List of sovereign states by research and development spending

World map by Research & development spending, according to Our World in Data[1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD[2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]

As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Research and development expenditure
Country WB[7] UNECE[8] OECD[9][10]
Research and development expenditure Research and development expenditure Gross domestic spending on R&D
% of GDP Year % of GDP Year % of GDP mil USD PPC Year
 Angola 0.03%  2016   
 Albania 0.15%  2008   
 United Arab Emirates 1.50%  2021   
 Argentina 0.52%  2021   
 Armenia 0.21%  2022  0.21%  2022   
 American Samoa 0.40%  2006   
 Australia 1.83%  2019   
 Austria 3.26%  2021  3.26%  2021  3.20% 15,247.24  2022
 Azerbaijan 0.15%  2022  0.15%  2022   
 Burundi 0.21%  2018   
 Belgium 3.43%  2021  3.43%  2021  3.41% 19,815.99  2022
 Burkina Faso 0.25%  2021   
 Bulgaria 0.77%  2021  0.77%  2021   
 Bahrain 0.10%  2014   
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.19%  2022  0.19%  2022   
 Belarus 0.48%  2022  0.48%  2022   
 Bermuda 0.23%  2020   
 Bolivia 0.16%  2009   
 Brazil 1.15%  2020   
 Brunei 0.28%  2018   
 Botswana 0.56%  2013   
 Canada 1.55%  2022  1.55%  2022  1.71% 32,444.09  2022
 Switzerland 3.36%  2021  3.36%  2021   
 Chile 0.33%  2020   
 China 2.43%  2021   
 Ivory Coast 0.07%  2016   
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.41%  2015   
 Republic of the Congo 0.41%  2022   
 Colombia 0.29%  2020   
 Cape Verde 0.07%  2011   
 Costa Rica 0.28%  2021   
 Cuba 0.32%  2021   
 Cyprus 0.83%  2021  0.83%  2021   
 Czech Republic 2.00%  2021  2.00%  2021  1.96% 8,065.57  2022
 Germany 3.14%  2021  3.14%  2021  3.13% 131,833.55  2022
 Denmark 2.81%  2021  2.81%  2021  2.89% 9,482.75  2022
 Algeria 0.53%  2017   
 Ecuador 0.44%  2014   
 Egypt 1.02%  2022   
 Spain 1.43%  2021  1.43%  2021  1.44% 25,758.29  2022
 Estonia 1.75%  2021  1.75%  2021  1.78% 851.98  2022
 Ethiopia 0.27%  2017   
 Finland 2.99%  2021  2.99%  2021  2.96% 7,630.49  2022
 France 2.22%  2021  2.22%  2021  2.18% 63,972.56  2022
 Faroe Islands 0.85%  2003   
 Gabon 0.58%  2009   
 United Kingdom 2.91%  2021  2.91%  2021   
 Georgia 0.24%  2022  0.24%  2022   
 Ghana 0.38%  2010   
 Gambia 0.07%  2018   
 Greece 1.46%  2021  1.46%  2021  1.49% 4,673.54  2022
 Greenland 0.65%  2004   
 Guatemala 0.06%  2021   
 Guam 0.26%  2005   
 Hong Kong 1.07%  2022   
 Honduras 0.06%  2019   
 Croatia 1.24%  2021  1.24%  2021   
 Hungary 1.64%  2021  1.64%  2021  1.39% 4,632.64  2022
 Indonesia 0.28%  2020   
 India 0.65%  2020   
 Ireland 1.13%  2021  1.13%  2021  0.96% 5,346.65  2022
 Iran 0.79%  2019   
 Iraq 0.04%  2021   
 Iceland 2.81%  2021  2.81%  2021  2.60% 533.65  2022
 Israel 5.56%  2021  5.56%  2021  6.02% 24,338.76  2022
 Italy 1.45%  2021  1.45%  2021  1.32% 31,678.33  2022
 Jamaica 0.06%  2002   
 Jordan 0.70%  2016   
 Japan 3.30%  2021  3.41% 180,459.43  2022
 Kazakhstan 0.12%  2022  0.12%  2022   
 Kenya 0.41%  2022   
 Kyrgyzstan 0.08%  2022  0.08%  2022   
 Cambodia 0.12%  2015   
 South Korea 4.93%  2021  5.21% 119,643.78  2022
 Kuwait 0.08%  2022   
 Laos 0.04%  2002   
 Saint Lucia 0.27%  1999   
 Sri Lanka 0.12%  2020   
 Lesotho 0.05%  2015   
 Lithuania 1.11%  2021  1.11%  2021  1.02% 1,086.65  2022
 Luxembourg 1.04%  2021  1.04%  2021  0.98% 715.64  2022
 Latvia 0.74%  2021  0.74%  2021  0.76% 441.57  2022
 Macau 0.49%  2022   
 Morocco 0.66%  2010   
 Monaco 0.04%  2005   
 Moldova 0.23%  2022  0.23%  2022   
 Madagascar 0.01%  2017   
 Mexico 0.27%  2022   
 North Macedonia 0.38%  2022  0.38%  2022   
 Mali 0.17%  2021   
 Malta 0.67%  2021  0.67%  2021   
 Myanmar 0.04%  2022   
 Montenegro 0.36%  2019  0.36%  2019   
 Mongolia 0.00%  2022   
 Mozambique 0.31%  2015   
 Mauritania 0.01%  2018   
 Mauritius 0.31%  2022   
 Malaysia 0.95%  2020   
 Namibia 0.35%  2014   
 Nigeria 0.28%  2019   
 Nicaragua 0.11%  2015   
 Netherlands 2.31%  2021  2.31%  2021  2.30% 22,861.22  2022
 Norway 1.94%  2021  1.94%  2021  1.56% 7,209.06  2022
 Nepal 0.30%  2010   
 New Zealand 1.45%  2021   
 Oman 0.28%  2022   
 Pakistan 0.16%  2021   
 Panama 0.18%  2022   
 Peru 0.16%  2022   
 Philippines 0.32%  2018   
 Papua New Guinea 0.03%  2016   
 Poland 1.44%  2021  1.44%  2021  1.45% 19,638.97  2022
 Puerto Rico 0.43%  2015   
 Portugal 1.73%  2022  1.73%  2022  1.70% 6,039.44  2022
 Paraguay 0.14%  2021   
 Palestine 0.45%  2013   
 Qatar 0.68%  2021   
 Romania 0.47%  2021  0.47%  2021   
 Russia 0.94%  2022  0.94%  2022   
 Rwanda 0.76%  2019   
 Saudi Arabia 0.46%  2022   
 Sudan 0.22%  2005   
 Senegal 0.58%  2015   
 Singapore 2.16%  2020   
 El Salvador 0.16%  2021   
 Serbia 0.97%  2022  0.97%  2022   
 Slovakia 0.92%  2021  0.92%  2021  0.98% 1,843.37  2022
 Slovenia 2.13%  2021  2.13%  2021  2.11% 1,708.27  2022
 Sweden 3.42%  2021  3.42%  2021  3.41% 19,031.00  2022
 Eswatini 0.27%  2015   
 Seychelles 0.22%  2016   
 Syria 0.02%  2015   
 Chad 0.30%  2016   
 Togo 0.20%  2014   
 Thailand 1.21%  2021   
 Tajikistan 0.09%  2020  0.09%  2020   
 Trinidad and Tobago 0.05%  2021   
 Tunisia 0.75%  2019   
 Turkey 1.40%  2021  1.40%  2021  1.32% 36,986.66  2022
 Tanzania 0.51%  2013   
 Uganda 0.14%  2014   
 Ukraine 0.33%  2022  0.33%  2022   
 Uruguay 0.42%  2021   
 United States 3.46%  2021  3.46%  2021  3.59% 761,582.95  2022
 Uzbekistan 0.16%  2022  0.16%  2022   
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11%  2002   
 Venezuela 0.69%  2016   
 United States Virgin Islands 0.03%  2007   
 Vietnam 0.43%  2021   
 South Africa 0.60%  2020   
 Zambia 0.28%  2008   
 European Union 2.11% 408,322.10  2022
OECD 2.73% 1,707,220.86  2022

References

  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  2. ^ a b c Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  7. ^ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  8. ^ "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  9. ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  10. ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.

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