Uniform 6-polytope
Uniform 6-dimensional polytope
In six-dimensional geometry , a uniform 6-polytope is a six-dimensional uniform polytope . A uniform polypeton is vertex-transitive , and all facets are uniform 5-polytopes .
The complete set of convex uniform 6-polytopes has not been determined, but most can be made as Wythoff constructions from a small set of symmetry groups . These construction operations are represented by the permutations of rings of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams . Each combination of at least one ring on every connected group of nodes in the diagram produces a uniform 6-polytope.
The simplest uniform polypeta are regular polytopes : the 6-simplex {3,3,3,3,3}, the 6-cube (hexeract) {4,3,3,3,3}, and the 6-orthoplex (hexacross) {3,3,3,3,4}.
History of discovery
Regular polytopes : (convex faces)
1852 : Ludwig Schläfli proved in his manuscript Theorie der vielfachen Kontinuität that there are exactly 3 regular polytopes in 5 or more dimensions .
Convex semiregular polytopes : (Various definitions before Coxeter's uniform category)
1900 : Thorold Gosset enumerated the list of nonprismatic semiregular convex polytopes with regular facets (convex regular polytera) in his publication On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions .[ 1]
Convex uniform polytopes :
1940 : The search was expanded systematically by H.S.M. Coxeter in his publication Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes .
Nonregular uniform star polytopes : (similar to the nonconvex uniform polyhedra )
Ongoing : Jonathan Bowers and other researchers search for other non-convex uniform 6-polytopes, with a current count of 41348 known uniform 6-polytopes outside infinite families (convex and non-convex), excluding the prisms of the uniform 5-polytopes. The list is not proven complete.[ 2] [ 3]
Uniform 6-polytopes with reflective symmetry can be generated by these four Coxeter groups, represented by permutations of rings of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams .
There are four fundamental reflective symmetry groups which generate 153 unique uniform 6-polytopes.
#
Coxeter group
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
1
A6
[3,3,3,3,3]
2
B6
[3,3,3,3,4]
3
D6
[3,3,3,31,1 ]
4
E6
[32,2,1 ]
[3,32,2 ]
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram correspondences between families and higher symmetry within diagrams. Nodes of the same color in each row represent identical mirrors. Black nodes are not active in the correspondence.
Uniform prism
There are 6 categorical uniform prisms based on the uniform 5-polytopes .
#
Coxeter group
Notes
1
A5 A1
[3,3,3,3,2]
Prism family based on 5-simplex
2
B5 A1
[4,3,3,3,2]
Prism family based on 5-cube
3a
D5 A1
[32,1,1 ,2]
Prism family based on 5-demicube
#
Coxeter group
Notes
4
A3 I2 (p)A1
[3,3,2,p,2]
Prism family based on tetrahedral -p-gonal duoprisms
5
B3 I2 (p)A1
[4,3,2,p,2]
Prism family based on cubic -p-gonal duoprisms
6
H3 I2 (p)A1
[5,3,2,p,2]
Prism family based on dodecahedral -p-gonal duoprisms
Uniform duoprism
There are 11 categorical uniform duoprismatic families of polytopes based on Cartesian products of lower-dimensional uniform polytopes. Five are formed as the product of a uniform 4-polytope with a regular polygon , and six are formed by the product of two uniform polyhedra :
#
Coxeter group
Notes
1
A4 I2 (p)
[3,3,3,2,p]
Family based on 5-cell -p-gonal duoprisms.
2
B4 I2 (p)
[4,3,3,2,p]
Family based on tesseract -p-gonal duoprisms.
3
F4 I2 (p)
[3,4,3,2,p]
Family based on 24-cell -p-gonal duoprisms.
4
H4 I2 (p)
[5,3,3,2,p]
Family based on 120-cell -p-gonal duoprisms.
5
D4 I2 (p)
[31,1,1 ,2,p]
Family based on demitesseract -p-gonal duoprisms.
#
Coxeter group
Notes
6
A3 2
[3,3,2,3,3]
Family based on tetrahedral duoprisms.
7
A3 B3
[3,3,2,4,3]
Family based on tetrahedral -cubic duoprisms.
8
A3 H3
[3,3,2,5,3]
Family based on tetrahedral -dodecahedral duoprisms.
9
B3 2
[4,3,2,4,3]
Family based on cubic duoprisms.
10
B3 H3
[4,3,2,5,3]
Family based on cubic -dodecahedral duoprisms.
11
H3 2
[5,3,2,5,3]
Family based on dodecahedral duoprisms.
Uniform triaprism
There is one infinite family of uniform triaprismatic families of polytopes constructed as a Cartesian products of three regular polygons. Each combination of at least one ring on every connected group produces a uniform prismatic 6-polytope.
#
Coxeter group
Notes
1
I2 (p)I2 (q)I2 (r)
[p,2,q,2,r]
Family based on p,q,r-gonal triprisms
Simplex family: A6 [34 ] -
35 uniform 6-polytopes as permutations of rings in the group diagram, including one regular:
{34 } - 6-simplex -
Hypercube /orthoplex family: B6 [4,34 ] -
63 uniform 6-polytopes as permutations of rings in the group diagram, including two regular forms:
{4,33 } — 6-cube (hexeract) -
{33 ,4} — 6-orthoplex , (hexacross) -
Demihypercube D6 family: [33,1,1 ] -
47 uniform 6-polytopes (16 unique) as permutations of rings in the group diagram, including:
{3,32,1 }, 121 6-demicube (demihexeract) - ; also as h{4,33 },
{3,3,31,1 }, 211 6-orthoplex - , a half symmetry form of .
E6 family: [33,1,1 ] -
39 uniform 6-polytopes as permutations of rings in the group diagram, including:
{3,3,32,1 }, 221 -
{3,32,2 }, 122 -
These fundamental families generate 153 nonprismatic convex uniform polypeta.
In addition, there are 57 uniform 6-polytope constructions based on prisms of the uniform 5-polytopes : [3,3,3,3,2], [4,3,3,3,2], [32,1,1 ,2], excluding the penteract prism as a duplicate of the hexeract.
In addition, there are infinitely many uniform 6-polytope based on:
Duoprism prism families: [3,3,2,p,2], [4,3,2,p,2], [5,3,2,p,2].
Duoprism families: [3,3,3,2,p], [4,3,3,2,p], [5,3,3,2,p].
Triaprism family: [p,2,q,2,r].
The A6 family
There are 32+4−1=35 forms, derived by marking one or more nodes of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagram .
All 35 are enumerated below. They are named by Norman Johnson from the Wythoff construction operations upon regular 6-simplex (heptapeton). Bowers-style acronym names are given in parentheses for cross-referencing.
The A6 family has symmetry of order 5040 (7 factorial ).
The coordinates of uniform 6-polytopes with 6-simplex symmetry can be generated as permutations of simple integers in 7-space, all in hyperplanes with normal vector (1,1,1,1,1,1,1).
#
Coxeter-Dynkin
Johnson naming system Bowers name and (acronym)
Base point
Element counts
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
6-simplex heptapeton (hop)
(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)
7
21
35
35
21
7
2
Rectified 6-simplex rectified heptapeton (ril)
(0,0,0,0,0,1,1)
14
63
140
175
105
21
3
Truncated 6-simplex truncated heptapeton (til)
(0,0,0,0,0,1,2)
14
63
140
175
126
42
4
Birectified 6-simplex birectified heptapeton (bril)
(0,0,0,0,1,1,1)
14
84
245
350
210
35
5
Cantellated 6-simplex small rhombated heptapeton (sril)
(0,0,0,0,1,1,2)
35
210
560
805
525
105
6
Bitruncated 6-simplex bitruncated heptapeton (batal)
(0,0,0,0,1,2,2)
14
84
245
385
315
105
7
Cantitruncated 6-simplex great rhombated heptapeton (gril)
(0,0,0,0,1,2,3)
35
210
560
805
630
210
8
Runcinated 6-simplex small prismated heptapeton (spil)
(0,0,0,1,1,1,2)
70
455
1330
1610
840
140
9
Bicantellated 6-simplex small birhombated heptapeton (sabril)
(0,0,0,1,1,2,2)
70
455
1295
1610
840
140
10
Runcitruncated 6-simplex prismatotruncated heptapeton (patal)
(0,0,0,1,1,2,3)
70
560
1820
2800
1890
420
11
Tritruncated 6-simplex tetradecapeton (fe)
(0,0,0,1,2,2,2)
14
84
280
490
420
140
12
Runcicantellated 6-simplex prismatorhombated heptapeton (pril)
(0,0,0,1,2,2,3)
70
455
1295
1960
1470
420
13
Bicantitruncated 6-simplex great birhombated heptapeton (gabril)
(0,0,0,1,2,3,3)
49
329
980
1540
1260
420
14
Runcicantitruncated 6-simplex great prismated heptapeton (gapil)
(0,0,0,1,2,3,4)
70
560
1820
3010
2520
840
15
Stericated 6-simplex small cellated heptapeton (scal)
(0,0,1,1,1,1,2)
105
700
1470
1400
630
105
16
Biruncinated 6-simplex small biprismato-tetradecapeton (sibpof)
(0,0,1,1,1,2,2)
84
714
2100
2520
1260
210
17
Steritruncated 6-simplex cellitruncated heptapeton (catal)
(0,0,1,1,1,2,3)
105
945
2940
3780
2100
420
18
Stericantellated 6-simplex cellirhombated heptapeton (cral)
(0,0,1,1,2,2,3)
105
1050
3465
5040
3150
630
19
Biruncitruncated 6-simplex biprismatorhombated heptapeton (bapril)
(0,0,1,1,2,3,3)
84
714
2310
3570
2520
630
20
Stericantitruncated 6-simplex celligreatorhombated heptapeton (cagral)
(0,0,1,1,2,3,4)
105
1155
4410
7140
5040
1260
21
Steriruncinated 6-simplex celliprismated heptapeton (copal)
(0,0,1,2,2,2,3)
105
700
1995
2660
1680
420
22
Steriruncitruncated 6-simplex celliprismatotruncated heptapeton (captal)
(0,0,1,2,2,3,4)
105
945
3360
5670
4410
1260
23
Steriruncicantellated 6-simplex celliprismatorhombated heptapeton (copril)
(0,0,1,2,3,3,4)
105
1050
3675
5880
4410
1260
24
Biruncicantitruncated 6-simplex great biprismato-tetradecapeton (gibpof)
(0,0,1,2,3,4,4)
84
714
2520
4410
3780
1260
25
Steriruncicantitruncated 6-simplex great cellated heptapeton (gacal)
(0,0,1,2,3,4,5)
105
1155
4620
8610
7560
2520
26
Pentellated 6-simplex small teri-tetradecapeton (staff)
(0,1,1,1,1,1,2)
126
434
630
490
210
42
27
Pentitruncated 6-simplex teracellated heptapeton (tocal)
(0,1,1,1,1,2,3)
126
826
1785
1820
945
210
28
Penticantellated 6-simplex teriprismated heptapeton (topal)
(0,1,1,1,2,2,3)
126
1246
3570
4340
2310
420
29
Penticantitruncated 6-simplex terigreatorhombated heptapeton (togral)
(0,1,1,1,2,3,4)
126
1351
4095
5390
3360
840
30
Pentiruncitruncated 6-simplex tericellirhombated heptapeton (tocral)
(0,1,1,2,2,3,4)
126
1491
5565
8610
5670
1260
31
Pentiruncicantellated 6-simplex teriprismatorhombi-tetradecapeton (taporf)
(0,1,1,2,3,3,4)
126
1596
5250
7560
5040
1260
32
Pentiruncicantitruncated 6-simplex terigreatoprismated heptapeton (tagopal)
(0,1,1,2,3,4,5)
126
1701
6825
11550
8820
2520
33
Pentisteritruncated 6-simplex tericellitrunki-tetradecapeton (tactaf)
(0,1,2,2,2,3,4)
126
1176
3780
5250
3360
840
34
Pentistericantitruncated 6-simplex tericelligreatorhombated heptapeton (tacogral)
(0,1,2,2,3,4,5)
126
1596
6510
11340
8820
2520
35
Omnitruncated 6-simplex great teri-tetradecapeton (gotaf)
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6)
126
1806
8400
16800
15120
5040
The B6 family
There are 63 forms based on all permutations of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams with one or more rings.
The B6 family has symmetry of order 46080 (6 factorial x 26 ).
They are named by Norman Johnson from the Wythoff construction operations upon the regular 6-cube and 6-orthoplex. Bowers names and acronym names are given for cross-referencing.
#
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
Schläfli symbol
Names
Element counts
5
4
3
2
1
0
36
t0 {3,3,3,3,4}
6-orthoplex Hexacontatetrapeton (gee)
64
192
240
160
60
12
37
t1 {3,3,3,3,4}
Rectified 6-orthoplex Rectified hexacontatetrapeton (rag)
76
576
1200
1120
480
60
38
t2 {3,3,3,3,4}
Birectified 6-orthoplex Birectified hexacontatetrapeton (brag)
76
636
2160
2880
1440
160
39
t2 {4,3,3,3,3}
Birectified 6-cube Birectified hexeract (brox)
76
636
2080
3200
1920
240
40
t1 {4,3,3,3,3}
Rectified 6-cube Rectified hexeract (rax)
76
444
1120
1520
960
192
41
t0 {4,3,3,3,3}
6-cube Hexeract (ax)
12
60
160
240
192
64
42
t0,1 {3,3,3,3,4}
Truncated 6-orthoplex Truncated hexacontatetrapeton (tag)
76
576
1200
1120
540
120
43
t0,2 {3,3,3,3,4}
Cantellated 6-orthoplex Small rhombated hexacontatetrapeton (srog)
136
1656
5040
6400
3360
480
44
t1,2 {3,3,3,3,4}
Bitruncated 6-orthoplex Bitruncated hexacontatetrapeton (botag)
1920
480
45
t0,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Runcinated 6-orthoplex Small prismated hexacontatetrapeton (spog)
7200
960
46
t1,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Bicantellated 6-orthoplex Small birhombated hexacontatetrapeton (siborg)
8640
1440
47
t2,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Tritruncated 6-cube Hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (xog)
3360
960
48
t0,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Stericated 6-orthoplex Small cellated hexacontatetrapeton (scag)
5760
960
49
t1,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Biruncinated 6-cube Small biprismato-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (sobpoxog)
11520
1920
50
t1,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Bicantellated 6-cube Small birhombated hexeract (saborx)
9600
1920
51
t1,2 {4,3,3,3,3}
Bitruncated 6-cube Bitruncated hexeract (botox)
2880
960
52
t0,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentellated 6-cube Small teri-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (stoxog)
1920
384
53
t0,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Stericated 6-cube Small cellated hexeract (scox)
5760
960
54
t0,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Runcinated 6-cube Small prismated hexeract (spox)
7680
1280
55
t0,2 {4,3,3,3,3}
Cantellated 6-cube Small rhombated hexeract (srox)
4800
960
56
t0,1 {4,3,3,3,3}
Truncated 6-cube Truncated hexeract (tox)
76
444
1120
1520
1152
384
57
t0,1,2 {3,3,3,3,4}
Cantitruncated 6-orthoplex Great rhombated hexacontatetrapeton (grog)
3840
960
58
t0,1,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Runcitruncated 6-orthoplex Prismatotruncated hexacontatetrapeton (potag)
15840
2880
59
t0,2,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Runcicantellated 6-orthoplex Prismatorhombated hexacontatetrapeton (prog)
11520
2880
60
t1,2,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Bicantitruncated 6-orthoplex Great birhombated hexacontatetrapeton (gaborg)
10080
2880
61
t0,1,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Steritruncated 6-orthoplex Cellitruncated hexacontatetrapeton (catog)
19200
3840
62
t0,2,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Stericantellated 6-orthoplex Cellirhombated hexacontatetrapeton (crag)
28800
5760
63
t1,2,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Biruncitruncated 6-orthoplex Biprismatotruncated hexacontatetrapeton (boprax)
23040
5760
64
t0,3,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Steriruncinated 6-orthoplex Celliprismated hexacontatetrapeton (copog)
15360
3840
65
t1,2,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Biruncitruncated 6-cube Biprismatotruncated hexeract (boprag)
23040
5760
66
t1,2,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Bicantitruncated 6-cube Great birhombated hexeract (gaborx)
11520
3840
67
t0,1,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Pentitruncated 6-orthoplex Teritruncated hexacontatetrapeton (tacox)
8640
1920
68
t0,2,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Penticantellated 6-orthoplex Terirhombated hexacontatetrapeton (tapox)
21120
3840
69
t0,3,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Steriruncinated 6-cube Celliprismated hexeract (copox)
15360
3840
70
t0,2,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Penticantellated 6-cube Terirhombated hexeract (topag)
21120
3840
71
t0,2,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Stericantellated 6-cube Cellirhombated hexeract (crax)
28800
5760
72
t0,2,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Runcicantellated 6-cube Prismatorhombated hexeract (prox)
13440
3840
73
t0,1,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentitruncated 6-cube Teritruncated hexeract (tacog)
8640
1920
74
t0,1,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Steritruncated 6-cube Cellitruncated hexeract (catax)
19200
3840
75
t0,1,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Runcitruncated 6-cube Prismatotruncated hexeract (potax)
17280
3840
76
t0,1,2 {4,3,3,3,3}
Cantitruncated 6-cube Great rhombated hexeract (grox)
5760
1920
77
t0,1,2,3 {3,3,3,3,4}
Runcicantitruncated 6-orthoplex Great prismated hexacontatetrapeton (gopog)
20160
5760
78
t0,1,2,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Stericantitruncated 6-orthoplex Celligreatorhombated hexacontatetrapeton (cagorg)
46080
11520
79
t0,1,3,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Steriruncitruncated 6-orthoplex Celliprismatotruncated hexacontatetrapeton (captog)
40320
11520
80
t0,2,3,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Steriruncicantellated 6-orthoplex Celliprismatorhombated hexacontatetrapeton (coprag)
40320
11520
81
t1,2,3,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Biruncicantitruncated 6-cube Great biprismato-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (gobpoxog)
34560
11520
82
t0,1,2,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Penticantitruncated 6-orthoplex Terigreatorhombated hexacontatetrapeton (togrig)
30720
7680
83
t0,1,3,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Pentiruncitruncated 6-orthoplex Teriprismatotruncated hexacontatetrapeton (tocrax)
51840
11520
84
t0,2,3,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentiruncicantellated 6-cube Teriprismatorhombi-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (tiprixog)
46080
11520
85
t0,2,3,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Steriruncicantellated 6-cube Celliprismatorhombated hexeract (coprix)
40320
11520
86
t0,1,4,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentisteritruncated 6-cube Tericelli-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (tactaxog)
30720
7680
87
t0,1,3,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentiruncitruncated 6-cube Teriprismatotruncated hexeract (tocrag)
51840
11520
88
t0,1,3,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Steriruncitruncated 6-cube Celliprismatotruncated hexeract (captix)
40320
11520
89
t0,1,2,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Penticantitruncated 6-cube Terigreatorhombated hexeract (togrix)
30720
7680
90
t0,1,2,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Stericantitruncated 6-cube Celligreatorhombated hexeract (cagorx)
46080
11520
91
t0,1,2,3 {4,3,3,3,3}
Runcicantitruncated 6-cube Great prismated hexeract (gippox)
23040
7680
92
t0,1,2,3,4 {3,3,3,3,4}
Steriruncicantitruncated 6-orthoplex Great cellated hexacontatetrapeton (gocog)
69120
23040
93
t0,1,2,3,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Pentiruncicantitruncated 6-orthoplex Terigreatoprismated hexacontatetrapeton (tagpog)
80640
23040
94
t0,1,2,4,5 {3,3,3,3,4}
Pentistericantitruncated 6-orthoplex Tericelligreatorhombated hexacontatetrapeton (tecagorg)
80640
23040
95
t0,1,2,4,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentistericantitruncated 6-cube Tericelligreatorhombated hexeract (tocagrax)
80640
23040
96
t0,1,2,3,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Pentiruncicantitruncated 6-cube Terigreatoprismated hexeract (tagpox)
80640
23040
97
t0,1,2,3,4 {4,3,3,3,3}
Steriruncicantitruncated 6-cube Great cellated hexeract (gocax)
69120
23040
98
t0,1,2,3,4,5 {4,3,3,3,3}
Omnitruncated 6-cube Great teri-hexeractihexacontitetrapeton (gotaxog)
138240
46080
The D6 family
The D6 family has symmetry of order 23040 (6 factorial x 25 ).
This family has 3×16−1=47 Wythoffian uniform polytopes, generated by marking one or more nodes of the D6 Coxeter-Dynkin diagram . Of these, 31 (2×16−1) are repeated from the B6 family and 16 are unique to this family. The 16 unique forms are enumerated below. Bowers-style acronym names are given for cross-referencing.
#
Coxeter diagram
Names
Base point (Alternately signed)
Element counts
Circumrad
5
4
3
2
1
0
99
=
6-demicube Hemihexeract (hax)
(1,1,1,1,1,1)
44
252
640
640
240
32
0.8660254
100
=
Cantic 6-cube Truncated hemihexeract (thax)
(1,1,3,3,3,3)
76
636
2080
3200
2160
480
2.1794493
101
=
Runcic 6-cube Small rhombated hemihexeract (sirhax)
(1,1,1,3,3,3)
3840
640
1.9364916
102
=
Steric 6-cube Small prismated hemihexeract (sophax)
(1,1,1,1,3,3)
3360
480
1.6583123
103
=
Pentic 6-cube Small cellated demihexeract (sochax)
(1,1,1,1,1,3)
1440
192
1.3228756
104
=
Runcicantic 6-cube Great rhombated hemihexeract (girhax)
(1,1,3,5,5,5)
5760
1920
3.2787192
105
=
Stericantic 6-cube Prismatotruncated hemihexeract (pithax)
(1,1,3,3,5,5)
12960
2880
2.95804
106
=
Steriruncic 6-cube Prismatorhombated hemihexeract (prohax)
(1,1,1,3,5,5)
7680
1920
2.7838821
107
=
Penticantic 6-cube Cellitruncated hemihexeract (cathix)
(1,1,3,3,3,5)
9600
1920
2.5980761
108
=
Pentiruncic 6-cube Cellirhombated hemihexeract (crohax)
(1,1,1,3,3,5)
10560
1920
2.3979158
109
=
Pentisteric 6-cube Celliprismated hemihexeract (cophix)
(1,1,1,1,3,5)
5280
960
2.1794496
110
=
Steriruncicantic 6-cube Great prismated hemihexeract (gophax)
(1,1,3,5,7,7)
17280
5760
4.0926762
111
=
Pentiruncicantic 6-cube Celligreatorhombated hemihexeract (cagrohax)
(1,1,3,5,5,7)
20160
5760
3.7080991
112
=
Pentistericantic 6-cube Celliprismatotruncated hemihexeract (capthix)
(1,1,3,3,5,7)
23040
5760
3.4278274
113
=
Pentisteriruncic 6-cube Celliprismatorhombated hemihexeract (caprohax)
(1,1,1,3,5,7)
15360
3840
3.2787192
114
=
Pentisteriruncicantic 6-cube Great cellated hemihexeract (gochax)
(1,1,3,5,7,9)
34560
11520
4.5552168
The E6 family
There are 39 forms based on all permutations of the Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams with one or more rings. Bowers-style acronym names are given for cross-referencing. The E6 family has symmetry of order 51,840.
#
Coxeter diagram
Names
Element counts
5-faces
4-faces
Cells
Faces
Edges
Vertices
115
221 Icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (jak)
99
648
1080
720
216
27
116
Rectified 221 Rectified icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (rojak)
126
1350
4320
5040
2160
216
117
Truncated 221 Truncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (tojak)
126
1350
4320
5040
2376
432
118
Cantellated 221 Small rhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (sirjak)
342
3942
15120
24480
15120
2160
119
Runcinated 221 Small demiprismated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (shopjak)
342
4662
16200
19440
8640
1080
120
Demified icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (hejak)
342
2430
7200
7920
3240
432
121
Bitruncated 221 Bitruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (botajik)
2160
122
Demirectified icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (harjak)
1080
123
Cantitruncated 221 Great rhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (girjak)
4320
124
Runcitruncated 221 Demiprismatotruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (hopitjak)
4320
125
Steritruncated 221 Cellitruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (catjak)
2160
126
Demitruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (hotjak)
2160
127
Runcicantellated 221 Demiprismatorhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (haprojak)
6480
128
Small demirhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (shorjak)
4320
129
Small prismated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (spojak)
4320
130
Tritruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (titajak)
4320
131
Runcicantitruncated 221 Great demiprismated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (ghopjak)
12960
132
Stericantitruncated 221 Celligreatorhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (cograjik)
12960
133
Great demirhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (ghorjak)
8640
134
Prismatotruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (potjak)
12960
135
Demicellitruncated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (hictijik)
8640
136
Prismatorhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (projak)
12960
137
Great prismated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (gapjak)
25920
138
Demicelligreatorhombated icosiheptaheptacontidipeton (hocgarjik)
25920
Triaprisms
Uniform triaprisms , {p }×{q }×{r }, form an infinite class for all integers p ,q ,r >2. {4}×{4}×{4} makes a lower symmetry form of the 6-cube .
The extended f-vector is (p ,p ,1 )*(q ,q ,1 )*(r ,r ,1 )=(pqr ,3pqr ,3pqr +pq +pr +qr ,3p (p +1),3p ,1 ).
Coxeter diagram
Names
Element counts
5-faces
4-faces
Cells
Faces
Edges
Vertices
{p }×{q }×{r } [ 4]
p +q +r
pq +pr +qr +p +q +r
pqr +2(pq +pr +qr )
3pqr +pq +pr +qr
3pqr
pqr
{p }×{p }×{p }
3p
3p (p +1)
p 2 (p +6)
3p 2 (p +1)
3p 3
p 3
{3}×{3}×{3} (trittip)
9
36
81
99
81
27
{4}×{4}×{4} = 6-cube
12
60
160
240
192
64
Non-Wythoffian 6-polytopes
In 6 dimensions and above, there are an infinite amount of non-Wythoffian convex uniform polytopes : the Cartesian product of the grand antiprism in 4 dimensions and any regular polygon in 2 dimensions. It is not yet proven whether or not there are more.
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram correspondences between families and higher symmetry within diagrams. Nodes of the same color in each row represent identical mirrors. Black nodes are not active in the correspondence.
There are four fundamental affine Coxeter groups and 27 prismatic groups that generate regular and uniform tessellations in 5-space:
#
Coxeter group
Coxeter diagram
Forms
1
A
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{5}}
[3[6] ]
12
2
C
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{5}}
[4,33 ,4]
35
3
B
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{5}}
[4,3,31,1 ] [4,33 ,4,1+ ]
47 (16 new)
4
D
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{5}}
[31,1 ,3,31,1 ] [1+ ,4,33 ,4,1+ ]
20 (3 new)
Regular and uniform honeycombs include:
A
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{5}}
There are 12 unique uniform honeycombs, including:
C
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{5}}
There are 35 uniform honeycombs, including:
B
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{5}}
There are 47 uniform honeycombs, 16 new, including:
D
~ ~ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{5}}
, [31,1 ,3,31,1 ]: There are 20 unique ringed permutations, and 3 new ones. Coxeter calls the first one a quarter 5-cubic honeycomb , with symbols q{4,33 ,4}, = . The other two new ones are = , = .
Prismatic groups
#
Coxeter group
Coxeter-Dynkin diagram
1
A
~ ~ -->
4
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{4}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[5] ,2,∞]
2
B
~ ~ -->
4
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{4}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,3,31,1 ,2,∞]
3
C
~ ~ -->
4
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{4}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,3,3,4,2,∞]
4
D
~ ~ -->
4
{\displaystyle {\tilde {D}}_{4}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[31,1,1,1 ,2,∞]
5
F
~ ~ -->
4
{\displaystyle {\tilde {F}}_{4}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3,4,3,3,2,∞]
6
C
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{3}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,3,4,2,∞,2,∞]
7
B
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{3}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,31,1 ,2,∞,2,∞]
8
A
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{3}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[4] ,2,∞,2,∞]
9
C
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,4,2,∞,2,∞,2,∞]
10
H
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {H}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[6,3,2,∞,2,∞,2,∞]
11
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[3] ,2,∞,2,∞,2,∞]
12
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[∞,2,∞,2,∞,2,∞,2,∞]
13
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
x
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[3] ,2,3[3] ,2,∞]
14
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
x
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[3] ,2,4,4,2,∞]
15
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[3[3] ,2,6,3,2,∞]
16
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
x
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,4,2,4,4,2,∞]
17
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[4,4,2,6,3,2,∞]
18
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
x
I
~ ~ -->
1
{\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{1}}
[6,3,2,6,3,2,∞]
19
A
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{3}}
x
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
[3[4] ,2,3[3] ]
20
B
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{3}}
x
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
[4,31,1 ,2,3[3] ]
21
C
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{3}}
x
A
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{2}}
[4,3,4,2,3[3] ]
22
A
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{3}}
x
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
[3[4] ,2,4,4]
23
B
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{3}}
x
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
[4,31,1 ,2,4,4]
24
C
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{3}}
x
B
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{2}}
[4,3,4,2,4,4]
25
A
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {A}}_{3}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
[3[4] ,2,6,3]
26
B
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {B}}_{3}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
[4,31,1 ,2,6,3]
27
C
~ ~ -->
3
{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}_{3}}
x
G
~ ~ -->
2
{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}_{2}}
[4,3,4,2,6,3]
There are no compact hyperbolic Coxeter groups of rank 6, groups that can generate honeycombs with all finite facets, and a finite vertex figure . However, there are 12 paracompact hyperbolic Coxeter groups of rank 6, each generating uniform honeycombs in 5-space as permutations of rings of the Coxeter diagrams.
Hyperbolic paracompact groups
P
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {P}}_{5}}
= [3,3[5] ]:
A
U
^ ^ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\widehat {AU}}_{5}}
= [(3,3,3,3,3,4)]:
A
R
^ ^ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\widehat {AR}}_{5}}
= [(3,3,4,3,3,4)]:
S
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {S}}_{5}}
= [4,3,32,1 ]:
O
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {O}}_{5}}
= [3,4,31,1 ]:
N
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {N}}_{5}}
= [3,(3,4)1,1 ]:
U
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {U}}_{5}}
= [3,3,3,4,3]:
X
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}_{5}}
= [3,3,4,3,3]:
R
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {R}}_{5}}
= [3,4,3,3,4]:
Q
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {Q}}_{5}}
= [32,1,1,1 ]:
M
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {M}}_{5}}
= [4,3,31,1,1 ]:
L
¯ ¯ -->
5
{\displaystyle {\bar {L}}_{5}}
= [31,1,1,1,1 ]:
Construction of the reflective 6-dimensional uniform polytopes are done through a Wythoff construction process, and represented through a Coxeter-Dynkin diagram , where each node represents a mirror. Nodes are ringed to imply which mirrors are active. The full set of uniform polytopes generated are based on the unique permutations of ringed nodes. Uniform 6-polytopes are named in relation to the regular polytopes in each family. Some families have two regular constructors and thus may have two ways of naming them.
Here's the primary operators available for constructing and naming the uniform 6-polytopes.
The prismatic forms and bifurcating graphs can use the same truncation indexing notation, but require an explicit numbering system on the nodes for clarity.
Operation
ExtendedSchläfli symbol
Coxeter- Dynkin diagram
Description
Parent
t0 {p,q,r,s,t}
Any regular 6-polytope
Rectified
t1 {p,q,r,s,t}
The edges are fully truncated into single points. The 6-polytope now has the combined faces of the parent and dual.
Birectified
t2 {p,q,r,s,t}
Birectification reduces cells to their duals .
Truncated
t0,1 {p,q,r,s,t}
Each original vertex is cut off, with a new face filling the gap. Truncation has a degree of freedom, which has one solution that creates a uniform truncated 6-polytope. The 6-polytope has its original faces doubled in sides, and contains the faces of the dual.
Bitruncated
t1,2 {p,q,r,s,t}
Bitrunction transforms cells to their dual truncation.
Tritruncated
t2,3 {p,q,r,s,t}
Tritruncation transforms 4-faces to their dual truncation.
Cantellated
t0,2 {p,q,r,s,t}
In addition to vertex truncation, each original edge is beveled with new rectangular faces appearing in their place. A uniform cantellation is halfway between both the parent and dual forms.
Bicantellated
t1,3 {p,q,r,s,t}
In addition to vertex truncation, each original edge is beveled with new rectangular faces appearing in their place. A uniform cantellation is halfway between both the parent and dual forms.
Runcinated
t0,3 {p,q,r,s,t}
Runcination reduces cells and creates new cells at the vertices and edges.
Biruncinated
t1,4 {p,q,r,s,t}
Runcination reduces cells and creates new cells at the vertices and edges.
Stericated
t0,4 {p,q,r,s,t}
Sterication reduces 4-faces and creates new 4-faces at the vertices, edges, and faces in the gaps.
Pentellated
t0,5 {p,q,r,s,t}
Pentellation reduces 5-faces and creates new 5-faces at the vertices, edges, faces, and cells in the gaps. (expansion operation for polypeta)
Omnitruncated
t0,1,2,3,4,5 {p,q,r,s,t}
All five operators, truncation, cantellation, runcination, sterication, and pentellation are applied.
See also
Notes
References
T. Gosset : On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions , Messenger of Mathematics , Macmillan, 1900
A. Boole Stott : Geometrical deduction of semiregular from regular polytopes and space fillings , Verhandelingen of the Koninklijke academy van Wetenschappen width unit Amsterdam, Eerste Sectie 11,1, Amsterdam, 1910
H.S.M. Coxeter :
H.S.M. Coxeter, M.S. Longuet-Higgins und J.C.P. Miller: Uniform Polyhedra , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Londne, 1954
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes , 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter , edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I , [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II , [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III , [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
N.W. Johnson : The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs , Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
Klitzing, Richard. "6D uniform polytopes (polypeta)" .
Klitzing, Richard. "Uniform polytopes truncation operators" .
External links