Same-sex marriage in Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba

Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba since 10 October 2012, the effective date of legislation passed by the States General of the Netherlands enabling same-sex couples to marry.[1][2] The Caribbean Netherlands was the first jurisdiction in the Caribbean to legalise same-sex marriage, and was followed a few months later by French territories, including Guadeloupe and Martinique, in May 2013.

Saba and Bonaire have been named among the best marriage destinations for same-sex couples in the Caribbean.[3]

Background

In 1954, the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, known as the Netherlands Antilles. Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 to become its own separate constituent country within the Kingdom. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved in 2010; Curaçao and Sint Maarten joined Aruba in becoming autonomous constituent countries, while Saba, Bonaire and Sint Eustastius became special municipalities of the Netherlands proper. Voters in Saba and Bonaire had voted for integration into the Netherlands in referendums in 2004, while Sint Eustastius had voted against integration in 2005. Under the law of the Netherlands Antilles, same-sex couples were not permitted to marry, despite same-sex marriage having been legalised in the Netherlands proper in 2001.[4]

Same-sex marriage law

Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico
  Same-sex marriage
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Island subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced

As the States General of the Netherlands was debating legislation to establish the Caribbean Netherlands, MPs Johan Remkes and Ineke van Gent introduced an amendment to open marriage to same-sex couples on the islands. The government of Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced it preferred to negotiate the change with the islands first.[5][6] In 2007, politicians from the three islands called on the government not to introduce same-sex marriage. A deputy from the Bonaire Patriotic Union said, "We have no problem registering the marriages of gays. But we don't want same-sex marriages.", while a deputy from the Windward Islands People's Movement stated that "Saba has always been very tolerant towards homosexuals. We have no problem with that. But marriage, that's something else."[7][8] The issue was particularly controversial on the island of Sint Eustatius,[9] with many Christian islanders opposing the principle of the law and because of the perceived "neocolonialism" of the Netherlands imposing such a law on its overseas municipalities. The Sint Eustatius Island Council also passed a resolution opposing same-sex marriage in 2010.[10]

The law, known as the Implementation Act Public Entities Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, was passed by the Parliament, and received royal assent by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 17 May 2010. It took effect on 10 October 2010. This established the Caribbean Netherlands, and incorporated Saba, Sint Eustatius and Bonaire into the Netherlands proper as special municipalities. The islands were given a civil code, and Netherlands Antilles legislation was gradually replaced with Dutch legislation over the following years. The Second Amendment Act Public Bodies Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, in force since 1 January 2011, amended the Civil Code to insert two clauses ensuring recognition of marriages and registered partnerships performed abroad, including in the Netherlands, and providing these unions with the same treatment as the marriages and partnerships of opposite-sex couples.[11] It was expected that provisions permitting same-sex marriages to be solemnised on the islands would come into effect within two years.

Legislation to legalise same-sex marriage on the islands took effect on 10 October 2012. Article 1:30 of the Civil Code was changed from "Marriage can only exist between a man and a woman." to:[12]

  • in Dutch: Een huwelijk kan worden aangegaan door twee personen van verschillend of van gelijk geslacht.
  • in Papiamento: Un matrimonio por tuma luga entre dos personanan di diferente o di mesun sekso.
(A marriage can be entered into by two persons of different or of the same sex.)

The first same-sex marriage in Saba was performed in The Bottom on 4 December 2012 between Cedeno Xiomar Gonzalez, an Aruban, and Israel Ernesto Ruiz Pinto, from Venezuela, who were both residents of Aruba.[13][14][15] The first same-sex wedding in Bonaire was performed in May 2013 in Kralendijk between Jean Ardley Baiz and Norbert Miguel Torrealba, also an Aruban-Venezuelan couple.[16] The first public same-sex marriage in Sint Eustatius took place in December 2019 in Oranjestad between Walter Hellebrand and Christopher Russell, though several same-sex couples had already married in Sint Eustatius in private ceremonies prior to this.[17]

Saba has been named one of the best marriage destination for same-sex couples in the Caribbean.[3] By 2018, 22 same-sex couples had married on the island.[18] Bonaire has also been named among the best marriage destinations for same-sex couples in the Caribbean.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Burgerlijk wetboek BES, boek 1" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  2. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b "Weddings". Saba Tourism. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  4. ^ "About the Caribbean Netherlands". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. 23 September 2016.
  5. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, Nr. 23 GEWIJZIGD AMENDEMENT VAN DE LEDEN VAN GENT EN REMKES TER VERVANGING VAN DAT GEDRUKT ONDER NR. 14" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  6. ^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba, NOTA NAAR AANLEIDING VAN HET VERSLAG" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  7. ^ "Antillen verzetten zich tegen homohuwelijk". Bnnvara (in Dutch). 21 December 2009.
  8. ^ "Saba and St. Eustatius also don't want 'same-sex marriages'". COC. 14 March 2007.
  9. ^ "Statia Says No To Gay Marriage". MNI Alive. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  10. ^ "Resistance against same-sex marriages on St Eustatius". Rnw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-01.
  11. ^ "Tweede aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba – A" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  12. ^ "Burgerlijk Wetboek BES Boek 1". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Saba records first gay marriage on Tuesday". St. Maarten Time. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  14. ^ "First Gay Marriage In Dutch Caribbean". Curacao Chronicle. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  15. ^ "First same-gender wedding in Caribbean Netherlands". Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal. 5 December 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Eerste homohuwelijk op Bonaire". NOS Nieuws (in Dutch). 20 May 2013.
  17. ^ "Eerste openbare homohuwelijk op Statia". Antilliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 1 December 2019.
  18. ^ Henry, Esther (5 March 2018). "Saba same-sex marriages increase: 'we feel more comfortable here'". Caribbean Network. The Bottom.
  19. ^ Renzi, Dan (1 September 2023). "Top 10 destinations that celebrate marriage equality in the Caribbean and Latin America". GayCities.