Milliríkjanefnd um loftslagsbreytingar

Milliríkjanefnd um loftslagsbreytingar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Merki Milliríkjanefndarinnar um loftslagsbreytingar
SkammstöfunIPCC
Stofnun1988; fyrir 36 árum (1988)
HöfuðstöðvarGenf, Sviss
ForstöðumaðurJim Skea
MóðurfélagAlþjóðaveðurfræðistofnunin
Umhverfisstofnun Sameinuðu þjóðanna
Vefsíðawww.ipcc.ch

Milliríkjanefndin um loftslagsbreytingar (e. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change eða IPCC) er stofnun innan Sameinuðu þjóðanna sem ætlað er að safna saman vísindalegum, tæknilegum, félags- og efnahagslegum upplýsingum um grundvöll þekkingar á loftslagsbreytingum af mannavöldum.[1]

Milliríkjanefndin var stofnuð árið 1988 af Alþjóðaveðurfræðistofnuninni og hlaut formlega viðurkenningu Allsherjarþings Sameinuðu þjóðanna með yfirlýsingu þann 6. desember sama ár.[2] Nefndin hlaut friðarverðlaun Nóbels árið 2007 ásamt Al Gore, fyrrum varaforseta Bandaríkjanna.

Stjórn

Núverandi formaður IPCC er breski orkuvísindamaðurinn Jim Skea.[3] Fyrri formenn stofnunarinnar voru sænski veðurfræðingurinn Bert Bolin (1988-1997), breski efnafræðingurinn Robert Watson (1997-2002), indverski hagfræðingurinn Rajendra Pachauri (2002-2015) og suður-kóreski hagfræðingurinn Hoesung Lee (2015-2023).[4]

Skipulag og starfsemi

IPCC gerir ekki eigin frumrannsóknir, heldur vinnur það úttektir á vísindalegri þekkingu á loftslagsbreytingum af mannavöldum. Úttektirnar eru aðallega byggðar á faglegri ritrýni og greinum sem hafa verið birtar í ritrýndum tímaritum.[1] Þrír mismunandi vinnuhópar gera úttektirnar: Sá fyrsti fjallar um vísindalega þekkingu á veðurfari og loftslagsbreytingum, annar vinnuhópurinn leggur mat á tjónnæmi félags-, efnahags- og náttúrulegra kerfa, neikvæðar og jákvæðar afleiðingar loftslagsbreytinga og möguleika á aðlögun og sá þriðji metur leiðir til að draga úr losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda og aðrar leiðir til að sporna við loftslagsbreytingum.[1]

Nefndin lagði fyrstu skýrslu sína fram árið 1990 á annarri Loftslagsráðstefnu Sameinuðu þjóðanna í Genf. Skýrslan leiddi meðal annars til samþykktar Loftslagssamnings Sameinuðu þjóðanna árið 1992. Í kjölfar samningsins hefur Milliríkjanefndin birt stöðuskýrslur sínar um loftslagsmál og hnattræna hlýnun með reglulegu millibili. Í fimmtu stöðuskýrslunni, sem kom út árið 2014, var komist óyggjandi að þeirri niðurstöðu að áhrif manna á loftslagið væru greinileg og að losun gróðurhúsalofttegunda hefði þá aldrei verið meiri í seinni tíð.[2] Þá var komist ótvírætt að þeirri niðurstöðu að hlýnun loftslags væri óumdeilanleg og að hlýnun loftslagsins frá árinu 1950 væri fordæmalaus þótt leitað væri aftur um árþúsundir í loftslagssögunni.[5] Milliríkjanefndin lagði fram sérstaka skýrslu árið 2018 þar sem hún lagði áherslu á aðeins væri hægt að koma í veg fyrir meiriháttar raskanir á helstu lífkerfum jarðarinnar með því að halda hnattrænni hlýnun innan við 1,5 gráður fyrir árið 2100.[6]

Gagnrýni og deilumál

Í janúar árið 2010 var bent á rangfærslu í úttekt IPCC frá árinu 2007 þar sem því var haldið fram að jöklar Himalajafjalla gætu bráðnað fyrir árið 2035. Nefndin viðurkenndi mistök sín og að þessi staðhæfing hefði verið byggð á vangaveltum úr óritrýndu viðtali en ekki ritrýndri rannsókn.[7]

Tenglar

Tilvísanir

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Halldór Björnsson (8. maí 2007). „Vísindanefnd Sameinuðu þjóðanna (IPCC)“. Veðurstofa Íslands. Sótt 3. janúar 2020.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Júlíus Sólnes (25. febrúar 2016). „Um loftslagsrannsóknir og reiknilíkön“. Morgunblaðið. Sótt 7. janúar 2020.
  3. „IPCC elects Jim Skea as the new Chair — IPCC“. Sótt 29. júlí 2023.
  4. Atli Ísleifsson (24. febrúar 2015). „Loftslagstoppur hættir eftir ásakanir um kynferðislega áreitni“. Vísir. Sótt 7. janúar 2020.
  5. „Úttektarskýrsla IPCC: Áhrif mannkyns á loftslag eru skýr“. Veðurstofa Íslands. 27. september 2013. Sótt 7. janúar 2020.
  6. Kjartan Hreinn Njálsson (2018). „Brýnt að halda hlýnun Jarðar undir 1,5 gráðum“. Fréttablaðið. Sótt 7. janúar 2020.
  7. Damian Carrington (2010). „IPCC officials admit mistake over melting Himalayan glaciers“ (enska). The Guardian. Sótt 7. janúar 2020.

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