Gravidade quântica canônica

Em física, a gravidade quântica canônica, gravidade canônica ou relatividade quântica canônica é uma tentativa de quantizar a formulacão canônica da relatividade geral. É uma formulação hamiltoniana da Teoria Geral da Relatividade de Einstein.

A teoria básica foi descrita por Bryce DeWitt em um articulo formal em 1967[1], baseando-se em um trabalho prévio de Peter G. Bergmann,[2] usando as chamadas técnicas de quantização canônica para sistemas hamiltonianos limitados inventadas por P. A. M. Dirac.[3] O enfoque de Dirac permite a quantização de sistemas que incluem simetrias de gauge usando técnicas hamiltonianas em uma eleição de gauge fixa. Novos enfoques, baseados em parte no trabalho de DeWitt e Dirac, incluem o estado de Hartle-Hawking, o cálculo de Regge, a equação de Wheeler-DeWitt e a gravidade quântica em loop.

A quantização se baseia na decomposição do tensor métrico tal como segue,

onde a soma dos índices repetidos é implícita, o índice 0 indica tempo , os índices gregos tomam todos los valores 0,...,3 e os índices latinos tomam os valores especiais 1,...3. A função se chama a função lapso e as funções se chamam funções shift. Os índices espaciais aumentam e decrescem usando a métrica espacial e sua inversa : e , , onde é o delta de Kronecker. Com esta decomposição, a lagrangiana de Einstein-Hilbert se converte em derivadas totais,

onde é a curvatura escalar espacial calculada com respeito à métrica de Riemann e é a curvatura extrínseca,

onde dá uma diferenciação covariante com respeito à métrica . DeWitt descreve que a lagrangiana "tem a forma clássica de 'energia cinética menos energia potencial', com a curvatura extrínseca desempenhando o papel da energia cinética e o oposto da curvatura intrínseca, o da energia potencial." Ainda que esta forma da lagrangiana é manifestamente invariante se redefinem-se a coordenadas espaciais, fazendo opaca a covariância geral.

Como as funções lapso e shift podem ser eliminadas por uma transformação de gauge, não representam graus físicos de liberdade. Isto se indica movendo-nos ao formalismo hamiltoniano pelo fato de seus momentos conjugados, respectivamente, e , desaparecem de forma idêntica (on shell e off shell). Isto é o que Dirac chama limitações primárias. Uma eleição popular de gauge chamada gauge síncrono, é e , ainda que, em princípio, pode ser eleita qualquer função das coordenadas. Neste caso, o hamiltoniano toma a forma

onde

e é o momento de conjugar a . As equações de Einstein podem ser recuperadas tomando colchetes de Poisson com o hamiltoniano. Limitações on-shell adicionais, chamadas limitações secundárias por Dirac, surgem da consistência da álgebra de Poisson. São e . Esta é a teoria que está sendo quantizada em aproximações à gravidade quântica canônica.

Referências

  1. B. S. DeWitt (1967). "Quantum theory of gravity. I. The canonical theory". Phys. Rev. 160: 1113–48. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.160.1113
  2. ver, p.ex. P. G. Bergmann; Hamilton-Jacobi and Schrödinger Theory in Theories with First-Class Hamiltonian Constraints; Helv. Phys. Acta Suppl. 4, 79 (1956) e referências.
  3. P. A. M. Dirac (1950). "Generalized Hamiltonian dynamics". Can. J. Math. 2: 129–48. P. A. M. Dirac (1964). Lectures on quantum mechanics. New York: Yeshiva University.
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