^ abNeither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
^Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
^A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
^Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
^Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Rhode Island since August 1, 2013. The state had authorized a limited form of domestic partnerships from 2002 to 2011 and the formation of civil unions from 2011 until the state began recognizing same-sex marriages in 2013. Same-sex marriage legislation passed the House of Representatives on January 24, 2013. The Senate passed an amended version on April 24, 2013 by a 26–12 vote, which the House approved on May 2 by 56 votes to 15. The bill was signed into law by Governor Lincoln Chafee the same day, and took effect on August 1, with the first same-sex marriages taking place that day. Rhode Island was the last U.S. state in New England to legalize same-sex marriage.
Legal history
Background
Same-sex marriage was first debated in the 1990s,[1] but faced fierce opposition from the Catholic Church, which is influential in the state as Rhode Island has the highest proportion of Catholic residents of any state in the United States. Despite political opposition, Rhode Island began allowing unregistered domestic partnerships in 2002 that provided a small number of legal benefits to same-sex couples. For example, the surviving spouse in such a partnership, if a police officer, fire fighter, or correctional officer, could receive a death benefit. Domestic partners could adjust their state taxes to reflect the costs of health insurance premiums,[2] and could control the funeral arrangements of a deceased partner.[3] This status became inactive with the state's adoption of civil unions.[2]
In February 2007, Attorney General Patrick C. Lynch issued an opinion advising that same-sex marriages performed in Massachusetts be recognized in Rhode Island. He said that "his interpretation permitted recognition of the marriages, although he acknowledged that it was just an opinion and did not have the force of law."[4] The Human Rights Campaign noted that "This is not a binding opinion and the attorney general noted that this question will most likely be answered by the courts."[2][5]
Court challenges
In September 2006, Massachusetts Superior Court Justice Thomas E. Connolly ruled that same-sex couples who live in Rhode Island can marry in Massachusetts. The ruling was a response to a 1913 law that prohibited Massachusetts from performing marriages that were not legal in the couple's home state. The ruling did not affect the status of such marriages in Rhode Island.[6]
Civil union licenses were issued by the state of Rhode Island between July 1, 2011 and August 1, 2013. Civil unions provided couples with almost all of the rights and benefits of marriage under state law. Same-sex couples could however not access the federal benefits of marriage until the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Windsor on June 26, 2013.
In 2001, there was an attempt (similar to Vermont's civil union law) to create civil unions under Rhode Island's domestic relations statutes. Any Rhode Island law applying to marriages would have also applied to the newly created civil unions. The bill was introduced to the Rhode Island House of Representatives, but the Judiciary Committee defeated it.[8]
In May 2011, a bill to legalize civil unions was introduced to the Rhode Island General Assembly.[9] On May 19, 2011, the bill passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 62–11, with two representatives not voting.[10][11] The Senate then passed the bill on a vote of 21–16 on June 29.[12][13] Governor Lincoln Chafee signed the legislation on July 2, 2011, and it retroactively took effect as of July 1, 2011.[14][15] The legislation included extensive and controversial exemptions that allowed any religiously affiliated organization or institution, such as schools, universities and hospitals, to deny recognition of spouses in a civil union, which made it unpopular with advocates of same-sex marriage.[16] Participation in civil unions was very low.[16] As of February 2012, only 46 couples had established civil unions.[17] On August 1, 2013, when the state began offering same-sex marriage, it stopped offering civil unions, though it continues to recognize existing ones.[18]
Same-sex marriage
Bills to legalize same-sex marriage were first proposed in 1998. In 2004, Representative Arthur Handy and Senator Rhoda Perry introduced same-sex marriage legislation to the General Assembly. Perry's bill had four co-sponsors, and Handy's bill had 11 House co-sponsors. Both the House and Senate judiciary committees held hearings on the marriage bills, but neither took any action. Handy and Perry reintroduced their bills in 2005 with more co-sponsors, including two Republican lawmakers.[19] In early 2011, legislation to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the General Assembly. Governor Lincoln Chafee, an independent at the time, had previously indicated that he would sign such legislation if it were approved by the Assembly.[20] In April 2011, the legislation stalled due to lack of support in the Assembly,[21] and contentious debate.[22]
On May 14, 2012, Governor Chafee signed an executive order recognizing out-of-state same-sex marriages.[23][24]
On January 3, 2013, Representative Arthur Handy and Senator Donna Nesselbush introduced legislation to legalize same-sex marriage. The House version had 42 out of 75 members as sponsors, while the Senate version had 11 out of 38 senators.[25][26] On January 7, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Providence, Thomas Tobin, called the legislation "immoral and unnecessary" and recommended a referendum over enacting same-sex marriage by statute.[27] Governor Chafee said on January 11 that he would probably veto such a referendum.[28] The Episcopal Bishop of Rhode Island, Nicholas Knisely, said he was "eager to see our state legislature join many others across the country in passing legislation to ensure civil marriage equality."[29]
The House Judiciary Committee approved the legislation unanimously on January 22.[30] The House passed the bill on a 51–19 vote two days later.[31][32] The Rhode Island Council of Churches endorsed the legislation on January 31.[33] On April 23, all 5 Republican state senators announced their support for the legislation—the first time a party's caucus in a state legislature had supported same-sex marriage unanimously[34]—and the Senate Judiciary Committee approved the legislation in a 7–4 vote, while defeating a proposal to present the issue to voters as a referendum.[35] On April 24, the Rhode Island Senate passed an amended version of the bill by a 26–12 vote.[36][37][38] On April 30, the House Judiciary Committee unanimously approved the amended legislation.[39] The House passed the legislation on May 2 on a vote of 56 to 15,[40] and Chafee signed it into law the same day.[41][42][43] Bishop Tobin reiterated his opposition the same day and wrote a letter to Rhode Island Catholics that said "homosexual acts are ... always sinful" and advised that "Catholics should examine their consciences very carefully before deciding whether or not to endorse same-sex relationships or attend same-sex ceremonies. To do so might harm their relationship with God."[18]
The legislation took effect on August 1, 2013,[18] with the first marriage licenses issued to same-sex couples when offices opened at 8:30 a.m. that day.[44] The first couple to be issued a license in Providence were Gary McDowell and Zachary Marcus, who filed marriage paperwork at Providence City Hall shortly after 8:30 a.m. on August 1.[45] The definition of marriage in Rhode Island law is now the following:[46]
Marriage is the legally recognized union of two (2) people. Terms relating to the marital relationship or familial relationships shall be construed consistently with this section for all purposes throughout the law, whether in the context of statute, administrative or court rule, policy, common law, or any other source of civil law. [RI Gen L § 15-1-7]
Native American nations
The state law recognizing same-sex marriages does not apply to the Narragansett Indian Tribe, which has jurisdiction over marriages and divorces performed under tribal law. It is unclear if same-sex marriage is legal on the reservation as tribal officials have not publicly commented on the issue.[47]
While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in Native American cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere.[48] It is possible that the Narragansett people traditionally allowed for marriages between two biological males through a two-spirit status, but a lot of traditional knowledge was lost in the aftermath of colonization, and so it is unknown if such two-spirit individuals were historically allowed to marry.[48] Two-spirit people are referred to as neese manitouog or noh waashpit (which literally translates to "he is effeminate") in Narragansett.[49][50]
Demographics and marriage statistics
Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 2,471 same-sex couples were living in Rhode Island, with most couples living in Providence and Kent counties. Same-sex partners in Rhode Island were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and significantly more likely to be employed. The median household income of same-sex couples was similar to that of different-sex couples, but same-sex couples were far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 12% of same-sex couples in Rhode Island were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 400 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2000.[51]
The 2020 U.S. census showed that there were 2,775 married same-sex couple households (1,217 male couples and 1,558 female couples) and 2,204 unmarried same-sex couple households in Rhode Island.[52]
Public opinion
Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Rhode Island
Various polls have been commissioned by participants in the same-sex marriage debate, including by the Rhode Island chapter of the Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders and the National Organization for Marriage (NOM), which opposes same-sex marriage. The poll results reflect different question wording and sampling, with NOM's polls generally showing far weaker support for same-sex marriage than other polls.[53] Slightly more than half of Rhode Islanders are Catholic.[54] A survey by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research for the Rhode Island Marriage Coalition in August 2010 showed that 63 percent of Catholics supported same-sex marriage provided it did not infringe on the church's right to choose whom it marries.[55]
The January 2013 poll from Public Policy Polling found that 57 percent of Rhode Island voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage and 36 percent opposed legalization. Support was highest among voters under the age of 45 at 65 percent. Given other options, 31 percent preferred civil unions to marriage and 13 percent thought that there should be no legal recognition of same-sex relationships.[56]
^"Marriage FAQ". Marriage Equality Rhode Island. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2011. it is still a complicated issue about whether these marriages will be respected in Rhode Island.
