突破性感染

突破性感染(英語:breakthrough infection)或譯穿透感染[1]突圍感染[2],即疫苗失敗的感染[3],为接种疫苗后仍感染所应免疫病原的现象,亦即疫苗没能让接种者与对应病毒产生免疫;目前仅出现在对抗病毒的疫苗。流行性腮腺炎[4]水痘[5]流感[6]SARS-CoV-2[7]等疫苗,均有出现突破性感染的纪录。至于疫苗是否发生突破性感染这个特点,则取决于病毒本身的特性。通常,突破性感染患者的症状要比普通感染患者的要轻一些[8],甚至是無症狀感染

突破性感染发生的原因包括:接种者的生物因素、疫苗的不当投予或储存、病毒的突变、封闭抗体英语Blocking antibody的形成,以及其他因素。由于这些原因,一种疫苗的效力很少能达到100%。常见的流感疫苗大约能为58%的接种者提供免疫[9];约有2%接种麻疹疫苗的儿童无法获得免疫效果。然而如果群体免疫已经产生,也能防止免疫获得不充分的接种者感染疾病[10]。换句话说,群体免疫可以降低人群中突破性感染的发生概率[11]

施打COVID-19疫苗不能保證有完全保護力,數據顯示各國接種後仍造成突破性感染。2021年4月,美国疾控中心报告称,美国7500万COVID-19疫苗完全接种者中,共发现5814例COVID-19突破性感染病例,包含74例死亡病例[12][13][14][15][16][17]

突破性感染案例

水痘

水痘疫苗预防水痘的有效率约为85%[18]。发生突破性感染的病例中,75%感染者的症状较未接种疫苗的感染者更轻微[8],例如低烧及少于50个水泡;而未接种疫苗的患者通常有39 °C(102 °F)的高烧以及200-500个水疱。[8][19] 未接种疫苗者的感染时间亦长于突破性感染患者[8]

大部分水痘的突破性感染病例是由于未能有效接种疫苗[18]。因此,有人提议儿童接种者在第一针接种后一年内接种第二针水痘疫苗[18]

腮腺炎

腮腺炎疫苗是麻腮风三联疫苗(MMR)的成分之一[20],有效率约为88%。[21]突破性感染患者中的严重病例较未接种疫苗的患者更少[22],包括无菌性脑膜炎脑炎[22]

腮腺炎突破性感染的原因尚未查明。病毒基因的变化(抗原漂移)被认为是主要诱因[22];也有理论认为记忆T细胞在突破性感染中起一定作用[22]

乙型肝炎

乙型肝炎的突破性感染主要由于乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)突变引起的表面蛋白构象改变,以至于不能被乙肝疫苗诱导生成的抗体识别[23][24][25]。此种突变病毒称为“疫苗逃逸突变体”,该现象又被称为“免疫逃逸”。乙肝突破性感染亦有可能是由于疫苗接种不及时,免疫抑制,以及母婴传播[24]。乙型肝炎的突破性感染病例可能为无症状感染[23]

COVID-19

2021年4月,研究人员报告在417名COVID-19疫苗接种者中,有两名女性出现了突破性感染,并确认了变异的病毒[26][27]。后续小规模研究发现,若已完整接种mRNA疫苗却又遭突破性感染,一般症状较轻微且血清对各变异株中和抗体浓度比只完整接种却未感染者更为提高,尤其是免疫球蛋白A(IgA)滴度大为提升;这可能表示以后再出现新变异株,这些人的抗病毒能力会更佳,研究者并推论越多人完整接种疫苗可能使未来全球人口对抗新变异病毒越有免疫力[28]

参考资料

  1. ^ 呼吸道細胞融合病毒感染預防建議. 國家衛生研究院兒童醫學及健康研究中心. 2008-09-01. (原始内容存档于2022-03-05). 
  2. ^ 王豊裕、林憲宏. 探討全面性B型肝炎疫苗接種計畫實施後之出生世代HBV感染原因. 中華民國科技部. 2009-05-30. (原始内容存档于2021-07-30) –通过政府研究資訊系統GRB. 
  3. ^ 水痘併發症. 衛生福利部疾病管制署. [2021-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20). 
  4. ^ Factsheet for health professionals. ecdc.europa.eu. [2017-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-24) (英语). 
  5. ^ Chickenpox | Clinical Overview | Varicella | CDC. www.cdc.gov. [2017-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-25) (英语). 
  6. ^ Use of Antivirals | Health Professionals | Seasonal Influenza (Flu). www.cdc.gov. [2017-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-02) (英语). 
  7. ^ 白宫:美国一半成年人口已完成新冠疫苗接种. news.sina.com.cn. 澎湃新闻. 2021-05-26 [2021-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-31). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Chickenpox (Varicella). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016-07-01 [2021-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-25). 
  9. ^ Osterholm, Michael T; Kelley, Nicholas S; Sommer, Alfred; Belongia, Edward A. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012, 12 (1): 36–44. PMID 22032844. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70295-x. 
  10. ^ Fine, P.; Eames, K.; Heymann, D. L. "Herd Immunity": A Rough Guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011-04-01, 52 (7): 911–916. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 21427399. doi:10.1093/cid/cir007可免费查阅 (英语). 
  11. ^ Owen, Judith; Punt, Jenni; Stranford, Sharon. Kuby Immunology 7th. New York City, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 2013: 576–578. ISBN 978-14292-1919-8. 
  12. ^ Gilbert, Ben; Brubeck, Hilary. CDC: 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in the more than 75 million fully vaccinated people. Business Insider. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-01). 
  13. ^ Krieger, Lisa M. COVID vaccines: The mystery of “breakthrough” infections after shots - CDC reports 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people. The Mercury News. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-03). 
  14. ^ Tinker, Ben; Fox, Maggie. CDC reports 5,800 COVID-19 infections, 74 deaths in fully vaccinated people. Orange County Register英语Orange County Register. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-23). 
  15. ^ Masson, Gabrielle. 5,800 COVID-19 infections detected among 77 million fully vaccinated people: CDC. Beckers Hospital Review. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-30). 
  16. ^ May, Brandon. COVID-19 Infection After Vaccine is Rare But Possible, CDC Says. BioSpace. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-30). 
  17. ^ Whelan, Robbie. CDC Identifies Small Group of Covid-19 Infections Among Fully Vaccinated Patients - Incidence is rare, occurring in only 0.008% of cases and in line with expectations. The Wall Street Journal. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-06). 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Papaloukas, Orestis; Giannouli, Georgia; Papaevangelou, Vassiliki. Successes and challenges in varicella vaccine. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines. 2014-03-01, 2 (2): 39–55. ISSN 2051-0136. PMC 3991154可免费查阅. PMID 24757524. doi:10.1177/2051013613515621. 
  19. ^ Pinkbook | Varicella | Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases | CDC. www.cdc.gov. [2017-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-07) (英语). 
  20. ^ Factsheet for health professionals. ecdc.europa.eu. [2017-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-24) (英语). 
  21. ^ Mumps | Cases and Outbreaks | CDC. www.cdc.gov. [2017-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-01) (英语). 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Latner, Donald R.; Hickman, Carole J. Remembering Mumps. PLOS Pathogens. 2015-05-07, 11 (5): e1004791. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 4423963可免费查阅. PMID 25951183. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004791. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Seed, Clive R.; Jones, Ngaire T.; Pickworth, Anne M.; Graham, Wendy R. Two cases of asymptomatic HBV "vaccine breakthrough" infection detected in blood donors screened for HBV DNA. Medical Journal of Australia. 2012-01-01, 196 (10) [2021-06-14]. ISSN 0025-729X. (原始内容存档于2021-07-25). 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Chang, Mei-Hwei. Breakthrough HBV infection in vaccinated children in Taiwan: surveillance for HBV mutants. Antiviral Therapy. 2010, 15 (3 Part B): 463–469. PMID 20516566. doi:10.3851/imp1555 (英语). 
  25. ^ Coleman, Paul F. Detecting Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Mutants. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017-02-17, 12 (2): 198–203. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3293431可免费查阅. PMID 16494742. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050038. 
  26. ^ Howard, Jacqueline. Only 2 'breakthrough' infections among hundreds of fully vaccinated people, new study finds. CNN. [11 May 2021]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-25). 
  27. ^ Hacisuleyman, Ezgi; Hale, Caryn; Saito, Yuhki; Blachere, Nathalie E.; Bergh, Marissa; Conlon, Erin G.; Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis J.; DaSilva, Justin; Muecksch, Frauke; Gaebler, Christian; Lifton, Richard; Nussenzweig, Michel C.; Hatziioannou, Theodora; Bieniasz, Paul D.; Darnell, Robert B. Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants. New England Journal of Medicine. 21 April 2021 [10 May 2021]. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105000可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2022-06-20) (英语). 
  28. ^ Bates TA, McBride SK, Winders B, et al. Antibody Response and Variant Cross-Neutralization After SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection. JAMA. Published online December 16, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.22898

Read other articles:

Ini adalah nama Tionghoa; marganya adalah Lee (李). Lee Chong WeiInformasi pribadiNama lahir李宗伟KebangsaanMalaysiaLahir21 Oktober 1982 (umur 41)Bagan Serai, Perak, MalaysiaTinggi170 cm (5 ft 7 in)Berat60 kg (130 pon; 9,4 st)Tahun aktif2000–2019Pensiun2019PeganganKananPelatihHendrawanTunggal putraPeringkat tertinggi1 (29 Juni 2006) Rekam medali Bulu tangkis putra Mewakili  Malaysia Olimpiade 2008 Beijing Tunggal putra 2012 London Tunggal put...

 

La seguente voce contiene una lista di tutte le nazioni o territori che hanno inviato almeno una volta una propria rappresentante al concorso di bellezza Miss Universo. Trentadue delle seguenti nazioni hanno vinto almeno una volta il titolo. Indice 1 Partecipanti attuali 1.1 Nazioni ritirate/inattive 2 Tentativi non riusciti di partecipazione 3 Collegamenti esterni Partecipanti attuali Nazione Debutto Concorso nazionale Miglior piazzamento Ultimo piazzamento Note  Albania 2002 Miss Alban...

 

Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Siehe auch Augustinerkeller. Augustiner-Bräu-Bierdeckel Der Biergarten unter Kastanienbäumen Der Augustiner-Keller ist ein traditionsreiches Restaurant mit Biergarten im Münchener Stadtteil Maxvorstadt. Er wurde in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts eröffnet und gehört zu den beliebtesten Biergärten in der Landeshauptstadt.[1] Im Augustiner-Keller in der Arnulfstraße 52 wird Bier von Münchens ältester Brauerei, der Augustiner-Br...

Ehemaliger Kanton Marseille-Mazargues Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Département Bouches-du-Rhône Arrondissement Marseille Auflösungsdatum 29. März 2015 Einwohner 38.005 (1. Jan. 2012) Bevölkerungsdichte 662 Einw./km² Fläche 57.41 km² Gemeinden 1 INSEE-Code 1346 Lage des Kantons Marseille-Mazargues im Département Bouches-du-Rhône Der Kanton Marseille-Mazargues war bis 2015 ein französischer Wahlkreis im Arrondissement Marseille, im Département Bouches-du-Rh

 

Jugon-les-Lacs Lanyugon Lambang kebesaranJugon-les-Lacs Lokasi di Region Bretagne Jugon-les-Lacs Koordinat: 48°24′36″N 2°19′15″W / 48.410000°N 2.3208°W / 48.410000; -2.3208NegaraPrancisRegionBretagneDepartemenCôtes-d'ArmorArondisemenDinanKantonJugon-les-LacsAntarkomuneArguenon-HunaudayePemerintahan • Wali kota (2014–2020) Roger AubréeLuas • Land126,15 km2 (1,010 sq mi) • Populasi21.636 • Kep...

 

Swedish DJ duo Dada LifeBackground informationOriginStockholm, SwedenGenresElectro house, progressive house, big room house, future raveYears active2006–presentLabelsDim Mak Records, Breastfed, Ministry of Sound Australia, Pickadoll, Southern Fried, Prestel, Musical Freedom, So Much Dada, Revealed Recordings, Spinnin' Records, MonstercatMembersOlle Cornéer Stefan Engblom (active on stage)Websitedadalife.com Dada Life are a Swedish DJ duo formed in 2006, which consists of Olle Cornéer and ...

2011 single by Nicole Scherzinger For the 1984 song, see Remains (The Only Ones album). Don't Hold Your BreathSingle by Nicole Scherzingerfrom the album Killer Love ReleasedMarch 10, 2011Recorded2010Studio Kinglet (Stockholm, Sweden) Elevator Nobody (Gothenburg, Sweden) Record PlantMixSuite (Los Angeles, California) Genre Pop synth-pop Length3:17LabelInterscopeSongwriter(s) Josh Alexander Billy Steinberg Toby Gad Producer(s) Carl Falk Steve Josefsson Rami Nicole Scherzinger singles chrono...

 

Species of gastropod Ividia armata Apertural view of the shell of Ividia armata Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Heterobranchia Family: Pyramidellidae Genus: Ividia Species: I. armata Binomial name Ividia armataCarpenter, 1856 [1] Synonyms Odostomia armata Carpenter, 1856 Odostomia (Miralda) armata Carpenter, 1856 Parthenia armata Carpenter, 1856 Ividia armata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod m...

 

Otto BauerMenteri Luar Negeri AustriaMasa jabatan21 November 1918 – 26 Juli 1919*KanselirKarl RennerPendahuluVictor AdlerPenggantiKarl Renner Informasi pribadiLahir(1881-09-05)5 September 1881Wina, Austria-HungariaMeninggal4 Juli 1938(1938-07-04) (umur 56)Paris, PrancisPartai politikPartai Buruh Sosial Demokrat Austria (SDAP)Alma materUniversitas Wina Sekretaris Negara untuk Urusan Luar Negeri. Sunting kotak info • L • B Otto Bauer (5 September 1881 –&...

Simple email-validation system designed to detect email spoofing This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an email authentication method which ensures the sending mail server is authorized to originate mail from the email sender's domain.[1&...

 

Ini adalah nama Minangkabau, marganya adalah Sikumbang Untuk orang lain dengan nama yang sama, lihat Herman Sikumbang. Herman SikumbangKasat Bina Pelatihan IPDNMasa jabatan16 November 2020 – 20 Juni 2022PresidenJoko WidodoPenggantiJohn Charles Edison Nababan Informasi pribadiLahir0 Juli 1968 (umur 55)IndonesiaAlma materAkademi KepolisianKarier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang Kepolisian Negara Republik IndonesiaPangkat Brigadir Jenderal PolisiSatuanBrigade MobilSunting ...

 

Devons RoadChurch of All Hallows, Bow at the junction of Devons Road and Blackthorn StreetLength0.7 mi (1.1 km)[1]LocationTower Hamlets, LondonPostal codeE3Nearest train station Devons Road Devons Road is a road in Bow Common and Bromley-by-Bow in east London.[2] Part of the B140 road, it gives its name to the Devons Road DLR station. Motive power depots The North London Railway established a large motive power depot at Bow around 1850, which was demolished in 1882 a...

The New Atlantis PengarangFrancis BaconNegaraBritania RayaBahasaBahasa InggrisGenreNovel utopiaTanggal terbit1626Halaman46 halISBNISBN NA Invalid ISBN The New Atlantis merupakan sebuah novel yang ditulis oleh Francis Bacon. Isinya mengenai aspirasi Bacon atas utopia berupa tanah ideal. Penulisan The New Atlantis dimulai pada tahun 1623 dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1627. Dalam The New Atlantis, Bacon menggambarkan visi penemuan dan ilmu pengetahuan masa depan manusia. Pranala luar...

 

Не следует путать с Pontiac Montana. Chevrolet Montana Общие данные Производитель Chevrolet Годы производства 2003—2021 2023 — настоящее время Сборка Сан-Каэтану-ду-Сул Сан-Жозе-дус-Кампус Гебеха Класс Пикап Иные обозначения Chevrolet Tornado (Мексика, 2003—2020) Chevrolet Utility (ЮАР, 2012—2017) Opel Corsa Utility (ЮАР, 2010—20...

 

Area of coastal land in Auckland, New Zealand Takaparawhau / Bastion Point Takaparawhau (Māori)HeadlandTakaparawhau / Bastion Point seen from the fishing pier jutting out into the Waitematā Harbour.Takaparawhau / Bastion PointLocation in AucklandCoordinates: 36°50′39″S 174°49′27″E / 36.84417°S 174.82417°E / -36.84417; 174.82417LocationAuckland, New ZealandPart ofŌrākeiOffshore water bodiesWaitematā HarbourNative nameTakaparawhau (Māori) The ...

Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w WarszawieThe Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw Budynek główny AWF w Warszawie Data założenia 9 grudnia 1929[1] Państwo  Polska Województwo  mazowieckie Adres ul. Marymoncka 34,00-968 Warszawa 45 Liczba pracowników• naukowych 68[2] Liczba studentów 4 143[3] (2022) Rektor prof. dr hab. Bartosz Molik Położenie na mapie WarszawyAkademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie...

 

1986 film by Anthony Perkins Psycho IIITheatrical release posterDirected byAnthony PerkinsWritten byCharles Edward PogueProduced byHilton A. GreenStarring Anthony Perkins Diana Scarwid Jeff Fahey Roberta Maxwell CinematographyBruce SurteesEdited byDavid BlewittMusic byCarter BurwellProductioncompanyUniversal PicturesDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date July 2, 1986 (1986-07-02) Running time93 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$8.4 million[1]Box off...

 

First city in Pennsylvania, United States This article is about the city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. For other uses, see Chester, Pennsylvania (disambiguation). For other uses, see Chester (disambiguation). Home rule city in Pennsylvania, United StatesChester, PennsylvaniaHome rule cityDowntown Chester at 5th and Avenue of the States FlagSealMotto: What Chester Makes Makes ChesterLocation of Chester in Delaware County and in PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 39°50′50″N 75°22′22″W&...

العلاقات البرازيلية النمساوية البرازيل النمسا   البرازيل   النمسا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البرازيلية النمساوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرازيل والنمسا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ...

 

Roman town in Hispania (present Basque Country, Spain) Location of Veleia and other Roman cities in the context of ancient Basque tribes and the modern Basque Country Veleia was a Roman town in Hispania, now located in the province of Álava, Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. The site is located in the municipality of Iruña de Oca, 10 kilometers west of Vitoria. The town was an important station on the Roman road ab Asturica Burdigalam that ran parallel to the coast of the Bay of Bisc...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!