Masako Nozawa (Japanese: 野沢 雅子, Hepburn: Nozawa Masako, born October 25, 1936) is a Japanese actress. Beginning work as a child actress at the age of three, by the time she became an adult, voice acting had inadvertently become her main occupation. Throughout her career, Nozawa has been affiliated with Production Baobab, 81 Produce, the self-owned Office Nozawa and Aoni Production. She is best known as the voice of Son Goku in the Dragon Ball franchise, beginning with its first animated adaptation in 1986. She also voices most of the character's male relatives, namely Son Gohan and Son Goten. Nozawa's other roles include Kitarō in GeGeGe no Kitarō (1968, 1971 and 2008), Doraemon in the 1973 anime, and Tetsurō Hoshino in Galaxy Express 999 (1978).
Masako Nozawa was born on October 25, 1936, in the Nippori area of Arakawa, Tokyo as the only child of painter Ryoshu Nozawa (the top disciple of Kawai Gyokudō) and housewife Tsuru (an orphaned daughter of a daimyo).[4][5][6][7] Due to the influence of her aunt, Shochiku actress Kiyono Sasaki, Masako became a child actress at the age of three.[1][5][8] Although she does not remember the titles of her earliest films, she said many depicted the love between a mother and her child.[5] In 1944, the family moved to Numata, Gunma to avoid the air raids of World War II. Nozawa lived in the city from the third grade of elementary school until she graduated high school.[9]
Her first play was a school production of Umihiko Yamahiko in fifth grade, where she played the male role.[7] Both of her parents loved kabuki and she studied Nihon-buyō, thus, Nozawa said she was never shy about being on stage.[8] Despite her aunt's wishes, Nozawa pursued theater instead of film.[8] When she obtained a copy of her family register to apply for high school, she learned that Tsuru was not her biological mother.[6] Because Tsuru had had a miscarriage and could not give birth, her parents agreed to Ryoshu fathering a child with a women he knew in order to continue the Nozawa family lineage.[6] Upon this admission, Tsuru told Masako she had raised her as her own and would continue to do so, and likewise, Masako later said "There is no other mother for me than her."[6]
Career
In junior high school, Nozawa joined the Tougei Theater Company and worked as an actress in Tokyo during school holidays.[5][6] She got in thanks to her aunt knowing a producer at NHK who gave a recommendation.[7] Her first role was an elderly nurse in The Abortion Doctor, which the company gave her an award for.[7] After graduating high school, she moved to Tokyo. She began voice acting in her late teens, in order to help support the struggling theater company.[1][5] She said her first voice role was dubbing an Indian boy in a foreign film at 19.[6] She explained, "It was the early days of television, and many foreign dramas were broadcast. At the time, voice dubbing was also done live, so using children to play boy roles was a concern. But adult men's voices have already changed, so women were chosen for child roles."[5] Although she did not plan on it and had already done a lot of acting in television dramas, voice acting saw a boom and became Nozawa's main occupation.[4][5][6] Her TV drama credits of the time include Akado Suzunosuke (1957) and Anmitsu Hime (1958).[10]
Nozawa made her anime debut in Wolf Boy Ken (1963), and had a guest role on Astro Boy (1963).[11] Her first regular role was in Uchuu Patrol Hopper (1965),[11] and she went on to voice brothers Tonkichi and Kanta Hanamura in Sally, the Witch (1966).[3] Nozawa's first lead role was Kitarō in GeGeGe no Kitarō (1968), which she was selected for by series creator Shigeru Mizuki.[1][10] It also marked the first time she did magazine interviews and her first fan event.[11][12] For the 1973 adaptation of Doraemon, Nozawa took over the role of the title character from Kōsei Tomita, who had voiced the character for the first 13 episodes.[3] She went on to voice Tetsurō Hoshino in Galaxy Express 999 (1978), again being selected by the work's original creator Leiji Matsumoto.[3][10] Although she had reprised the role of Kitarō for the 1971 adaptation of GeGeGe no Kitarō, Nozawa did not do the same for its 1985 adaptation. This was due to Fuji TV having a rule that voice actors could not play more than one lead character at a time.[10] However, she noted that this eventually resulted in her landing the role of Son Goku in Dragon Ball (1986), as otherwise she would not have even been allowed to audition.[10][13] She was chosen to play Goku by Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama, who later stated that he would hear Nozawa's voice in his head when writing the original manga.[4][14][15]
Nozawa led a lawsuit by 361 voice actors against Nippon Animation and its recording studio subsidiary Onkyo Eizo System in demand of unpaid royalties from DVD releases of anime series.[16] After four years, a judge ruled in 2003 that Onkyo Eizo owed 87 million yen (US$796,000) to the actors, but dismissed the case against Nippon Animation as they deemed actor compensation to be the responsibility of the recording studio.[17] Both parties appealed the decision.[16] On August 25, 2004, the Tokyo High Court upheld the ruling against Onkyo Eizo and also found Nippon Animation liable, ordering both companies to pay the 87 million yen.[16][18] The Supreme Court of Japan upheld the ruling in 2005.[19] On April 1, 2006, Nozawa left 81 Produce to establish Office Nozawa. In 2012, she closed the self-owned talent agency. A number of voice actors who were affiliated with her agency went on to affiliate with Media Force.
In 2017, Guinness World Records presented Nozawa with two world records related to her voicing Son Goku in Dragon Ball video games for 23 years and 218 days; "longest video game voice acting career" and "voice actor who voiced the same character in a video game for the longest period".[20][21][22] Two years later, Nozawa was included on Newsweek Japan's list of "100 Globally Respected Japanese People".[23] In December 2023, Nozawa became the first voice actor to receive the Kikuchi Kan Prize in its 71 year history.[24]
In October 2024, Aoni Production and artificial intelligence platform CoeFont announced that Nozawa was one of the voice actors that they would use vocal data from to create AI-replicated voices for use in virtual assistants, medical devices and robots. Planning to make it available in multiple languages, beginning with English and Chinese, the companies acknowledged the potential threat to actors' rights and livelihoods posed by AI, and promised not to use the data for performances in animation or similar works.[25]
Philosophy and technique
Nozawa said she initially preferred acting on stage because she could see the audience's reaction, but came to prefer voice acting in her 30s for "breathing life into things with only your voice."[1][6] However, she noted the two jobs are the same, only their names are different.[5] Nozawa is extremely dedicated to her craft and is known for never being late.[8] The only exception saw her show up to a morning recording session for Tiger Mask ten minutes late wearing ill-fitting clothing, and only afterwards explaining that her house had burned down that morning so she had to borrow clothes from a friend.[8][26] Although she has sung some songs related to her acting roles, such as the theme to The Monster Kid, Nozawa said she is not a good singer and always tries to get out of it.[8] In 2005, Nozawa said she had never turned an acting role down and had never regretted taking one either.[4] Nozawa mainly plays young male characters. This originated in the early days of voice acting when the dubbing of foreign films was done live and actual boys could not be used; staff members would recommend and automatically cast her because they knew she had done it before.[4] Nozawa also speculated this might be due to her childhood as a tomboy; she was the only girl having sword fights with the boys, and preferred that over playing with dolls.[5]
When she goes to an audition, Nozawa does not create the character's voice beforehand, she improvises once she is in front of the microphone.[4] However, after getting the role, she does think about the character's history and background and incorporates that into her acting.[4] If it is an adaptation, she does not read the original work beforehand because she does not want to know what is going to happen so that the reactions in her performances are authenthic.[11] She watches the works she is in when they air on television. For Dragon Ball specifically, she said she watches it twice; the first is simply as a fan for personal enjoyment, but the second is to critique her performance and see if there are adjustments that need to be made.[4] During recording sessions, she avoids speaking with the actors who are playing enemy characters; "Of course, if someone talks to me, I respond, but I try not to initiate conversations myself."[27]
In Dragon Ball, Nozawa is responsible for portraying Goku as well as his sons Gohan and Goten. When they have scenes together, she records the lines for all three in the same take, switching on the spot, rather than performing singular takes for each character.[28] Her colleague Toshio Furukawa stated there is no one else who can do this, and Nozawa revealed that younger actors once asked her to stop because it gives the impression that anyone can.[29][30] Nozawa helped create the unique way Goku speaks, which is known as "Goku language" (悟空語, Gokū-go).[29][31] His famous phrase from anime adaptations, "Ossu! Ora Goku!" (オッス！オラ悟空！, 'Yo! I'm Goku!'), was ad-libbed by her during a recording session as a joke for the staff.[29][28] However, she noted Toei Animation has somehow gone on to receive credit for creating it.[29][31]
When asked about the voice acting industry in 2016, Nozawa said it had become formulaic and young actors lacked individuality, with everyone using the same "cute girl" voice for example.[12] She speculated one of the reasons for this was due to voice acting schools. Although she had taught a few lessons before herself, Nozawa said those were largely reluctant on her part and she tries not to do it anymore because acting is not something that can be taught; "If you tell a rookie who doesn't know what to do, 'In this scene, you should act like this', everyone will act that way."[12]
