Циклобутан

Циклобутан
Изображение химической структуры Изображение молекулярной модели
Изображение молекулярной модели
Общие
Хим. формула C4H8
Физические свойства
Молярная масса 56,107 г/моль
Плотность 0,7111 г/см³
Энергия ионизации 9,92 эВ[1]
Термические свойства
Температура
 • плавления -91 °C
 • кипения 12,5 °C
Структура
Дипольный момент 0 Кл·м[1]
Классификация
Рег. номер CAS 287-23-0
PubChem
Рег. номер EINECS 206-014-5
SMILES
 
InChI
ChEBI 30377
ChemSpider
Приведены данные для стандартных условий (25 °C, 100 кПа), если не указано иное.
Логотип Викисклада Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Циклобутан (тетраметилен), C4H8 — углеводород алициклического ряда.

Физические свойства

Бесцветный, со слабым запахом, газ. Нерастворим в воде, растворим в органических растворителях.

Структура молекулы

Углы в молекуле циклобутана между углеродными атомами существенно отличаются от тетраэдрических 109,5°(энергетически оптимальных), поэтому четвёртый атом отклоняется от плоскости остальных трёх на 25°, образуя конформацию «бабочка». При этом существуют две эквивалентные конформации, между которыми осуществляется переход.

Получение

Способы получения циклобутана:

Химические свойства

Циклобутан менее стоек, чем обычные алканы, при температуре 500 °C он претерпевает термическое разложение до этилена. На катализаторе, в качестве которого может использоваться палладий, платина или никель, гидрируется до бутана. При этом при использовании никеля реакция протекает при 200 °C, а с платиной - при 50 °C[3].

В отличие от циклопропана, циклобутан в меньшей степени склонен к реакциям с раскрытием цикла. Так, при реакции с галогенами преимущественно происходит замещение атома водорода на атом соответствующего галогена.

Применение

Сам циклобутан не имеет практического значения, хотя доступен коммерчески в сжиженном виде. Производное циклобутана, октафторциклобутан (C4F8), является одним из фреонов.

Безопасность

Смеси с воздухом взрывоопасны. Обладает наркотическим действием[4].

Примечание

  1. 1 2 David R. Lide, Jr. Basic laboratory and industrial chemicals (англ.): A CRC quick reference handbookCRC Press, 1993. — ISBN 978-0-8493-4498-5
  2. Cason J., Way R.L., J. Org. Chem. 14, 31 (1949)
  3. В. Ф. Травень. Органическая химия: Учебник для вузов: В 2 т. - Том 1. — 2. — ИКЦ "Академкнига", 2004. — С. 219.
  4. Химический энциклопедический словарь. Москва, Советская энциклопедия, 1983, стр. 680

Read other articles:

The Uganda Local Governments’ Association (ULGA) is the National Association of Local Governments of Uganda. It is a private, voluntary and non-profit body. History Community gathering at the ULGA Annual Meeting in June 2012 in Mityana District, Uganda. ULGA was established as Uganda Local Authorities Association (ULAA) in 1994. This was at a time when the Ugandan government had started the Decentralization Policy and was in the process of drawing up the new Constitution of 1995. The Distri...

 

Sporting event delegationTrinidad and Tobago at the2018 Commonwealth GamesFlag of Trinidad and TobagoCGF codeTTOCGATrinidad and Tobago Olympic CommitteeWebsitettoc.orgin Gold Coast, Australia4 April 2018 – 15 April 2018Competitors51 in 11 sportsFlag bearer Michelle-Lee Ahye (opening)MedalsRanked 18th Gold 2 Silver 1 Bronze 0 Total 3 Commonwealth Games appearances (overview)193419381950195419581962196619701974197819821986199019941998200220062010201420182022 Trinidad and Tobago comp...

 

International trips made by Narendra Modi while Prime Minister This article is part of a series aboutNarendra Modi Prime Minister of IndiaIncumbent Electoral history Public image Awards and honours Bibliography Chief Minister of Gujarat 2002 2007 2012 Gujarat Council of Ministers First Second Third Fourth Premiership 2014 campaign Achhe Din Aane Waale Hain 2019 campaign Main Bhi Chowkidar Swearing-in 2014 2019 Union Council of Ministers First Second Lok Sabha Sixteenth Seventeenth Timeline Ma...

2003 song by Armin van Buuren Burned With DesireSingle by Armin van Buuren featuring Justine Suissafrom the album 76 ReleasedNovember 2003 (US)8 March 2004 (Netherlands)GenreVocal trance[1]Length 3:01 (Rising Star Edit) 8:37 (Rising Star Vocal Mix) 5:53 (Album Version) Label United Ultra Songwriter(s)Armin van BuurenJustine SuissaProducer(s)Armin van BuurenArmin van Buuren singles chronology Sunburn (Walk Through the Fire) (2003) Burned With Desire (2003) Blue Fear 2004 (2004) Alt...

 

此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2019年1月22日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:时代封面人物列表 (1930年代) — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源(判定指引)。 此條目已列出參考文獻,但因為沒有文內引註而使來源仍然...

 

American college football season 2017 Savannah State Tigers footballConferenceMid-Eastern Athletic ConferenceRecord3–8 (3–5 MEAC)Head coachErik Raeburn (2nd season)Offensive coordinatorBill Rychel (2nd season)Defensive coordinatorChad Williams (2nd season)Home stadiumTed A. Wright Stadium(Capacity: 8,500)Seasons← 20162018 → 2017 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team   W   L     W   L ...

Subdivision in Jharkhand, IndiaChatra subdivisionSubdivisionChatra subdivisionLocation in Jharkhand, IndiaShow map of JharkhandChatra subdivisionChatra subdivision (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 25°03′N 87°50′E / 25.05°N 87.84°E / 25.05; 87.84Country IndiaStateJharkhandDistrictChatraHeadquartersChatraArea • Total2,121.63 km2 (819.17 sq mi)Population • Total685,694 • Density320/km2 (840/sq mi)Lan...

 

1977 film directed by John Flynn Rolling ThunderTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn FlynnScreenplay by Paul Schrader Heywood Gould Story byPaul SchraderProduced byNorman T. HermanStarring William Devane Tommy Lee Jones Linda Haynes CinematographyJordan CronenwethEdited byFrank P. KellerMusic byBarry De VorzonProductioncompanies Lawrence Gordon Productions TBC Film Distributed byAmerican International PicturesRelease date October 7, 1977 (1977-10-07) (Los Angeles) [...

 

Medical school in Punjab, Pakistan This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical CollegeMottoSuccess through Perseverance.TypePublicEstablished2010; 13 years ...

Italian noble (1525–48) Giulio I Cybo-Malaspina (1525 – 18 May 1548) (or Cibo) was an Italian noble from Genoa who was marquis of Massa and lord of Carrara from 1546 until 1548. Early life Born in Rome, he was the son of Ricciarda Malaspina, duchess of Massa and Carrara and Lorenzo Cybo, duke of Ferentillo who changed his name to Cybo-Malaspina, and a great-grandson of Pope Innocent VIII. His mother was the heir of the state of Massa and Carrara, which she had inherited from her father. I...

 

SurvivorLagu oleh Destiny's Childdari album SurvivorDirilis13 Februari 2001FormatSingel CD, singel 12, singel DVDDirekamOktober 2000[1][2]SugarHill Studios(Houston, Texas)Genre R&B dance-pop Hip hop Durasi4:14LabelColumbiaPencipta Beyoncé Knowles Anthony Dent Mathew Knowles Produser Knowles Dent Survivor merupakan lagu karya grup R&B wanita Amerika Serikat Destiny's Child. Lagu ditulis dan dikomposisi oleh anggota band Beyoncé, Anthony Dent, dan Mathew Knowles untuk ...

 

Jamaican national dish Ackee and saltfishAckee and saltfish, served with coleslawCourseBreakfastPlace of originJamaicaAssociated cuisineJamaicanMain ingredientsAckee and salt codIngredients generally usedOnion, Scotch bonnet pepper, tomato, spices  Media: Ackee and saltfish Ackee and saltfish is the Jamaican national dish prepared with ackee and salted codfish. Background The ackee fruit (Blighia sapida) is the national fruit of Jamaica.[1] It was brought to the Caribbea...

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Набу (значения). Набу Мифология Шумеро-аккадская мифология Пол мужской Астральный аспект Меркурий Отец Мардук Мать Царпанит Супруга Ташмету Культовый центр Борсиппа Атрибуты палочки для письма В иных культурах Меркур...

 

Fox affiliate in New Orleans For the defunct television station which served the Philadelphia market, see WVUE (Wilmington, Delaware). WVUE-DT New Orleans, LouisianaUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 29 (UHF)Virtual: 8BrandingFox 8ProgrammingAffiliations8.1: Foxfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerGray Television(Gray Television Licensee, LLC)HistoryFirst air dateNovember 1, 1953 (70 years ago) (1953-11-01)Former call signsWJMR-TV (1953–1959)WVUE (1959–2009)Former cha...

 

Questa voce sull'argomento ciclisti francesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Laurent Mangel Laurent Mangel (2008) Nazionalità  Francia Altezza 185 cm Peso 83 kg Ciclismo Specialità Strada Termine carriera 2014 Carriera Squadre di club 2001-2003 CC Étupes2004SCO Dijon2005-2007 AG2R Prévoyance2008 AG2R La Mondiale2009 Besson Chaussures2010-2012 Saur-Sojasu...

Canadian actress and singer Isabelle CyrBornMoncton, New Brunswick, CanadaOccupation(s)Actress and singerYears active1980s–presentSpouseYves Marchand Isabelle Cyr is a Canadian actress and singer from Moncton, New Brunswick.[1] She is most noted for her performance as the title character in the 1996 film Karmina, for which she received a Genie Award nomination for Best Actress at the 18th Genie Awards in 1997.[2] Cyr first became widely known for her ongoing role in the...

 

Flor PabloFlor Pablo in 2019Member of CongressIncumbentAssumed office 26 July 2021ConstituencyLimaMinister of EducationIn office11 March 2019 – 13 February 2020PresidentMartín VizcarraPrime MinisterSalvador del SolarVicente ZeballosPreceded byDaniel AlfaroSucceeded byMartin BenavidesParliamentary Spokesperson of the Purple PartyIncumbentAssumed office 26 July 2021Preceded byDaniel Olivares Personal detailsBornFlor Aideé Pablo Medina (1974-09-20) 20 September 1974 (age...

 

Implementation of an ambient occlusion illumination in computer graphics This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO) is a computer graphics technique for efficiently approximating the ambient occlusion effect in real time. It was developed by Vladimir Kajalin while w...

Street in Brooklyn, New York For other uses, see Fulton Street. Template:Attached KML/Fulton Street (Brooklyn)KML is from Wikidata Fulton StreetFulton Mile shopping district at Franklin AvenueNamesakeRobert FultonOwnerCity of New YorkMaintained byNYCDOTLength6.4 mi (10.3 km)[1]LocationBrooklyn Fulton Street, covered with snow Fulton Street is a long east–west street in northern Brooklyn, New York City. This street begins at the intersection of Adams Street and Joralemon St...

 

Aislinn Derbez Información personalNombre de nacimiento Aislinn González MichelOtros nombres Aislinn DerbezNacimiento 18 de marzo de 1986 (37 años) Ciudad de México, MéxicoNacionalidad MexicanaLengua materna Español Características físicasOjos Verde FamiliaPadres Eugenio DerbezGabriela MichelCónyuge Mauricio Ochmann (matr. 2016; div. 2020)Hijos 1Información profesionalOcupación Actriz, Modelo y Artista visualAños activa 1995-presenteSitio web aislin...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!