^ abNeither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
^Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
^A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
^Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
^Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
Same-sex unions have been recognised in the microstate of Monaco since 27 June 2020. On 4 December 2019, the National Council passed a bill establishing cohabitation agreements, offering both same-sex and opposite-sex couples limited rights and benefits in the areas of inheritance and property. The law took effect on 27 June.
In March 2022, a court ordered the government to recognize a same-sex marriage validly performed in the United States.[1] This ruling was upheld by the Court of Appeal, but the decision was overturned by the Court of Revision on 18 March 2024.
Cohabitation agreements
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
Marriage
Civil union
Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
Unrecognized
Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
The legislative process leading to the recognition of same-sex couples started in the early 2010s. In November 2010, an interview mentioned that Jean-Charles Gardetto,[2] a member of the National Council and lawyer, was preparing a draft bill intending to legally define cohabitation, either for heterosexual or for homosexual couples.[3] On 18 June 2013, the opposition Union Monégasque party submitted a bill to Parliament to establish gender-neutral cohabitation agreements.[4] The bill was immediately sent to the Women and Family Rights Commission for consideration. In July 2015, the commission's president said that debate on the bill would begin in late 2015.[5] Originally submitted as pacte de vie commune, the bill was amended to establish a "cohabitation agreement" (French: contrat de vie commune, pronounced[kɔ̃tʁad(ə)vikɔmyn]; Monégasque: cuntratu de vita cumüne, pronounced[kuŋˈtɾatudeˈvitakuˈmyːne]). The bill's rapporteur, Jean-Louis Grinda, submitted his report on 7 September 2016.[6] It noted that the Monegasque administration has recognised concubinage since 2008, and that the European Court of Human Rights considers non-recognition of same-sex relationships to be contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights as per its ruling in Oliari and Others v Italy. On 27 October 2016, the National Council unanimously approved a resolution mandating the Council of Government to draft a bill recognizing same-sex unions.[7] On 27 April 2017, the Council responded positively to the proposal, and said it would introduce a draft law by April 2018 following the February 2018 elections.[8]
The cohabitation agreement bill was introduced to the National Council on 16 April 2018. Under the bill, cohabiting same-sex and opposite-sex couples would be considered on par with siblings for inheritance tax but not at the same level as married couples. The agreement, which is open to siblings and parents and children as well, also provides an enumerated set of property and social security rights, and reciprocal obligations. The contrat is signed in front of a notary and then deposited at a public registry.[9] The agreement provides some but not all of the rights of marriage. For example, a foreign partner is not eligible for Monegasque citizenship, and both partners cannot share the same surname.[10]
On 4 December 2019, the National Council approved the bill in a unanimous 22–0 vote.[11][12][13] The legislation was signed into law by Prince Albert II on 17 December 2019, published in the official journal on 27 December and took effect six months later (i.e. 27 June 2020).[9] Several lawmakers criticized the "hypocritical" opposition of Catholic officials, notably from the Archbishop of Monaco, Bernard Barsi, who had written to all deputies urging them to vote against the bill, noting that the law concerned solely civil matters and not religious ones.[14] Many deputies called the law "long overdue", and President of the National Council Stéphane Valeri called it "great news for all couples".[15]
Same-sex marriage is not recognized in Monaco. The Civil Code of Monaco does not explicitly ban same-sex marriages, but article 116 requires "the man" and "the woman" to be at least 18 years of age to marry.[16] The Constitution of Monaco does not restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples.[17]
On 10 March 2022, a lower court ruled that the government had to register the marriage of a dual Monegasque-American same-sex couple who had married in Michigan in August 2019. The couple had applied to register their marriage in Monaco in February 2020, but the civil registrar refused to do so on the basis that their marriage "contravened the Monegasque public order" and that the Civil Code did not recognize same-sex marriages. The lower court held that the marriage was legally valid and did not violate the Monegasque public order. It ordered the government to register the marriage and provide the couple with all the rights and benefits of marriage. An appellate court upheld the decision on 28 September 2023.[1] However, the appeal decision was overturned by the highest court, the Court of Revision, on 18 March 2024.[18]
Mon'Arc en Ciel, an organisation campaigning for the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Monaco, was officially created in May 2024.[19]
Religious performance
In May 2015, the United Protestant Church of France, which has one parish in Monaco, voted to allow its pastors to bless same-sex marriages. The measure, which was passed by 94 votes to 3, also includes a freedom of conscience clause allowing pastors with objections to opt out.[20] The Catholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In December 2023, the Holy See published Fiducia supplicans, a declaration allowing Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.[21]
Public opinion
According to a survey conducted in 2007 by the Union pour Monaco (UPM) party before the 2007 municipal elections, 51% of the respondents (only native Monegasque inhabitants asked) agreed that living in a registered partnership should be accepted. Monegasques being a minority in Monaco, the survey is not representative of the entire public's opinion.[22]
^Monacohebdo.mc, "Les cas de discrimination existent", question : "Vous aviez en projet de proposer un texte sur le concubinage ?", 8 November 2010 (French)
