Murkowski was born in Ketchikan in the Territory of Alaska, the daughter of Nancy Rena (née Gore) and Frank Murkowski.[1] Her paternal great-grandfather was of Polish descent, and her mother's ancestry is Irish and French Canadian.[2] As a child, she and her family moved around the state with her father's job as a banker. She earned a B.A. degree in economics from Georgetown University in 1980, the same year her father was elected to the U.S. Senate. She is a member of Pi Beta Phi sorority[3] and represented Alaska as the 1980 Cherry Blossom Princess.[4] She received her J.D. degree in 1985 from Willamette University College of Law.[5] Murkowski subsequently failed the bar exam four times in a row, passing on her fifth attempt.[6][7]
Murkowski worked as an attorney in the Anchorage District Court Clerk's office from 1987 to 1989.[8] From 1989 to 1998, she was an attorney in private practice in Anchorage. She served on the Mayor's Task Force for the Homeless from 1990 to 1991.[9]
Alaska House of Representatives
In 1998, Murkowski was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives. Her District 18 included northeast Anchorage, Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base (now Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, or JBER), and suburban parts of Eagle River-Chugiak. In 1999, she introduced legislation establishing a Joint Armed Services Committee. She was reelected in 2000 and, after her district boundaries changed, in 2002. That year she had a conservative primary opponent, Nancy Dahlstrom, who challenged her because Murkowski supported abortion rights and rejected conservative economics. Murkowski won by 56 votes.[10][11] She was named as House Majority Leader for the 2003–04 legislative session. She resigned her House seat before taking office, due to her appointment by her father to the seat he had vacated in the U.S. Senate, upon his stepping down to assume the Alaska governorship.[12] Murkowski sat on the Alaska Commission on Post Secondary Education and chaired both the Labor and Commerce and the Military and Veterans Affairs Committees. After she resigned to join the U.S. Senate, her father appointed Dahlstrom, the District Republican committee's choice, as her replacement.[11]
U.S. Senate
Appointment
In December 2002, Murkowski—while a member of the state House—was appointed by her father, Governor Frank Murkowski, to fill his own U.S. Senate seat made vacant when he resigned from the Senate after being elected governor. The appointment caused controversy in Alaska. Many voters disapproved of the nepotism. Her appointment eventually resulted in a referendum that stripped the governor of the power to directly appoint replacement senators.[13] Along with others eligible to be considered, future Alaska governor Sarah Palin interviewed for the seat.[10] Murkowski was sworn in on January 7, 2003.[14][15]
Elections
Murkowski in 2005
Murkowski has had several close challenges but has never lost a general election. She has won four full terms to the Senate; she won 48.6% of the vote in 2004, 39.5% in 2010, 44.4% in 2016 and 53.7% in 2022.[16]
Murkowski ran for a full Senate term against former Governor Tony Knowles in the 2004 election after winning a primary challenge by a large margin. She was considered vulnerable due to the controversy over her appointment, and polling showed the race was very close. The centrist Republican Main Street Partnership, which wanted to run TV ads for Murkowski, was told no airtime was left to buy.[17] Near the end of the campaign, senior U.S. Senator Ted Stevens shot ads for Murkowski and claimed that if a Democrat replaced Murkowski, Alaska would likely receive fewer federal dollars.[citation needed] Murkowski defeated Knowles by a narrow margin.
Murkowski faced a challenge from Joe Miller, a former U.S. magistrate judge supported by former GovernorSarah Palin,[18][19] in the August 24, 2010, Republican Party primary election. The initial results showed Murkowski trailing Miller, 51–49%, with absentee ballots yet to be tallied.[20] After the first round of absentee ballots was counted on August 31, Murkowski conceded, saying that she did not believe that Miller's lead could be overcome in the next round of absentee vote counting.[21][22] Miller received 55,878 votes to Murkowski's 53,872.[23]
After the primary, the Murkowski campaign floated the idea of her running as a Libertarian in the general election.[24] On August 29, 2010, the state Libertarian Party executive board voted not to consider Murkowski as its Senate nominee.[25]
On September 17, 2010, Murkowski said she would mount a write-in campaign for the Senate seat.[26] Her campaign was aided in large part by substantial funding from state teachers' and firefighters' unions and Native corporations and PACs.[27]
On November 17, 2010, the Associated Press reported that Murkowski had become only the second Senate candidate (after Strom Thurmond in 1954) to win a write-in campaign.[28][29] She emerged victorious after a two-week count of write-in ballots showed she had overtaken Miller.[30][31] Miller did not concede.[31] U.S. Federal District Judge Ralph Beistline granted an injunction to stop the certification of the election due to "serious" legal issues and irregularities Miller raised about the hand count of absentee ballots.[32] On December 10, 2010, an Alaskan judge dismissed Miller's case, clearing the way for Murkowski,[33] but on December 13, Miller appealed the decision to the Alaska Supreme Court. The state Supreme Court rejected Miller's appeal on December 22.[34] On December 28, Beistline dismissed Miller's lawsuit. Governor Sean Parnell certified Murkowski as the winner on December 30.[35]
In 2017, Murkowski filed to run for a fourth term in 2022.[37] Due to her opposition to some of his initiatives, former President Donald Trump pledged in June 2020 to support a Republican challenger to Murkowski, saying: "Get any candidate ready, good or bad, I don't care. I'm endorsing. If you have a pulse, I'm with you!"[38][39] She was one of seven Republican senators who voted to convict Trump in his second impeachment trial in February 2021, and was the only one up for reelection in 2022. After her vote, Alaska's GOP censured Murkowski and demanded her resignation.[39] Despite Trump's pledge, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell signaled Republican senators' commitment to back Murkowski's 2022 campaign.[40] During her 2022 campaign, Murkowski was supported by Democratic colleagues, including Jeanne Shaheen, and Independent Senator Angus King.[41]
On June 18, 2021, Trump endorsed former Alaska Department of Administration commissioner Kelly Tshibaka for the Senate in 2022, calling her "MAGA all the way".[42] Murkowski later called Tshibaka "apparently... someone with a pulse",[43] referencing Trump's previous statement.[44] On July 10, 2021, the Alaska Republican Party endorsed Tshibaka.[45] Murkowski won reelection by beating Tshibaka in both the first and final round of ranked-choice voting.[46] She received 53.7% of the vote after the ranked-choice tabulation.[47]
Murkowski is considered a moderate Republican.[48][49] Since she was reelected in 2010, some[who?] have deemed her voting record "more moderate" than that of her previous years in the Senate.[50] In 2013, the National Journal gave Murkowski a composite score of 56% conservative and 45% liberal,[51] and ranked her the 56th most liberal and 44th most conservative member of the Senate.[52] According to CQ Roll Call, Murkowski voted with President Barack Obama's position 72.3% of the time in 2013; she was one of only two Senate Republicans to support Obama's position over 70% of the time.[53] In 2017, The New York Times arranged Republican senators by ideology and ranked Murkowski the second-most liberal Republican.[54][55] According to GovTrack, as of 2018[update], Murkowski was the second-most liberal Republican senator, to the left of all Senate Republicans except Susan Collins, and to the left of Democratic Senator Joe Manchin.[56] According to FiveThirtyEight, Murkowski had voted in accordance with President Donald Trump's position approximately 72.6% of the time as of January 2021[update].[57] According to FiveThirtyEight, as of January 2023, Murkowski had voted with President Joe Biden's position about 67% of the time.[58] In 2023, the Lugar Center ranked Murkowski seventh among senators for bipartisanship.[59]
In 2018, Murkowski stated her opposition to the confirmation of Justice Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court of the United States. Nevertheless, she voted "present" on the nomination as a favor to Senator Steve Daines, who supported the nomination but was unavailable to attend the vote because of his daughter's wedding.[60] In 2020, she voted against procedural motions to accelerate Amy Coney Barrett's confirmation to that court, though she later voted to confirm Barrett.[61] On April 7, 2022, she voted to confirm Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court, with only two other Republicans, Collins and Mitt Romney, joining her.[62]
In a March 2019 op-ed for The Washington Post, Murkowski and Joe Manchin wrote that climate change debate in Congress was depicted as "an issue with just two sides—those who support drastic, unattainable measures to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, and those who want to do nothing", and affirmed their support for "adopting reasonable policies that...build on and accelerate current efforts [and] ensure a robust innovation ecosystem."[63]
During the first impeachment trial of Donald Trump, Murkowski called Trump's actions "shameful and wrong, but said "she cannot vote to convict" Trump and that his personal interests did not take precedence over those of the nation. She joined almost all Senate Republicans in voting to acquit Trump on both articles.[64]
In December 2020, during his lame-duck period, Trump vetoed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021.[65] The veto left new Coast Guardcutters that were scheduled to be homeported in Alaska without port facilities to maintain them.[65] Murkowski issued a press release that said, in part, "It’s incredible that the President chose to veto the annual National Defense Authorization Act, particularly because his reason for doing so is an issue not related to national defense."[65]
After Trump supporters attacked the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, Murkowski said Trump should resign for inciting the insurrection. With this, she became the first Senate Republican to say that Trump should leave office before Joe Biden was inaugurated.[66] On February 13, she was one of seven Republican senators to vote to convict Trump in his second impeachment trial. That vote failed for lack of a two-thirds majority.[67] On May 27, along with five other Republicans and all present Democrats, Murkowski voted to establish a bipartisan commission to investigate the Capitol attack. The vote failed for lack of 60 required "yes" votes.[68]
Along with all other Senate and House Republicans, Murkowski voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.[69] On September 30, 2021, she was among the 15 Senate Republicans to vote with all Democrats and both Independents for a temporary spending bill to avoid a government shutdown.[70][71] On October 7, Murkowski voted with 10 other Republicans and all members of the Democratic caucus to break the filibuster of raising the debt ceiling,[72][73] but also voted with all Republicans against the bill to raise the debt ceiling.[74]
In 2021, when asked whether she would remain a Republican, Murkowski replied, "if the Republican Party has become nothing more than the party of Trump, I sincerely question whether this is the party for me",[79] but added, "I have absolutely no desire to move over to the Democratic side of the aisle. I can't be somebody that I'm not."[80] In 2024, when asked if she intended to remain a Republican, Murkowski replied that she was "independently minded". Asked whether that meant she might drop her party affiliation, she responded: "I am navigating my way through some very interesting political times. Let's just leave it at that."[81] She later added that she was "not attached to a label" and was "more comfortable with that identity [...] than with an identity […] as a Republican, as a party person", but that she would remain a registered Republican.[82][83][84]
Murkowski and Verne Martell pose with Jeff King during the ceremonial start of the 2019 Iditarod.
Murkowski is married to Verne Martell.[100] They have two sons, Nicolas and Matthew.[101] Murkowski is Roman Catholic.[102] As of 2018, according to OpenSecrets.org, Murkowski's net worth was more than $1.4 million.[103] Her sister, Carol, is married to the son of State Senator Arliss Sturgulewski, a former gubernatorial nominee.[104]
Property sale controversy
In July 2007, Murkowski said she would sell back land she bought from Anchorage businessman Bob Penney, a day after a Washington watchdog group filed a Senate ethics complaint against her alleging that Penney sold the property well below market value.[105] The Anchorage Daily News wrote, "The transaction amounted to an illegal gift worth between $70,000 and $170,000, depending on how the property was valued, according to the complaint by the National Legal and Policy Center."[105] According to the Associated Press, Murkowski bought the land from two developers tied to the Ted Stevens probe.[106]
In 2008, Murkowski amended her Senate financial disclosures for 2004 through 2006, adding income of $60,000 per year from the sale of a property in 2003, and more than $40,000 a year from the sale of her "Alaska Pasta Company" in 2005.[107]
^Bolstad, Erika (October 1, 2010). "Alaska's Murkowski failed bar exam 4 times". McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Murkowski, who graduated in 1985 from Willamette University's College of Law in Oregon, wasn't admitted to the Alaska Bar until November 1987. She flunked the exam in July 1985, February 1986, July 1986 and again in February 1987. She passed on her fifth try in July 1987.
^Cave, Damien (August 25, 2010). "Murkowski of Alaska Locked in a Tight Senate Race". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2010. Senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, whose family has held a decades-long grip on one of the state's two Senate seats, was in a surprisingly tight race Wednesday morning against an insurgent candidate, a Tea Party favorite who received the backing of Sarah Palin.
^Cockerham, Sean (August 31, 2010). "It's another Tea Party win as Alaska's Murkowski concedes". Anchorage Daily News. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010. Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski late Tuesday conceded the Republican primary election to Joe Miller, the Tea-Party backed challenger who maintained his Election Day lead after thousands of additional absentee and other ballots were counted through the day.
^Memoli, Michael A. (August 27, 2010). "Libertarians an option for Murkowski". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010. The state Libertarian Party told the Anchorage Daily News that it was open to the possibility of nominating Murkowski as a third-party candidate, a notion that her campaign is not embracing but has not ruled out.
^Bohrer, Becky (September 18, 2010). "Murkowski mounting write-in bid for Alaska Senate". Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010. Murkowski faces tough odds with her write-in candidacy. She has lost support from members within the Republican establishment, who are backing the Republican nominee, Joe Miller.
^Barnes, James A.; Keating, Holland; Charlie, Cook; Michael, Barone; Louis, Jacobson; Louis, Peck. The almanac of American politics 2016 : members of Congress and governors: their profiles and election results, their states and districts. ISBN9781938518317. OCLC927103599.
^ abc
Robert Woolsey (December 27, 2020). "Trump's Defense veto could sink Sitka's Coast Guard dock". KCAW. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020. Sitka was selected as a homeport for one of the six vessels. And while the actual ship itself doesn't appear in jeopardy, there might not be anyplace to put it, if the veto stands.
^"Murkowski-Martell". Anchorage Daily News. August 14, 1987. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
^Bighash, Leila (October 2010). "Is Lisa Murkowski Married?". Politics Daily. AOL News. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
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