Wagoti

Askari wa Kigoti akipambana na wapandafarasi wa Roma, Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus (karne ya 3).

Wagoti (kwa Kigoti: Gutþiuda; kwa Kilatini: Gothi) walikuwa kabila la Kigermanik, ambalo matawi yake mawili, Wavisigoti na Waostrogoti, walichangia sana anguko la Dola la Roma na mwanzo wa Karne za Kati Ulaya.

Historia

Wakitokea labda Uswidi, wanatajwa na waandishi wa Roma ya Kale kama wakazi wa beseni la Vistula (leo Polandi Kaskazini) katika karne ya 1. Baadaye walienea kwenye Bahari Nyeusi, walipowazidi Wasarmatia kama watawala wa Mbuga za Ponto wakaanza kushambulia maeneo ya Dola la Roma hadi Cyprus.

Wakati huo waligawanyika kati ya Wathervingi na Wagreuthungi. Miaka ya 300, Ermanariki, mfalme wa Wagreuthungi, alitawala kutoka Bahari ya Baltiki hadi Bahari Nyeusi, na Milima ya Urali. Wakati huo wengi wao waliingia Ukristo wa madhehebu ya Uario kwa umisionari wa Ulfilas, aliyebuni alfabeti ya Kigoti kuandika Biblia ya Kigoti.

Miaka ya 370 maeneo ya Wagoti yalivamiwa na Wahunni. Wagreuthungi wakakaa chini yao wakaja kuitwa Waostrogoti, kumbe Wathervingi, waliojulikana baadaye kama Wavisigoti, walivuka mto Danube na kuvamia Dola la Roma. Baada ya kunyanyaswa sana, waliasi na kushinda Warumi katika Mapigano ya Adrianopoli mwaka 378. Chini ya Alariki I, waliteka Roma yenyewe mwaka 410, na hatimaye wakalowea Galia na Hispania, walipounda Ufalme wa Wavisigoti.

Wakiungana na Dola la Roma Magharibi dhidi ya Wahunni wa Attila na Waostrogoti walipata ushindi kwenye Mapigano ya Mabonde ya Katalunya mwaka 451. Hapo Waostrogoti walijinasua katika utawala wa Wahunni wakavamia Italia mwishoni mwa karne ya 5 chini ya mfalme Theodoriki Mkuu, wakaanzisha Ufalme wa Waostrogoti.

Kidogo tu baada ya kifo cha Theodoriki, Italia ilitekwa tena (535–554) na kaisari wa Roma Mashariki Justinian I, lakini baada ya miaka michache Walombardi, wakitokea Skandinavia, waliteka Italia na kumeza Waostrogoti waliobaki.

Ufalme wa Wavisigoti ulidumu hadi mwaka 711, ulipoangamizwa na Waislamu wa ukhalifa wa Umayyad. Kaskazini mwa Hispania, mabaki ya Wavisigoti chini ya Pelagius wa Asturias walianzisha Ufalme wa Asturias na kujiandaa kutwaa tena rasi yote (Reconquista).

Wagoti wachache waliobaki katika rasi ya Crimea waliendelea kwa karne kadhaa katika uhusiano mkubwa na Dola la Bizanti, wakipambana daima na Wakhazari, akiungana na Warus wa Kiev. Hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, baadhi ya wakazi wa Crimea waliweza kuongea Kigoti cha Crimea.

Wazalendo wa Hispania na Uswidi walidai kuwa wazao wa Wagoti.

Tanbihi

Vyanzo

• Ambrose (2019). On the Holy Ghost: (De Spiritu Sancto). Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print. ISBN 978-1076198747. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Eusebius (1900). The Life of Constantine. Ilitafsiriwa na Schaff, Philip. T&T Clark. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Disputed (1932). Augustan history. Ilitafsiriwa na Magie, David. Loeb Classical Library. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Isidore of Seville (1970). History of the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi. E.J. Brill. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jordanes (1908). The Origins and Deeds of the Goths. Ilitafsiriwa na Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Marcellinus, Ammianus (1862). Roman History. Ilitafsiriwa na Yonge, Charles Duke. Bohn. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orosius, Paulus (1773). The Anglo-Saxon Version From The Historian Orosius. John Bowyer Nichols. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pliny (1855). The Natural History. Ilitafsiriwa na Bostock, John. Taylor & Francis. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Procopius (1914). History of the Wars. Ilitafsiriwa na Dewing, Henry Bronson. Heinemann. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Ptolemy (1932). Geography. New York Public Library. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Syncellus, George (1829). Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm (mhr.). Chronographia. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae (kwa Latin). Juz. la 22–23. University of Bonn. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tacitus (1876). Germania. Ilitafsiriwa na Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Zosimus (1814). New History. W. Green & T. Chaplin. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Marejeo ya kisasa

• Andersson, Thorsten [in Kiswidi] (1996). "Göter, Goter, Gutar". Namn og Bygd (kwa Swedish). 84: 5–21. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Arrhenius, Birgit (2013). "Connections between Scandinavia and the East Roman Empire in the Migration period". Katika Alcock, Leslie; Austin, David (whr.). From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology. Routledge. ku. 118–137. ISBN 978-1135073312. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |registration= na |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bennett, William Holmes (1965). An Introduction to the Gothic Language. Ulrich's Book Store. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bóna, István [in Kihungaria] (2001). "'Forest People': The Goths In Transylvania". Katika Makkai, László [in Kihungaria]; Mócsy, András [in Kihungaria] (whr.). History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606. Columbia University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Juz. la 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139053921. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |registration= na |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bradley, Henry (1888). The Story of the Goths. G. P. Putnam's Sons. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Braune, Wilhelm (1912). Gotische Grammatik [Gothic Grammar] (kwa German). V. Niemeyer. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bray, John Jefferson (1997). Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1862543372. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bury, J. H. (1913). The Cambridge Medieval History. Juz. la 2. Cambridge University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Bury, J. H. (1911). The Cambridge Medieval History. Juz. la 1. Cambridge University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Cameron, Alan; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993). Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius. University of California Press. ISBN 0520065506. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |registration= na |subscription= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Dabrowski, J. (2009). Nordische Kreis und Kulturen Polnischer Gebiete (kwa German). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland (2009). The Gothic War: Rome's Final Conflict in the West. Westholme. ISBN 978-1594160844. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991). The Goths in the Fourth Century. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0853234264. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Wiley. ISBN 0631209328. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hinds, Kathryn (2010). Goths. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0761445166. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kaliff, Anders [in Kiswidi] (2001). Gothic connections: Contacts between eastern Scandinavia and the southern Baltic coast 1000 BC-500 AD. Uppsala University. ISBN 9150614827. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kershaw, Stephen P. (2013). A Brief History of the Roman Empire. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1780330495. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kokowski, Andrzej [in Kipolandi] (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (kwa German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55. Rodopi: 21–25. Iliwekwa mnamo Septemba 17, 2019. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kulikowski, Michael (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139458092. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (1986). A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. BRILL. ISBN 9004081763. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• London, Jack (1917). The Human Drift. Macmillan Company. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Moorhead, Sam; Studdard, David (2006). AD410: The Year that Shook Rome. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1606060247. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (kwa German). J.A. Barth. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Pohl, Walter; Reimitz, Helmut [in Kijerumani] (1998). Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300-800. BRILL. ISBN 9004108467. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schramm, Gottfried [in Kijerumani] (2002). Altrusslands Anfang: historische Schlüsse aus Namen, Wörtern und Texten zum 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (kwa German). Rombach. ISBN 3793092682. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Söderberg, Werner [in Kiswidi] (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434". Samlaren (kwa Swedish). 17. Akademiska Boktryckeriet: 187–195. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096725. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Medieval Academy of America. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1438129181. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520085114. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Ilitafsiriwa na Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |subscription= na |registration= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Viungo vya nje

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Wagoti

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