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Kaki Ae
Kaki Ae
Tate
Region	New Guinea
Ethnicity	660 ethnic population (2015)
Native speakers	630 (2015)
Language family	language isolate or Eleman Kaki Ae;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tbd
Glottolog	kaki1249
ELP	Kaki Ae
	Kaki Ae is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

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Kaki Ae, or Tate, is a language spoken by about 500 people, half the ethnic population, near Kerema, in Papua New Guinea. It was previously known by the foreign designation Raeta Tati.

Classification

Kaki Ae has been proposed to be related to the Eleman languages, but the connections appear to be loans.^[2] Søren Wichmann (2013)^[3] tentatively considers it to be a separate, independent group. Pawley and Hammarström (2018) treat Kaki Ae as a language isolate due to low cognacy rates with Eleman, and consider the few similarities shared with Eleman to be due to borrowed loanwords.^[4]

Distribution

Kaki Ae is spoken in Auri, Kupiano, Kupla (7°59′26″S 145°47′27″E / 7.990545°S 145.790882°E / -7.990545; 145.790882 (Kupola Settlement)), Lou (8°00′58″S 145°48′48″E / 8.015988°S 145.813268°E / -8.015988; 145.813268 (Lou)), Ovorio (7°59′14″S 145°48′34″E / 7.987255°S 145.809446°E / -7.987255; 145.809446 (Ovorio)), and Uriri (7°58′42″S 145°47′41″E / 7.978345°S 145.794638°E / -7.978345; 145.794638 (Uriri)) villages in Central Kerema Rural LLG, Gulf Province.^[1]^[5]

Pronouns

The Kaki Ae pronouns are:

	sg	pl
1	nao	nu'u
2	ao	ofe
3	era	era-he

Phonology

Consonants^[6]
	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p		k	ʔ
Nasal	m	n
Fricative	f v	s		h
Approximant	w	l

Kaki Ae has no distinction between /t/ and /k/. (The forms kaki and tate of the name both derive from the rather pejorative Toaripi name for the people, Tati.)

Vowels^[6]
	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ		u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã

Vocabulary

The following basic vocabulary words are from Brown (1973),^[7] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:^[8]

gloss	Kaki Ae
head	aro
hair	uʔumo
ear	oʔi
eye	ere
nose	noʔi
tooth	huʔu
tongue	anara
leg	fera
louse	saruta
dog	evera
bird	mini
egg	mini umu
blood	ivare
bone	uki
breast	ame
tree	oproro
man	aru
woman	aʔu
sun	lare
moon	fuiya
water	haime
fire	aiyeʔi
stone	ere
name	iru
eat	muake
one	okiao
two	uʔungka

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Kaki Ae at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Kaki Ae". Glottolog 4.3.
^ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages. In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
^ ^a ^b Clifton, John M. (1997). "The Kaki Ae language" (PDF). Pacific Linguistics (D-89). Wurm, S. A. (editor): 3–66. doi:10.15144/PL-D89.3.
^ Brown, H.A. (Ed.) (2015). "Chapter 8: The Eleman Language Family". doi:10.15144/PL-C26.279. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.