国际社会致力于建立有效的国际和国内措施以处理温室气体(二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮、氢氟碳化合物、全氟碳化合物等)的排放问题。越来越多的人相信,全球变暖是由于人类的温室气体排放及其可能带来的不可预知后果造成的。这一进程始于1992年的里约热内卢,当时160个国家通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》。如其标题所示,《联合国气候变化框架公约》只是一个框架;必要的细节有待《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约国会议(Conference of Parties,CoP)商定。[13]
1967年至1970年之间,美国国家大气污染控制管理局(后来的美国国家环境保护局空气和辐射办公室)的Ellison Burton和William Sanjour通过一系列的微观经济计算机模拟研究,首次证明了一种后来称为“限额与交易(cap-and-trade)”的方法减少空氣污染效力。这些研究使用了几个城市及其排放源的数学模型,以便比较各种控制战略的成本和效益。[24][25][26][27][28]每种减排策略都与计算机优化程序生成的“最低成本解决方案”进行比较,以确定成本最低的污染源削减组合,实现给定的减排目标。他们发现,在每一种情况下,成本最低的解决方案,其成本总比通过任何传统减排战略实现的减排量的要低得多。[29]Burton和后来的Sanjour以及Edward H. Pechan在新成立的美国环境保护局继续改进[30]并发展[31]了这些计算机模型。美国环保局在1972年向国会提交的关于清洁空气成本的年度报告中介绍了以最低成本减排策略(即排放权交易)建立的计算机模型的概念,于是产生了“限额与交易”的概念,它是在一定的减排目标下实现“最低成本解决方案”的一种方法。
^ 1.01.1Stavins, Robert N. Experience with Market-Based Environmental Policy Instruments(PDF). Discussion Paper 01-58 (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future). November 2001 [2010-05-20]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2011-05-01). Market-based instruments are regulations that encourage behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives regarding pollution control levels or methods
^Cap and Trade: Key Terms Glossary(PDF). Climate Change 101. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. January 2011 [27 October 2014]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2017-10-05).
^Tietenberg, Tom. The Tradable-Permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2003, 19 (3): 400–419. doi:10.1093/oxrep/19.3.400.
^Richard M. Alston, J. R. Kearl, Michael B. Vaughan, Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990's?, The American Economic Review, 82 (2): pp. 203–209,
^Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (January 2011). "CAP AND TRADE KEY TERMS GLOSSARY". CLIMATE CHANGE 101: CAP AND TRADE. Retrieved 27 October 2014
^Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour (1967) An Economic Analysis of the Control of Sulphur Oxides Air Pollution DHEW Program Analysis Report No. 1967-69 Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst.
^Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour. (1968). A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Particulate and SOx Emission Control in the New York Metropolitan Area. NTIS: PB-227 121/1. Contract Number: PH-86-68-37. Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst.
^Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour. (1969). A Cost-Effectiveness Study of Air Pollution Abatement in the Greater Kansas City Area. NTIS: PB-227 116/1. Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst.
^Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour. (1969). A Cost-effectiveness Study of Air Pollution Abatement in the National Capital Area. NAPCA Contract No. PH 86-68-37, NTIS: PB227110. Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst.
^Burton, Ellison, and William Sanjour. (1970). Applications of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Air Pollution Control. DHEW Contract No. CPA 22-69-17. Washington, D.C.: Ernst and Ernst.
^Burton, E. S.; Sanjour, William. A Simulation Approach to Air Pollution Abatement Program Planning. Socio-Economic Planning Science. 1970, 4: 147–150. doi:10.1016/0038-0121(70)90036-4.
^Burton, Ellison S., Edward H. Pechan III, and William Sanjour. (1973). A Survey of Air Pollution Control Models. Rolf A. Deininger, ed. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
^Voss, Jan-Peter. Innovation processes in governance: the development of emissions trading as a new policy instrument. Science and Public Policy. 2007, 34 (5): 329–343. doi:10.3152/030234207x228584.
^Crocker, T. D. (1966). The Structuring of Atmospheric Pollution Control Systems. The Economics of Air Pollution. H. Wolozin. New York, W. W. Norton & Co.: 61–86.
^Montgomery, W.D. Markets in Licenses and Efficient Pollution Control Programs. Journal of Economic Theory. December 1972, 5 (3): 395–418. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(72)90049-X.
^Grimeaud, D, ‘An overview of the policy and legal aspects of the international climate change regime’ (2001) 9(2) Environmental Liability 39.
^Stewart, R, "Economic incentives for environmental protection: opportunities and obstacles", in Revesz, R; Sands, P; Stewart, R (eds.), Environment Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development, 2000, Cambridge University Press.
^ 51.051.1Barker, T.; et al. Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. B. Metz; et al (编). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. 2007 [2010-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-08).
^B. Metz; et al (编). Glossary. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. 2007 [2010-04-23]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-03).
^Yamin, F, Burniaux, J-M ad Nentjes, A, "Kyoto Mechanisms: key issues for policymakers for CoP-6; international environmental agreements" (2001) 1 Politics, Law and Economics 187–218.
^Haites, E and Yamin, F, "The clean development mechanism:proposals for its operation and governance" (2000) 10 Global Environmental Change 27–45.
^ 71.071.1Deschênes, Olivier; Greenstone, Michael; Shapiro, Joseph. Defensive Investments and the Demand for Air Quality: Evidence from the NOx Budget Program. American Economic Review. 2017, 107 (10): 2958–2989. ISSN 0002-8282. doi:10.1257/aer.20131002.
^ 79.079.179.2Chapter 4: Carbon markets and carbon price. Building a low-carbon economy – The UK's contribution to tackling climate change. Committee on Climate Change. December 2008: 140–149 [2010-04-26]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-25).
^Chomitz, Kenneth M. Evaluating Carbon Offsets from Forestry and Energy Projects: How Do They Compare?. Policy Research Working Paper Series 2357. World Bank. 1999. SSRN 630729.
^Durning, Alan. carBon tax vS. cap and trade(PDF). Cap and Trade 101 a Federal Climate Policy Primer. July 2009: 28 [27 October 2014]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于7 July 2014).
^Yujie Lu; Xinyuan Zhu; Qingbin Cui. Effectiveness and equity implications of carbon policies in the United States construction industry. Building and Environment (Elsevier Ltd.). 2012, 49: 259–269. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.10.002.
Ways Forward (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Chapter 5 of the book, "Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Power", published October 2006 by Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Durban Group for Climate Justice and The Corner House.
The New Carbon Cycle (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Blog dedicated to using carbon markets to harmonize human activities and economies with natural climate systems and cycles.
Islamic Republica de Iran جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Persian) Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān Cité capital Teheran Lingues Persian Area 1,648,195 km² Population 83,183,741 Valuta Rial (ریال) (IRR) Iran, anc nóminat Persia, es un land situat in Asia. Li cité capital de Iran es Teheran. Iran have 75.149.669 (2011) habitantes. Suprem religiosi ductor: Ali Khamenei Presidente: Ebrahim Raisi Politica Desde li annu 1980 Iran es un islamist teocratie. Li islam es li oficial rel...
قائمة المطارات الدولية والداخلية في الجزائر، مرتبة حسب إحصائيات عدد المسافرين لسنة 2016.[1][2][3] قائمة المطارات في الجزائر الموقع عدد المسافرين (2016) إيكاو إياتا اسم المطار الإحداثيات ن م ط / الخريطة مطارات دولية الجزائر 416 093 6 DAAG ALG مطار هواري بومدين 36°41′40″N 03°13...
2009 video gameLego Indiana Jones 2:The Adventure ContinuesDeveloper(s)TT FusionPublisher(s)LucasArtsSeriesLego Indiana JonesPlatform(s)Nintendo DSPlayStation PortableReleaseNA: 17 November 2009EU: 20 November 2009AU: 25 November 2009Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player, multiplayerLego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues is an action-adventure video game developed by TT Fusion and published by LucasArts. Part of the Lego Indiana Jones series, it was released for the Nintendo DS ...
King of Portugal from 1828 to 1834 Miguel of Portugal redirects here. For other people with this name, see Miguel of Portugal (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Miguel I of Portugal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this...
Die Kirche von Germigny-des-Prés (auch Oratorium von Germigny des Pres oder Theodulfs Kapelle) ist ein vorromanischer, karolingischer Kirchenbau in der heutigen französischen Gemeinde Germigny-des-Prés im Loiret (Region Centre-Val de Loire). Sie wurde im Jahr 806 fertiggestellt und ist einer der ältesten erhaltenen Kirchenbauten Frankreichs. Die Kirche und die ehemalige Abtei waren eine Gründung Theodulfs von Orléans. Die Architektur lehnte sich an die Aachener Pfalzkapelle Karls des Gr...
Nathan LopezLahirLouie Nathanael Buado Lopez Louie Nathanael Buado Lopez (lahir 19 Agustus 1991) adalah aktor asal Filipina. Karier Televisi Tahun Judul Peran 2007 Sana Maulit Muli Romeo Bato 2005 Mga Anghel na Walang Langit Nato Film Tahun Judul Peran 2005 Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros Maximo Oliveros Penghargaan 2006 Las Palmas Film Festival: Best Actor for Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros 2005 Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival: Special Citation for Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Olive...
The Wombats discographyThe WombatsStudio albums6Compilation albums1Music videos22EPs10Singles31 The discography of The Wombats, a Liverpool-based indie rock group, consists of six studio albums, ten extended plays and thirty-one singles. Albums Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions, sales, and certifications Title Details Peak chart positions Certifications UK[1] AUS[2] AUT[3] BEL(FL)[4] GER[5] NLD[6] NOR[7] SCO[...
Das Herz-Jesu-Kloster in Köln-Raderberg, 1895 erbaut. Die Benediktinerinnen von der ewigen Anbetung des Heiligsten Sakraments oder kürzer Benediktinerinnen vom Heiligsten Sakrament (lat. Benedictinae ab adoratione perpetua Sanctissimi Sacramenti), Sigel OSBap, sind eine monastische römisch-katholische Ordensgemeinschaft. Das Institut wurde von der französischen Benediktinerin Mechtilde de Bar (1614–1698) 1653 in Paris gegründet und nannte sich anfangs Benediktinerinnen von der Ewigen A...
1993 film by Nora Ephron Sleepless in SeattleTheatrical release posterDirected byNora EphronScreenplay by Nora Ephron David S. Ward Jeff Arch Story byJeff ArchProduced byGary FosterStarring Tom Hanks Meg Ryan Bill Pullman Ross Malinger Rob Reiner CinematographySven NykvistEdited byRobert ReitanoMusic byMarc ShaimanDistributed byTriStar PicturesRelease date June 25, 1993 (1993-06-25) (United States) Running time105 minutes[1]CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$...
2004 Japanese filmNaruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of SnowJapanese film posterJapanese nameKanji劇場版 NARUTO 大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!TranscriptionsRevised HepburnGekijōban Naruto Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō dattebayo!! Directed byTensai OkamuraWritten byKatsuyuki SumisawaBased onNarutoby Masashi KishimotoProduced byManyo OshikiriTomoko GushimaStarringJunko TakeuchiYūko KaidaTsutomu IsobeCinematographyAtsuho MatsumotoEdited bySeiji MoritaMusic byToshio M...
From Vegas to Macau IIFilm posterSutradara Wong Jing Aman Chang Produser Andrew Lau Connie Wong Ditulis oleh Wong Jing PemeranChow Yun-fatNick CheungCarina LauShawn YueAngela WangMichelle HuPenata musikChan Kwong-wing Yu PengSinematograferAndrew Lau Cho Man-keungPenyuntingAzrael ChungPerusahaanproduksiMega-Vision Project Workshop Bona Film Group Sun Entertainment Culture Shaw Brothers Pictures Media Asia Film ProductionTanggal rilis 19 Februari 2015 (2015-02-19) Durasi110 minutesNe...
Dieser Artikel oder nachfolgende Abschnitt ist nicht hinreichend mit Belegen (beispielsweise Einzelnachweisen) ausgestattet. Angaben ohne ausreichenden Beleg könnten demnächst entfernt werden. Bitte hilf Wikipedia, indem du die Angaben recherchierst und gute Belege einfügst. Die Liste der Herrscher von Mailand enthält die Herzöge und andere Herrscher von Mailand von 1257 bis 1859. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Grafen von Mailand (10./11. Jahrhundert) 2 Herren von Mailand (Torriani und Visconti) (...
City in Khuzestan province, Iran For the administrative divisions, see Tashan District, Tashan-e Gharbi Rural District, and Tashan-e Sharqi Rural District. For other places with the same name, see Tashan. City in Khuzestan, IranTashan Persian: تشانCityTashanCoordinates: 30°49′45″N 50°12′05″E / 30.82917°N 50.20139°E / 30.82917; 50.20139[1]Country IranProvinceKhuzestanCountyBehbahanDistrictTashanPopulation (2016)[2] • ...
Burrito ConsumoOrigen MéxicoDistribución MundialDatos generalesIngredientes tortilla de trigo y relleno[editar datos en Wikidata] El burrito, burrito de harina,[1] taco de harina[2] o burro[3] es un plato de origen mexicano que consiste en una tortilla de harina de trigo enrollada en forma de ovoide rellena de diversos ingredientes y que se suele acompañar de frijoles refritos. Se hace siempre doblando una tortilla usualmente de menor tamaño que la del burri...
North Korean judoka In this Korean name, the family name is An. An Kum-aePersonal informationBorn3 June 1980 (1980-06-03) (age 43)Pyongyang, North KoreaOccupationJudokaHeight160 cm (5 ft 3 in)Korean nameChosŏn'gŭl안금애Hancha安琴愛Revised RomanizationAn GeumaeMcCune–ReischauerAn Kŭmae SportCountryNorth KoreaSportJudoWeight class–52 kgAchievements and titlesOlympic Games (2012)World Champ. (2005, 2007)Asian Champ. (2005, 2006) Medal record Women's judo Rep...
Joseph Fielding McConkie (April 3, 1941 – October 10, 2013)[1] was a professor of Ancient Scripture at Brigham Young University (BYU) and an author or co-author of over 25 books. McConkie was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and the son of Bruce R. McConkie and Amelia Smith McConkie. In 1966, he married Brenda Kempton in the Salt Lake Temple.[2] McConkie was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and graduated from Olympus High School i...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Invaders from Space video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1980 video gameInvaders from SpaceDeveloper(s)Carl MillerPublisher(s)Acorn SoftwarePlatform(s)TRS-80Release1980...
Regional unit in East Macedonia and Thrace, GreeceKavala Περιφερειακή ΕνότηταΚαβάλαςRegional unitMunicipalities of Kavala and ThasosKavala within GreeceCoordinates: 41°00′N 24°25′E / 41.000°N 24.417°E / 41.000; 24.417CountryGreeceRegionEast Macedonia and ThraceCapitalKavalaArea • Total1,728 km2 (667 sq mi)Population (2021) • Total115,974 • Density67/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUT...