德比

关于与「德比」標題相近或相同的条目，請見「德比 (消歧義)」。
德比
Derby
市和单一管理区
City of Derby
德比徽章
徽章
格言："Industria, Virtus et Fortitudo"
德比在英国的位置
德比
德比
坐标：52°55′18″N 01°28′36″W / 52.92167°N 1.47667°W / 52.92167; -1.47667
国家英国
构成国英格兰
地区东米德兰
名誉郡德比郡
面积
 • 总计78.03 平方公里（30.13 平方英里）
人口（2021）
 • 總計261,400人
 • 种族（2011）[1]
  • 80.2%白人
  • 12.6%亚裔
  • 3.0%黑人
  • 1.3%其他
  • 2.9%混血
邮编DE1, DE3, DE21-24, DE73
電話區號01332
格网参考SK3536
ONS编码
  • 00FK (ONS)
  • E06000015 (GSS)
網站www.derby.gov.uk 編輯維基數據鏈接

德比（英語：Derby 聆聽i/ˈdɑːrbi/ DAR-bee），港译打比，是英国英格兰德比郡德文特河畔的一座城市和单一管理区。它曾是德比郡的郡治，德比郡的名字也由此得来。人口约26万。

其历史可以追溯至罗马人建立的聚居地，最初是一个集镇，在工业时代迅速发展，德文特河谷工業區现为世界遗产。随着19世纪铁路的到来，德比成为英國鐵路運輸业的中心。不过，尽管德比自1927年起就拥有一座大教堂，但直到1977年才获得城市地位。

德比现在也是一个制造业中心。罗尔斯·罗伊斯控股、阿爾斯通、丰田汽车在这里都有设施。

历史

起源

它最早是罗马人的城镇德文提奥（Derventio），后归丹麦管辖，是丹麦区五城（Five Boroughs of the Danelaw）之一。917年7月，它被麦西亚的埃塞尔弗莱德占领。[2]

維京人把它叫做“Djúra-bý”，古英语记为“Deoraby”，意思是“鹿村”（village of the deer）。然而，“Derventio”一词可能来自凯尔特语，意思是“橡树密布的山谷”。[3]

它在早期地图上也写为“Darbye” ，例如約翰·斯皮德1610年的地图。[4]

近现代

1642年至1646年英格蘭內戰期间，德比由第一代从男爵约翰·盖尔指挥的议会军队驻守，约翰·盖尔爵士于1643年成为德比总督。

英格兰第一个市政自来水系统于1692年在德比建立，管道使用木头修造[5] 。

德比和德比郡是英国第一次工业革命的中心之一。1717年，约翰·隆贝和乔治·索罗科尔德在德比建立了英国第一家水力丝纺厂隆贝工厂（Lombe's Mill）。[6]

德比是经1835年市議會組織法令改革的地方之一，随着1888年地方政府法案颁布，它成为郡自治市（County borough）。它于1877年合并小切斯特和利彻奇，后来又在1890年、1968年两次扩张。[7]

第一次世界大战期间，德比成为德国齊柏林飛船的攻击目标，1916年袭击该镇时造成5人死亡[8]。不过尽管德比拥铁路和航空发动机工厂等重要战略设施，但两次世界大戰中遭受的损害都不算大。这可能要归功于城南的海星站点[9][10]。

1920年代和1930年代的贫民窟清理工作使德比中心地区的人口减少，人口被大量安置在郊区。[11]

1977年6月7日，伊丽莎白二世授予德比城市地位。[12]

地理

德比位于德文特河下游河谷相对低洼的地区[13]。德比都会区还包括博罗瓦什和达菲尔德[14]。

气候

根据柯本气候分类法，德比为海洋性气候（Cfb）。[15]

德比
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °C（°F） 13.5
(56.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.5
(59.9) 		34.1
(93.4)
平均高温 °C（°F） 6.0
(42.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		18.0
(64.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		9.3
(48.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		13.5
(56.2)
日均气温 °C（°F） 3.2
(37.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		6.1
(43.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.0
(53.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		9.7
(49.5)
平均低温 °C（°F） 0.5
(32.9) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		7.6
(45.7) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.0
(42.9)
历史最低温 °C（°F） −16.1
(3.0) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−16.1
(3.0)
平均降水量 mm（英寸） 62
(2.4) 		49
(1.9) 		53
(2.1) 		51
(2.0) 		55
(2.2) 		58
(2.3) 		55
(2.2) 		64
(2.5) 		59
(2.3) 		58
(2.3) 		63
(2.5) 		67
(2.6) 		694
(27.3)
数据来源：[16][17][18]

经济

德比最大的两家雇主为罗尔斯·罗伊斯控股和丰田汽车[19]，阿爾斯通在此也有设施[20]。

建筑

德比大教堂、皮克福德故居博物馆、德比博物馆和艺术画廊位于此地。

德比郡足球俱乐部的普莱德公园球场也位于这里。

交通

该市是该国主要铁路中心之一，火车站为德比站。德比公交服务于德比和周边地区，由多家公司运营[21]。

M1、A38 、A50、A52、A61公路经过德比。

东米德兰机场距德比市中心约15英里（24公里）。

参考文献

  1. ^ Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages). Office for National Statistics. [23 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于28 September 2013）. 
  2. ^ Walker, Ian W (2000).
  3. ^ Ekwall, Eilert. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names Fourth. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1960: 143 [1936]. ISBN 0-19-869103-3. 
  4. ^ Map of Derbyshire. British Library Prints. [12 February 2019]. （原始内容存档于13 April 2019）. 
  5. ^ Flanders, Judith. The Making of Home. Thomas Dunne Books. 2014: 246. ISBN 978-1-250-06735-7. 
  6. ^ How we became The Silk Town. Macclesfield Museums. [9 November 2021]. （原始内容存档于9 November 2021） （英国英语）. 
  7. ^ Derby Derbyshire through time | Population Statistics | Total Population. [6 October 2006]. （原始内容存档于28 February 2007）. 
  8. ^ BBC – World War One At Home, Midland Railway Works, Derby: The Night Lights Were Left On. BBC. 30 July 2014 [27 June 2015]. （原始内容存档于20 July 2015）. 
  9. ^ Kirk, Felix & Bartnik, 2002
  10. ^ Stories. Youandyesterday.co.uk. 27 July 1942 [17 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于7 August 2008）. 
  11. ^ Lambert, Tim. A brief history of Derby, Derbyshire, England. The History of the World. [11 August 2011]. （原始内容存档于9 August 2011）. 
  12. ^ 第47246號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 14 June 1977. 
  13. ^ City Centre Conservation Area (pdf). Derby City Council. [21 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于3 November 2018）. 
  14. ^ ONS 2011 Built-up Areas – Methodology and Guidance (PDF). www.ons.gov.uk. [26 July 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 July 2022）. 
  15. ^ Derby climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Derby weather averages - Climate-Data.org. en.climate-data.org. [27 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于27 October 2018）. 
  16. ^ Climate Derby. Climate-Data.org. [6 June 2019]. （原始内容存档于29 June 2019）. 
  17. ^ Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature. Starlings Roost Weather. [5 February 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-01）. 
  18. ^ Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature. Starlings Roost Weather. [5 February 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-01）. 
  19. ^ Derbyshire's Top 200 businesses unveiled by University of Derby and Derby Telegraph. www.derby.ac.uk. [15 June 2019]. （原始内容存档于4 August 2020） （英国英语）. 
  20. ^ Nikolaeva, Maya; Huet, Natalie. Alstom sells heat exchanger unit to Triton for $1 billion. Reuters. 1 April 2014 [25 May 2023]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-05）. 
  21. ^ Stops in Derby. Bus Times. 2023 [29 July 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-11）. 

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：德比

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