GNUは"GNU's Not Unix!"(「GNUはUNIXではない」)の再帰的頭字語である。この名称が選ばれたのは、GNUはUnix系の設計ではあるがUNIXとは違いフリーソフトウェアでありUNIXに由来するソースコードを全く使っていないことを示すためである[8][11][12]。GNUの正式な発音は「グヌー」である[13]。一般的な英語では、gnuは「ヌー」と発音し、ウシカモシカまたはヌーと呼ばれる動物をさす言葉である。GNUプロジェクトは自らの名称の呼び方について「it is pronounced g-noo, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the g and the n.(gとnの間に母音がない1音節として、g-nooと発音する)」と要請している。
ストールマンはIncompatible Timesharing System (ITS) に関わっていた。ITSはPDP-10コンピュータアーキテクチャ用にアセンブリ言語で書かれた初期のオペレーティングシステムだが、PDP-10自体が開発・製造されなくなったために消えていった。このためストールマンは移植性のあるソフトウェアが必要だと考えていた[4](00:43:15)[23]。そのため、GNUの開発にはシステムプログラミング言語としてCとLISPを使用し[24]、さらにGNUをUNIX互換にする決定がなされた[25]。当時UNIXは既にプロプライエタリなオペレーティングシステムとして広く使われていた。UNIXの設計はモジュール性が高く、部分ごとに再実装することが可能だった[23]。
1992年、最重要コンポーネントであるカーネルのGNU Hurdを除く全てのコンポーネントが完成した。1991年にはリーナス・トーバルズが独自にLinuxカーネルの開発を始めており、1992年にはLinuxのバージョン0.12がGNU General Public Licenseライセンスでリリースされ、この最後の空白を埋めた。LinuxとGNUを組み合わせることで、世界初の完全にフリーソフトウェアで構成されたオペレーティングシステムとなった。LinuxカーネルはGNUプロジェクトの一部ではないが、その開発にはGCCなどのGNU製プログラミングツールが使われている[34]。
GNUに必要なソフトウェアの開発のため、ストールマンはユーザーがフリーソフトウェアを共有し変更する自由を保障することを目的とした、GNU General Public Licenseと呼ばれるライセンスを書いた(最初はEmacs General Public Licenseと呼ばれた)[54]。彼はジェームズ・ゴスリンとのUniPressと呼ばれるプログラムに対するGNU Emacsプログラムにおけるソフトウェアコードの使用についての論争をめぐる経験をふまえてこのライセンスを書いた[55][56]。1980年代のほとんどの期間において、Emacs General Public LicenseやGCC General Public LicenseのようにGNUパッケージごとに個別のライセンスが存在した。1989年にFSFはGNUプロジェクトのソフトウェアだけでなく全てのソフトウェアに使用できる単一のライセンスであるGNU General Public License (GPL) を発表した[55][57]。
^“What is GNU?”. The GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation (2009年9月4日). 2009年10月9日閲覧。 “The name ‘GNU’ is a recursive acronym for ‘GNU's Not Unix‘; it is pronounced g-noo, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the g and the n.”
^Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers", Computerworld(英語版), April 9, 2009: "…after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. […] Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system."
^Lessig, Lawrence. The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World, p. 54. Random House, 2001. ISBN 978-0-375-50578-2. About Stallman: "He had mixed all of the ingredients needed for an operating system to function, but he was missing the core."
^Peter H. Salus. “The Hurd and BSDI”. The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin. 2008年8月18日閲覧。 “It is now perfectly obvious to me that this would have succeeded splendidly and the world would be a very different place today.”
^Stallman, Richard. “Stallman describing Hurd progress”. The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom; March 9th 2006. Zagreb, Croatia: FSF Europe. 2010年8月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年10月25日閲覧。 “it took many many many years to get this kernel to run at all, and it still doesn't run well, and it looks like there may be fundamental problems with this design, which nobody knew about back in 1990.”
село Шустівці Церква Різдва БогородиціЦерква Різдва Богородиці Країна Україна Область Хмельницька область Район Кам'янець-Подільський Громада Орининська сільська громада Код КАТОТТГ UA68020210170094427 Основні дані Засноване 1545 Населення 256 Площа 0,936 км² Поштовий індекс...
1882 hand-colored map depicting the western half of the continental United States This timeline of the American Old West is a chronologically ordered list of events significant to the development of the American West as a region of the continental United States. The term American Old West refers to a vast geographical area and lengthy time period of imprecise boundaries, and historians' definitions vary. The events in this timeline occurred primarily in the portion of the modern continental U...
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Antonio Vitullo Informazioni personali Arbitro di Calcio Federazione Italia Sezione Campobasso e poi Roma. Attività nazionale Anni Campionato Ruolo 1960-19651964-19681965-1967 Serie CSerie BSerie A ArbitroArbitroArbitro Antonio Vitullo (Campobasso, 31 marzo 1931 – Roma, 26 novembre 2023) è stato un arbitro di calcio italiano. Fu il primo arbitro molisano a dirigere nel massimo campionato di calcio. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Iniziò ad ...