Blefarospasmo

Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze.
Blefarospasmo
Muscolo orbicolare
Specialitàneurologia
Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN)
OMIM606798
MeSHD001764
MedlinePlus000756
eMedicine1212176

Il blefarospasmo è una distonia focale caratterizzata dalla chiusura persistente e involontaria delle palpebre. Può presentarsi in forma lieve, mentre, nei casi più gravi, può provocare di fatto una cecità funzionale.

Epidemiologia

Ha un'incidenza nella popolazione generale stimata intorno a un caso ogni 10-25.000 persone.[1]. Vi è una prevalenza nelle donne di circa 1,8F:1M; negli USA si stimano nel 2000 circa 50.000 casi, con 2000 nuovi casi per anno.[2]

Le frequenti contrazioni delle palpebre sono state correlate alla curvatura della cornea e all'aumento di astigmatismo.[3]

Cause

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Telencefalo e Nuclei della base.

Il blefarospasmo è associato a un anormale funzionamento dei gangli della base, strutture dell'encefalo deputate al controllo della postura e del movimento. In diversi studi è stata osservata l'insorgenza della patologia in concomitanza all'assunzione di benzodiazepine e tienobenzodiazepine. In rari casi, l'ereditarietà può giocare un ruolo nello sviluppo del blefarospasmo[4][5][6][7][8][9].

Sintomi

La maggior parte delle persone sviluppano il blefarospasmo senza sintomi premonitori. Può esserci inizialmente un graduale aumento degli ammiccamenti o dell'irritazione agli occhi. Alcune persone possono anche sperimentare la fatica, tensione emotiva, o ipersensibilità alla luce. Quando la condizione progredisce, i sintomi diventano più frequenti, e si possono sviluppare anche gli spasmi facciali. Il blefarospasmo può diminuire o cessare del tutto mentre una persona dorme o si concentra su un compito specifico[8][10][11][12][13].

Spesso il disturbo si associa con una distonia cronico facciale chiamata sindrome di Meige (spasmo facciale mediano),[14] talvolta il disturbo è correlato all'anismo o Sindrome del pubo-rettale[15][16][17][18]. In generale, con percentuali di incidenza variabili secondo vari autori, le distonie craniche come il blefarospasmo, si associano a distonie di altri distretti corporei, collo, arti inferiori addome.[14]

Terapia

In atto, viene trattata con discreta efficacia mediante infiltrazioni di tossina botulinica da effettuarsi presso i centri specializzati. Tale terapia non è risolutiva e necessita di essere ripetuta con nuove infiltrazioni, con cadenza minimo trimestrale[8][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].

Vi sono segnalazioni che indicano l'efficacia dell'aloperidolo nel blefarospasmo essenziale[29][30][31][32][33][34].

Altri farmaci potenzialmente utili sono[35]:

Note

  1. ^ Benign essential blepharospasm often begins with excessive blinking, eyelid spasms, twiches or tics., su blepharospasm.org. URL consultato il 5 settembre 2010.
  2. ^ William Pai-Dei Chen, Oculoplastic surgery: the essentials, Thieme, 15 giugno 2001, pp. 115–, ISBN 978-1-58890-027-2. URL consultato il 5 marzo 2011.
  3. ^ NJ. Moon, HI. Lee; JC. Kim, The changes in corneal astigmatism after botulinum toxin-a injection in patients with blepharospasm., in J Korean Med Sci, vol. 21, n. 1, Feb 2006, pp. 131-5, PMID 16479079.
  4. ^ RA. Pagon, TC. Bird; CR. Dolan; K. Stephens; H. Miyajima, Aceruloplasminemia, PMID 20301666.
  5. ^ K. Tanner, N. Roy; RM. Merrill; K. Kimber; C. Sauder; DR. Houtz; D. Doman; ME. Smith, Risk and Protective Factors for Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Case-Control Investigation., in J Voice, febbraio 2010, DOI:10.1016/j.jvoice.2009.09.004, PMID 20171836.
  6. ^ J. Xiao, Y. Zhao; RW. Bastian; JS. Perlmutter; BA. Racette; SD. Tabbal; M. Karimi; RC. Paniello; ZK. Wszolek; RJ. Uitti; JA. Van Gerpen, Novel THAP1 sequence variants in primary dystonia., in Neurology, vol. 74, n. 3, gennaio 2010, pp. 229-38, DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ca00ca, PMID 20083799.
  7. ^ MA. van Steensel, RJ. Damstra; MV. Heitink; RS. Bladergroen; J. Veraart; PM. Steijlen; M. van Geel, Novel missense mutations in the FOXC2 gene alter transcriptional activity., in Hum Mutat, vol. 30, n. 12, dicembre 2009, pp. E1002-9, DOI:10.1002/humu.21127, PMID 19760751.
  8. ^ a b c MS. LeDoux, Meige syndrome: what's in a name?, in Parkinsonism Relat Disord, vol. 15, n. 7, agosto 2009, pp. 483-9, DOI:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.04.006, PMID 19457699.
  9. ^ G. Defazio, M. Matarin; EL. Peckham; D. Martino; EM. Valente; A. Singleton; A. Crawley; MS. Aniello; F. Brancati; G. Abbruzzese; P. Girlanda, The TOR1A polymorphism rs1182 and the risk of spread in primary blepharospasm., in Mov Disord, vol. 24, n. 4, marzo 2009, pp. 613-6, DOI:10.1002/mds.22471, PMID 19202559.
  10. ^ M. Hallett, C. Evinger; J. Jankovic; M. Stacy; M. Ali; A. Berardelli; RB. Daroff; G. Defazio; M. Delong; D. Eidelberg; C. Evinger, Update on blepharospasm: report from the BEBRF International Workshop., in Neurology, vol. 71, n. 16, ottobre 2008, pp. 1275-82, DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327601.46315.85, PMID 18852443.
  11. ^ SA. Schellini, O. Matai; TZ. Igami; CR. Padovani; CP. Padovani, [Essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: characteristic of the patient, botulinum toxin A treatment and literature review], in Arq Bras Oftalmol, vol. 69, n. 1, pp. 23-6, PMID 16491229.
  12. ^ A. Esteban-García, [Blepharospasm and blepharocolysis. Different sides of the same coin], in Rev Neurol, vol. 40, n. 5, pp. 298-302, PMID 15782362.
  13. ^ NC. Tan, LL. Chan; EK. Tan, Hemifacial spasm and involuntary facial movements., in QJM, vol. 95, n. 8, agosto 2002, pp. 493-500, PMID 12145388.
  14. ^ a b Alberto Albanese, I gangli motori e i disturbi del movimento, PICCIN, 1991, pp. 369–, ISBN 978-88-299-0911-7.
  15. ^ Y. Real Martínez, M. Ibáñez Moya; A. Pérez Mota, [Megarectum and anismus: a cause of constipation], in Rev Esp Enferm Dig, vol. 99, n. 6, giugno 2007, pp. 352-3, PMID 17883300.
  16. ^ E. Tolosa, Y. Compta, Dystonia in Parkinson's disease., in J Neurol, 253 Suppl 7, dicembre 2006, pp. VII7-13, DOI:10.1007/s00415-006-7003-6, PMID 17131231.
  17. ^ A. Traba López, A. Esteban, Botulinum toxin in motor disorders: practical considerations with emphasis on interventional neurophysiology., in Neurophysiol Clin, vol. 31, n. 4, agosto 2001, pp. 220-9, PMID 11596529.
  18. ^ R. Tim, JM. Massey, Botulinum toxin therapy for neurologic disorders., in Postgrad Med, vol. 91, n. 6, maggio 1992, pp. 327-32, 334, PMID 1579537.
  19. ^ The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Clinical Use of Botulinum Toxin, su consensus.nih.gov. URL consultato il 5 settembre 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 dicembre 2010).
  20. ^ JS. Yoon, JC. Kim; SY. Lee, Double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Meditoxin versus Botox in the treatment of essential blepharospasm., in Korean J Ophthalmol, vol. 23, n. 3, settembre 2009, pp. 137-41, DOI:10.3341/kjo.2009.23.3.137, PMID 19794937.
  21. ^ RM. Zagui, S. Matayoshi; FC. Moura, [Adverse effects associated with facial application of botulinum toxin: a systematic review with meta-analysis], in Arq Bras Oftalmol, vol. 71, n. 6, pp. 894-901, PMID 19169530.
  22. ^ R. Laskawi, The use of botulinum toxin in head and face medicine: an interdisciplinary field., in Head Face Med, vol. 4, 2008, p. 5, DOI:10.1186/1746-160X-4-5, PMID 18331633.
  23. ^ S. Badarny, Z. Susel; S. Honigman, Effectivity of Dysport in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm who experienced failure with Botox., in Isr Med Assoc J, vol. 10, n. 7, luglio 2008, pp. 520-2, PMID 18751631.
  24. ^ CG. Lasalvia, Lde S. Pereira; MC. da Cunha; SP. Kitadai, [Costs and efficacy of type A botulinum toxin for the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm], in Arq Bras Oftalmol, vol. 69, n. 5, pp. 701-5, PMID 17187139.
  25. ^ S. Koh, J. Hosohata; Y. Tano, Bilateral upper eyelid ectropion associated with blepharospasm., in Br J Ophthalmol, vol. 90, n. 11, novembre 2006, pp. 1437-8, DOI:10.1136/bjo.2006.097089, PMID 17057180.
  26. ^ C. Colosimo, M. Chianese; M. Giovannelli; MF. Contarino; AR. Bentivoglio, Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm., in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol. 74, n. 5, maggio 2003, p. 687, PMID 12700325.
  27. ^ J. Horwath-Winter, J. Bergloeff; I. Floegel; EM. Haller-Schober; O. Schmut, Botulinum toxin A treatment in patients suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye., in Br J Ophthalmol, vol. 87, n. 1, gennaio 2003, pp. 54-6, PMID 12488263.
  28. ^ N. Guépratte, DA. Lebuisson, [Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology], in J Fr Ophtalmol, vol. 24, n. 9, novembre 2001, pp. 1010-2, PMID 11912832.
  29. ^ Bhatia MS, Gupta R, Essential blepharospasm responding to haloperidol, in J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, vol. 18, n. 4, 2006, pp. 554–6, DOI:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.4.554, PMID 17135386.
  30. ^ JA. Mauriello, S. Dhillon; T. Leone; B. Pakeman; R. Mostafavi; MC. Yepez, Treatment selections of 239 patients with blepharospasm and Meige syndrome over 11 years., in Br J Ophthalmol, vol. 80, n. 12, dicembre 1996, pp. 1073-6, PMID 9059273.
  31. ^ J. Ananth, E. Edelmuth; B. Dargan, Meige's syndrome associated with neuroleptic treatment., in Am J Psychiatry, vol. 145, n. 4, aprile 1988, pp. 513-5, PMID 2894781.
  32. ^ G. Ransmayr, B. Kleedorfer; RA. Dierckx; W. Poewe; GW. Kemmler; F. Gerstenbrand, Pharmacological study in Meige's syndrome with predominant blepharospasm., in Clin Neuropharmacol, vol. 11, n. 1, febbraio 1988, pp. 68-76, PMID 3280128.
  33. ^ L. Parisi, L. Sanarelli; R. Mariorenzi; G. Valente; C. Dell'Anna; G. Amabile, [3 cases of essential blepharospasm: pathogenetic problems correlated], in Riv Neurol, vol. 56, n. 5, pp. 286-92, PMID 2883717.
  34. ^ ES. Tolosa, C. Lai, Meige disease: striatal dopaminergic preponderance., in Neurology, vol. 29, n. 8, agosto 1979, pp. 1126-30, PMID 379689.
  35. ^ Oral Medications for Treatment of Blepharospasm and other Cranial Dystonias, su blepharospasm.org (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 settembre 2011).

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàThesaurus BNCF 73557
  Portale Medicina: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di medicina

Read other articles:

سديم البحيرة بيانات الرصد الصفات الفيزيائية انظر أيضا: سديم تعديل مصدري - تعديل   سديم البحيرة   بيانات المراقبة (الدهر: 2 مليون سنة) الكوكبة القوس البعد 4100 سنة ضوءئية (1250 فرسخ فلكي) القدر الظاهري (V) 4.6+ تسميات أخرى IC 4678 أنظر أيضًا: تجمع مفتوح، قائمة التجمعات المفتوحة تعديل...

 

?Сірий шпак Шпак червонодзьобий (Spodiopsar sericeus) Біологічна класифікація Домен: Еукаріоти (Eukaryota) Царство: Тварини (Animalia) Тип: Хордові (Chordata) Клас: Птахи (Aves) Ряд: Горобцеподібні (Passeriformes) Родина: Шпакові (Sturnidae) Підродина: Sturninae Рід: Сірий шпак (Spodiopsar)Sharpe, 1889[1] Види Spodiopsar sericeusтип...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Maillot et Porte de Neuilly (homonymie). Porte Maillot L'échangeur de la porte Maillot : vue vers l'allée de Longchamp dans le bois de Boulogne. Sens anti-horaire Porte Dauphine(enceinte de Thiers)Porte des Sablons(limite extérieure de la ville de Paris) Porte Maillot Sens horaire Porte des Ternes Géographie Boulevard (s) Boulevard de l'Amiral-BruixBoulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr Arrondissement (s) 16e, 17e Commune limitrophe Neuilly-sur-Seine Coordonné...

Ця стаття є частиною Проєкту:Франція (рівень: невідомий) Портал «Франція»Мета проєкту — створення якісних та інформативних статей на теми, пов'язані з Францією. Ви можете покращити цю статтю, відредагувавши її, а на сторінці проєкту вказано, чим ще можна допомогти. Учасник

 

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) كانت عائل

 

Region in Queensland, AustraliaFar North QueenslandQueenslandQueensland regionsFar North QueenslandCoordinates16°59′S 145°25′E / 16.98°S 145.41°E / -16.98; 145.41Population280,638 (2010 est.)[1] • Density0.7370696/km2 (1.909002/sq mi)Area380,748.3 km2 (147,007.7 sq mi)LGA(s)Aurukun, Burke, Cairns, Carpentaria, Cassowary Coast, Cook, Croydon, Doomadgee, Douglas, Etheridge, Hope Vale, Kowanyama, Lockhart River, Mapoon, Mare...

Not to be confused with Lippo Group. Lippo LimitedFormerlyPublic Finance (H.K.) LimitedTypepublicTraded asSEHK: 226Founded30 January 1973; 50 years ago (1973-01-30)Headquarters24/F, Tower 1, Lippo Centre, Hong Kong Island, Hong KongKey peopleMochtar Riady(Hon. Chairman)Stephen Riady(Chairman)John Lee(MD & CEO)Revenue HK$3.857 billion (2015–16)Net income (HK$187 million) (2015–16)Total assets HK$17.457 billion (2015–16)To...

 

Координати: 60°09′47″ пн. ш. 024°54′52″ сх. д. / 60.16306° пн. ш. 24.91444° сх. д. / 60.16306; 24.91444 У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Руохолахті. Руохолахті Гельсінський метрополітен Загальні даніТип лондонського типуКількість 1Тип острівн

 

مجموعة أورب (Orb swarm) مثال للروبوت مفتوح المصدر الروبوت مفتوح المصدر هو إنسان آلي يتم إصدار برامج عمله أو رسومه التخطيطية أو كوده المصدري من خلال نموذج مصدر مفتوح. المشروعات الحالية مشروعات الروبوتات الكاملة دورابوت (DoraBot) وهي اختصار للمصطلح دورا المساعد الآلي مفتوح المصدر، ...

Neighbourhood in Kollam, Kerala, IndiaAyathilNeighbourhoodKollam Bypass at AyathilAyathilCoordinates: 8°53′32″N 76°37′48″E / 8.892101°N 76.630069°E / 8.892101; 76.630069Country IndiaStateKeralaCityKollamGovernment • BodyKollam Municipal Corporation(KMC)Languages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN691021Vehicle registrationKL-02Lok Sabha constituencyKollamCivic agencyKollam Municipal CorporationAvg. summer temp...

 

Jeanne IIIPotret oleh François Clouet, 1570Ratu NavarraBerkuasa25 Mei 1555 – 9 Juni 1572Penobatan18 Agustus 1555 di PauPendahuluEnric IIPenerusEnric IIIInformasi pribadiKelahiran16 November 1528[1]Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Kerajaan PrancisKematian9 Juni 1572(1572-06-09) (umur 43)Paris, Kerajaan PrancisPemakamanGereja kadipaten collégiale Saint-Georges, VendômeWangsaAlbretAyahEnric II dari NavarraIbuMarguerite dari NavarraPasangan Wilhelm dari Jülich-Kleve-Berg ​ R...

 

Exhibition Centre LiverpoolLocationKings Dock, Liverpool, EnglandCoordinates53°23′43″N 2°59′25″W / 53.39527°N 2.99016°W / 53.39527; -2.99016ConstructionBroke groundJanuary 2014OpenedSeptember 2015ArchitectPopulous (design)Denton Corker Marshall (executive)Structural engineerBooth King Exhibition Centre Liverpool is a multi-million pound exhibition centre, the latest addition to Liverpool event campus, alongside interconnected sister venues ACC Liverpool and...

2014 American filmBulletTeaser posterDirected byNick LyonWritten byNick Lyon Byron Lester Ron PeerProduced byRobert RodriguezMatthew JoynesStarringDanny Trejo Jonathan BanksEdited byJulio SaldarriagaMusic byBen ZaraiProductioncompaniesAmerican United Entertainment Funimation SC Films InternationalDistributed byIFA Distribution FunimationRelease date February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25) Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Bullet (stylized as BULLET) is a 2014 act...

 

American football player (born 1985) American football player Darrelle RevisRevis in 2010No. 24Position:CornerbackPersonal informationBorn: (1985-07-14) July 14, 1985 (age 38)Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:198 lb (90 kg)Career informationHigh school:Aliquippa (PA)College:Pittsburgh (2004–2006)NFL Draft:2007 / Round: 1 / Pick: 14Career history New York Jets (2007–2012) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2013) New England P...

 

Aurora Police DepartmentSeal of the Aurora PoliceCommon nameAurora PoliceAbbreviationAPDMottoTo make Aurora safer every dayAgency overviewFormed1907; 116 years ago (1907)Employees981Annual budget$129 millionJurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionAurora, Colorado, U.S.Jurisdiction of Aurora Police DepartmentSize154.19 square miles (399 km2)Population361,710 (2016)[1]General natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureHeadquarters15001 East Alamed...

Railway station in Yokohama, Japan This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Nishiya Station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Nishiya Station西谷駅Platforms of the Sōtetsu Shin-yokohama Line in June 2021General informationLocation1101 Nishiya-chō, Hodogaya-ku, Yok...

 

Bài viết này là một bài mồ côi vì không có bài viết khác liên kết đến nó. Vui lòng tạo liên kết đến bài này từ các bài viết liên quan; có thể thử dùng công cụ tìm liên kết. (tháng 8 năm 2020) Đây là một tên người Trung Quốc; trong đó họ là Trịnh. Trịnh Nhạn Hùng (tiếng Trung: 郑雁雄; bính âm: Zhèng Yànxióng; sinh tháng 8 năm 1963) là một chính trị gia Trung Quốc hiện giữ chức Gi...

 

Pia Arena MMLocationYokohama, Kanagawa, JapanCoordinates35°27′20.60″N 139°37′42.70″E / 35.4557222°N 139.6285278°E / 35.4557222; 139.6285278OwnerPia CorporationCapacity12,141Opened2020 Pia Arena MM (ぴあアリーナMM) is a dedicated music arena[1] in Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by Pia Corporation. Before the official name was decided, it was tentatively called Pia MM Arena.[2] History In July 2017,...

Emirati professional football club Football clubDubai City Football ClubFull nameDubai City Football ClubFounded2018; 5 years ago (2018)ManagerMohammed Al BlooshiLeagueUAE First Division League2022–2315thWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Current season Dubai Fc Football Club (Arabic: نادي سيتي لكرة قدم) is an Emirati professional football club based in Al Barsha, Dubai. History The club was founded by Englishmen working in the King's school at Al...

 

Politika ti Filipinas Gobierno Batay-linteg Lehislatura Kongreso (Maika-19 a Kongreso) Senado Presidente ti Senado Juan Miguel Zubiri Kamara dagiti pannakabagi Tagabitla Martin Romualdez Dagiti lehislatibo a distrito Listaan ti partido a pannakabagi Ehekutibo Presidente (listaan) Bongbong Marcos Bise presidente (listaan) Sara Duterte Gabinete Ukoman Kangatuan a Korte Pangulo ti Hustisia Alexander Gesmundo Court of Appeals Court of Tax Appeals Sandiganbayan Sistema ti Hustisia ti Baranggay Dag...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!