet Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh in the North - it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon.
^Frankum, Ronald. Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6.
^Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Letter to Ngo Dinh Diem (1954), in For the Record: A Documentary History of America: Volume 2: From Reconstruction Through Contemporary Times, p.321. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
^Jacobs, Seth, Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield: 127, 2006, ISBN 0742544478
^Jacobs, Seth (2006). Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8. P.143-145.
^Joseph A. Mendenhall for the United States Department of State. Check-List of Possible U.S. Actions in Case of Coup. JFK and the Diem Coup. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 101. 1963-10-25 [2008-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-08).
^The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963. The Pentagon Papers2 Gravel. Beacon Press. 1971: 201–276 [April 2008-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-24).请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Kahin, George McT. (1986). Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54367-X. P. 203.
^ 30.030.130.2Schulimson, p. 213. A PAVN document allegedly captured by the ARVN stated that 1,042 troops had been killed in the city proper and that several times that number had been wounded. Hoang, p. 84.
^ Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom. Last Men Out: The True Story of America's Heroic Final Hours in Vietnam. Simon and Schuster. May 3, 2011: 258. ISBN 9781451610253.
^Department of State. "Background Notes (South) Viet-Nam". P. 7-8
^Dwight D. Eisenhower. Mandate for Change. Garden City, New Jersey. Doubleday & Company, 1963, p. 372.
^The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 252.
^The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 246.
^Woodruff, Mark (2005). Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese. Arlington, Virginia: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-8914-1866-0. P.6: "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again."
^James Gibson, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston/New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 88.
^Trương Đình Bạch Hồng. Quan hệ ngoại giao giữa Việt Nam Cộng hòa và Cambodge trong giai đoạn 1954-1970. Charleston, SC: Hồng Trương Books, 2014. P. 93
^The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 253.
^Lewy, Guetner, (1978), America in Vietnam, New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, pp294-5.
^United States House of Representatives, Vietnam and Korea: Human Rights and U.S. Assistance, A Study Mission Report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs 5 (94th Cong., 1st Sess., February 9, 1975).
^Lâm Thanh Liêm. (1973). "Dân-số Việt-Nam Cộng-hòa". Khoa học Nhân văn, P. 163-192
^Business International Asia/pacific Ltd., Risks and Rewards in Vietnam s Market, trang 74. Dẫn tại Nguyễn Tiến Hưng, Khi đồng minh tháo chạy, P.2, C.5
^Phu Si. "Assets for Tomorrow". Viet Nam Magazine Vol IV. No 3, 1971. P. 11-12
^Huy Đức. Bên thắng cuộc, I: Giải phóng. Boston, MA: Osinbook, 2012. P. 216
^Dr. Benjamin Draper (Conference Chairman). Republic of VIETNAM(PDF). Pacific Nations Broadcasting I; Symposium Held at the Amnual Broadcast Industry Conference. San Francisco: California State Univ.: 124. 1972-04-19 - 1972-04-22 [2014-04-27]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2014-05-02).请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) 引文格式1维护:日期与年 (link)
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