It is a phonetic lettering system. The word hiragana means "common" or "plain" kana (originally also "easy", as contrasted with kanji).[1][2][3]
Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems. With few exceptions, each mora in the Japanese language is represented by one character (or one digraph) in each system. This may be a vowel such as /a/ (hiragana あ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as /ka/ (か); or /N/ (ん), a nasalsonorant which, depending on the context and dialect, sounds either like English m, n or ng ([ŋ]) when syllable-final or like the nasal vowels of French, Portuguese or Polish.[citation needed][contradictory] Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants (except in the case of the aforementioned ん), the kana are referred to as syllabic symbols and not alphabetic letters.[4]
Hiragana is used to write okurigana (kana suffixes following a kanji root, for example to inflect verbs and adjectives), various grammatical and function words including particles, and miscellaneous other native words for which there are no kanji or whose kanji form is obscure or too formal for the writing purpose.[5] Words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual author's preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana is also used to write furigana, a reading aid that shows the pronunciation of kanji characters.
There are two main systems of ordering hiragana: the old-fashioned iroha ordering and the more prevalent gojūon ordering.
After the 1900 script reform, which deemed hundreds of characters hentaigana, the hiragana syllabary consists of 48 base characters, of which two (ゐ and ゑ) are only used in some proper names:
These are conceived as a 5×10 grid (gojūon, 五十音, "Fifty Sounds"), as illustrated in the adjacent table, read あ (a),い (i),う (u),え (e),お (o),か (ka),き (ki),く (ku),け (ke),こ (ko) and so forth (but si→shi, ti→chi, tu→tsu, hu→fu, wi→i, we→e, wo→o). Of the 50 theoretically possible combinations, yi, ye, and wu are completely unused. On the w row, ゐ and ゑ, pronounced [i] and [e] respectively, are uncommon in modern Japanese, while を, pronounced [o], is common as a particle but otherwise rare. Strictly speaking, the singular consonant ん (n) is considered to be outside the gojūon.
These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a dakuten marker ( ゛), a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant: k→g, ts/s→z, t→d, h/f→b and ch/sh→j (also u→v(u)). For example, か (ka) becomes が (ga). Hiragana beginning with an h (or f) sound can also add a handakuten marker ( ゜) changing the h (f) to a p. For example, は (ha) becomes ぱ (pa).
A small version of the hiragana for ya, yu, or yo (ゃ, ゅ or ょ respectively) may be added to hiragana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide (palatalization) to a, u or o. For example, き (ki) plus ゃ (small ya) becomes きゃ (kya). Addition of the small y kana is called yōon.
A small tsu っ, called a sokuon, indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare さか, saka, "hill" with さっか, sakka, "author". However, it cannot be used to double an n – for this purpose, the singular n (ん) is added in front of the syllable, as in みんな (minna, "all"). The sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop, as in いてっ! ([iteʔ], "Ouch!").
Two hiragana have pronunciations that depend on the context:
は is pronounced [wa] when used as a particle (otherwise, [ha]).
へ is pronounced [e] when used as a particle (otherwise, [he]).
Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana; for example, おかあさん (o-ka-a-sa-n, "mother"). The chōonpu (long vowel mark) (ー) used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana, for example in the word らーめん, rāmen, but this usage is considered non-standard in Japanese. However, the Okinawan language uses chōonpu with hiragana. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (はぁ, haa, ねぇ, nee). Plain (clear) and voiced iteration marks are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ, respectively. These marks are rarely used nowadays.
Table of hiragana
Table of all 107 hiragana characters organized in seion, dakuon and yoon sounds.
The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the modified Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription, arranged in four categories, each of them displayed in the gojūon order.[7][8][9][10] Those whose romanization are in bold do not use the initial consonant for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables; for mid-word pronunciations see below.
ゝ゚ (reduplicates and moves a h- or b-row syllable to the p-row)
〱゚ (reduplicates and moves a h- or b-row syllable to the p-row)
Spelling–phonology correspondence
In the middle of words, the g sound (normally [ɡ]) may turn into a velar nasal[ŋ] or velar fricative[ɣ]. For example, かぎ (kagi, key) is often pronounced [kaŋi]. However, じゅうご (jūgo, fifteen) is pronounced as if it was jū and go stacked end to end: [d͡ʑɯːɡo].[11]
In many accents, the j and z sounds are pronounced as affricates ([d͡ʑ] and [d͡z], respectively) at the beginning of utterances and fricatives [ʑ,z] in the middle of words. For example, すうじsūji[sɯːʑi] 'number', ざっしzasshi[d͡zaɕɕi] 'magazine'.
The singular n is pronounced [m] before m, b and p, [n] before t, ch, ts, n, r, z, j and d, [ŋ] before k and g, [ɴ] at the end of utterances, and some kind of highnasal vowel[ɰ̃] before vowels, palatal approximants (y), and fricative consonants (s, sh, h, f and w).[citation needed]
In kanji readings, the diphthongs ou and ei are usually pronounced [oː] (long o) and [eː] (long e) respectively. For example, とうきょう (lit. toukyou) is pronounced [toːkʲoː] 'Tokyo', and せんせいsensei is [seɯ̃seː] 'teacher'. However, とうtou is pronounced [toɯ] 'to inquire', because the o and u are considered distinct, u being the verb ending in the dictionary form. Similarly, しているshite iru is pronounced [ɕiteiɾɯ], present progressive form of する (suru, "to do").
In archaic forms of Japanese, there existed the kwa (くゎ[kʷa]) and gwa (ぐゎ[ɡʷa]) digraphs. In modern Japanese, these phonemes have been phased out of usage.
For a more thorough discussion on the sounds of Japanese, please refer to Japanese phonology.
With a few exceptions, such as for the three particles は (pronounced [wa] instead of [ha]), へ (pronounced [e] instead of [he]) and [o] (written を instead of お), Japanese when written in kana is phonemically orthographic, i.e. there is a one-to-one correspondence between kana characters and sounds, leaving only words' pitch accent unrepresented. This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as historical kana usage, differed substantially from pronunciation; the three above-mentioned exceptions in modern usage are the legacy of that system.
There are two hiragana pronounced ji (じ and ぢ) and two hiragana pronounced zu (ず and づ), but to distinguish them, particularly when typing Japanese, sometimes ぢ is written as di and づ is written as du. These pairs are not interchangeable. Usually, ji is written as じ and zu is written as ず. There are some exceptions. If the first two syllables of a word consist of one syllable without a dakuten and the same syllable with a dakuten, the same hiragana is used to write the sounds. For example, chijimeru ('to boil down' or 'to shrink') is spelled ちぢめる and tsuzuku ('to continue') is つづく.
For compound words where the dakuten reflects rendaku voicing, the original hiragana is used. For example, chi (血 'blood') is spelled ち in plain hiragana. When 鼻hana ('nose') and 血chi ('blood') combine to make hanaji (鼻血 'nose bleed'), the sound of 血 changes from chi to ji. So hanaji is spelled はなぢ. Similarly, tsukau (使う/遣う; 'to use') is spelled つかう in hiragana, so kanazukai (仮名遣い; 'kana use', or 'kana orthography') is spelled かなづかい in hiragana. However, there are cases where ぢ and づ are not used, such as the word for 'lightning', inazuma (稲妻). The first component, 稲, meaning 'rice plant', is written いな (ina). The second component, 妻 (etymologically 夫), meaning 'spouse', is pronounced つま (tsuma) when standalone or often as づま (zuma) when following another syllable, such in 人妻 (hitozuma, 'married woman'). Even though these components of 稲妻 are etymologically linked to 'lightning', it is generally arduous for a contemporary speaker to consciously perceive inazuma as separable into two discrete words. Thus, the default spelling いなずま is used instead of いなづま. Other examples include kizuna (きずな) and sakazuki (さかずき). Although these rules were officially established by a Cabinet Notice in 1986 revising the modern kana usage, they have sometimes faced criticism due to their perceived arbitrariness.
Officially, ぢ and づ do not occur word-initially pursuant to modern spelling rules. There were words such as ぢばんjiban 'ground' in the historical kana usage, but they were unified under じ in the modern kana usage in 1946, so today it is spelled exclusively じばん. However, づらzura 'wig' (from かつらkatsura) and づけzuke (a sushi term for lean tuna soaked in soy sauce) are examples of word-initial づ today.
No standard Japanese words begin with the kana ん (n). This is the basis of the word game shiritori. ん n is normally treated as its own syllable and is separate from the other n-based kana (na, ni etc.).
ん is sometimes directly followed by a vowel (a, i, u, e or o) or a palatal approximant (ya, yu or yo). These are clearly distinct from the na, ni etc. syllables, and there are minimal pairs such as きんえんkin'en 'smoking forbidden', きねんkinen 'commemoration', きんねんkinnen 'recent years'. In Hepburn romanization, they are distinguished with an apostrophe, but not all romanization methods make the distinction. For example, past prime minister Junichiro Koizumi's first name is actually じゅんいちろうJun'ichirō pronounced [dʑɯɰ̃itɕiɾoː]
There are a few hiragana that are rarely used. Outside of Okinawan orthography, ゐwi[i] and ゑwe[e] are only used in some proper names. 𛀁 e was an alternate version of え e before spelling reform, and was briefly reused for ye during initial spelling reforms, but is now completely obsolete. ゔ vu is a modern addition used to represent the /v/ sound in foreign languages such as English, but since Japanese from a phonological standpoint does not have a /v/ sound, it is pronounced as /b/ and mostly serves as a more accurate indicator of a word's pronunciation in its original language. However, it is rarely seen because loanwords and transliterated words are usually written in katakana, where the corresponding character would be written as ヴ. The digraphs ぢゃ, ぢゅ, ぢょ for ja/ju/jo are theoretically possible in rendaku, but are nearly never used in modern kana usage; for example, the word 夫婦茶碗, meoto-jawan (couple bowls), spelled めおとぢゃわん, where 茶碗 alone is spelled ちゃわん (chawan).
The みゅmyu kana is extremely rare in originally Japanese words; linguist Haruhiko Kindaichi raises the example of the Japanese family name Omamyūda (小豆生田) and claims it is the only occurrence amongst pure Japanese words. Its katakana counterpart is used in many loanwords, however.
On the row beginning with わ /wa/, the hiragana ゐ /wi/ and ゑ /we/ are both quasi-obsolete, only used in some names. They are usually respectively pronounced [i] and [e]. In modified Hepburn romanization, they are generally written i and e.[9]
It has not been demonstrated whether the mora /ji/ existed in old Japanese. Though ye did appear in some textbooks during the Meiji period along with another kana for yi in the form of cursive 以. Today it is considered a Hentaigana by scholars and is encoded in Unicode 10[12] (𛀆) [13][14] This kana could have a colloquial use, to convert the combo yui (ゆい) into yii (𛀆い), due to other Japanese words having a similar change.[15]
An early, now obsolete, hiragana-esque form of ye may have existed (𛀁[je][16]) in pre-Classical Japanese (prior to the advent of kana), but is generally represented for purposes of reconstruction by the kanji 江, and its hiragana form is not present in any known orthography. In modern orthography, ye can also be written as いぇ (イェ in katakana).
衣
江
Hiragana
え
𛀁
Katakana
𛀀
エ
While hiragana and katakana letters for "ye" were used for a short period after the advent of kana, the distinction between /ye/ and /e/ disappeared before glyphs could become established.
It has not been demonstrated whether the mora /wu/ existed in old Japanese. However, hiragana wu also appeared in different Meiji-era textbooks ().[17][18] Although there are several possible source kanji, it is likely to have been derived from a cursive form of the man'yōgana汙, although a related variant sometimes listed () is from a cursive form of 紆.[19] However, it was never commonly used.[20] This character is included in Unicode 14 as HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC WU (𛄟).[15]
Hiragana originated as simplified forms of similar-sounding Chinese characters.Hiragana character shapes were derived from Chinese cursive script (sōsho). Shown here is a sample of cursive script by 7th century calligrapher Sun Guoting. Note the character 為 (wei), indicated by the red arrow, closely resembles the hiragana character ゐ (wi).
Hiragana developed from man'yōgana, Chinese characters used for their pronunciations, a practice that started in the 5th century.[21] The oldest examples of Man'yōgana include the Inariyama Sword, an iron sword excavated at the Inariyama Kofun. This sword is thought to be made in the year 辛亥年 (most commonly taken to be C.E. 471).[22]
The forms of the hiragana originate from the cursive script style of Chinese calligraphy. The table to the right shows the derivation of hiragana from manyōgana via cursive script. The upper part shows the character in the regular script form, the center character in red shows the cursive script form of the character, and the bottom shows the equivalent hiragana. The cursive script forms are not strictly confined to those in the illustration.
When it was first developed, hiragana was not accepted by everyone. The educated or elites preferred to use only the kanji system. Historically, in Japan, the regular script (kaisho) form of the characters was used by men and called otokode (男手), "men's writing", while the cursive script (sōsho) form of the kanji was used by women. Hence hiragana first gained popularity among women, who were generally not allowed access to the same levels of education as men, thus hiragana was first widely used among court women in the writing of personal communications and literature.[23] From this comes the alternative name of onnade (女手) "women's writing".[24] For example, The Tale of Genji and other early novels by female authors used hiragana extensively or exclusively. Even today, hiragana is felt to have a feminine quality.[25]
Male authors came to write literature using hiragana. Hiragana was used for unofficial writing such as personal letters, while katakana and kanji were used for official documents. In modern times, the usage of hiragana has become mixed with katakana writing. Katakana is now relegated to special uses such as recently borrowed words (i.e., since the 19th century), names in transliteration, the names of animals, in telegrams, and for emphasis.
Originally, for all syllables there was more than one possible hiragana. In 1900, the system was simplified so each syllable had only one hiragana. The deprecated hiragana are now known as hentaigana (変体仮名).
The pangram poem Iroha-uta ("ABC song/poem"), which dates to the 10th century, uses every hiragana once (except n ん, which was just a variant of む before the Muromachi era).
Stroke order and direction
The following table shows the method for writing each hiragana character. The table is arranged in a traditional manner, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrows indicate the stroke order and direction respectively.
The Unicode hiragana block contains precomposed characters for all hiragana in the modern set, including small vowels and yōon kana for compound syllables as well as the rare ゐ wi and ゑ we; the archaic 𛀁 ye is included in plane 1 at U+1B001 (see below). All combinations of hiragana with dakuten and handakuten used in modern Japanese are available as precomposed characters (including the rare ゔ vu), and can also be produced by using a base hiragana followed by the combining dakuten and handakuten characters (U+3099 and U+309A, respectively). This method is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group.
Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are small か (ka) and small け (ke), respectively. U+309F is a ligature of より (yori) occasionally used in vertical text. U+309B and U+309C are spacing (non-combining) equivalents to the combining dakuten and handakuten characters, respectively.
Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were first added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0, with significantly more added in 2017 as part of Unicode 10.
The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000–U+1B0FF, and is immediately followed by the Kana Extended-A block (U+1B100–U+1B12F). These blocks include mainly hentaigana (historic or variant hiragana):
In the following character sequences a kana from the /k/ row is modified by a handakuten combining mark to indicate that a syllable starts with an initial nasal, known as bidakuon [ja]. As of Unicode 16.0, these character combinations are explicitly called out as Named Sequences:
Bopomofo (Zhùyīn fúhào, "phonetic symbols"), a phonetic system of 37 characters for writing Chinese developed in the 1900s and which is more common in Taiwan.
Iteration mark explains the iteration marks used with hiragana.
^Dual 大辞林 「平」とは平凡な、やさしいという意で、当時普通に使用する文字体系であったことを意味する。 漢字は書簡文や重要な文章などを書く場合に用いる公的な文字であるのに対して、 平仮名は漢字の知識に乏しい人々などが用いる私的な性格のものであった。 Translation: 平 [the "hira" part of "hiragana"] means "ordinary, common" or "easy, simple" since at that time [the time that the name was given] it was a writing system for everyday use. While kanji was the official system used for letter-writing and important texts, hiragana was for personal use by people who had limited knowledge of kanji.
^山田 健三 (Yamada Kenzō). "平安期神楽歌謡文献からみる「平仮名」の位置" [The Position of "Hiragana" As Seen from Kagura Song References of the Heian Period] (PDF) (in Japanese). p. 239. Retrieved 2022-04-18.
The "kata" in "katakana" does not mean just "one side", and it is well known (Takashi Kamei 1941) that it should be interpreted as a valuation epithet stating that something that should be there is missing, and considering the oppositional relationship summarized in figure (7), the word "hiragana" can be thought of in a valuation position as the "hira" kind of "kana".
The explanation of the term hiragana in the Nihon Kokugo Daijiten dictionary states that hira means "unangular, easy for common people", and descriptions of hira as a prefixing element in compounds as given in many dictionaries explain this hira as meaning "flat" (taira).
However, knowing that dictionary explanations of meaning do not always drive for the original senses, if we are to be brash, we might point out that this is not a fitting explanation of the original sense (core meaning) of hira. Hira is morpheme /pira/, cognate with words like 枚 (hira, "slip of paper, cloth, or something else flat") or ひらひら (hirahira, "flutteringly"), and the core meaning indicates physical or emotional "thinness", and taira ("flat") appears to be a derived meaning therefrom. As such, we naturally cannot get physical "thinness" from hiragana, so the hira leans more towards an emotional expression, and much like for katakana, from the perspective of kana, it indicates a lower relative ranking [relative to the kanji], and the expression contains a slight nuance of discrimination or contempt.
^p. 108. Kataoka, Kuniyoshi. 1997. "Affect and letter writing: unconventional conventions in casual writing by young Japanese women". Language in Society 26:103–136.
Series of wars in Lithuania, 1918–1920 Volunteers of the Lithuanian Army heading to the war in Vilkaviškis, 1919 Enlistment in the Lithuanian Army, Panemunė, Kaunas, Lithuania, 1919 The Lithuanian Wars of Independence, also known as the Freedom Struggles (Lithuanian: Laisvės kovos), refer to three wars Lithuania fought defending its independence at the end of World War I: with Bolshevik forces (December 1918 – August 1919), Bermontians (June 1919 – December 1919), and Poland (August ...
Atlanta-class light cruiser For other ships with the same name, see USS Reno. USS Reno, November 1944, down by the stern two days after being torpedoed History United States NameReno NamesakeCity of Reno, Nevada BuilderBethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California Laid down1 August 1941 Launched23 December 1942 Sponsored byMrs. August C. Frohlich Commissioned28 December 1943 Decommissioned4 November 1946 ReclassifiedCLAA-96 18 March 1949 Stricken1 March 1959 Identification Hul...
Bagian dari seri tentangMarxisme Teori kerja Manifesto Komunis Sebuah Kontribusi untuk Kritik Politik Ekonomi Das Kapital Brumaire ke-28 Louis Napoleon Grundrisse Ideologi Jerman Ekonomi dan Filsafat Naskah 1844 Tesis Feuerbach Konsep Materialisme dialektik Penentuan ekonomi Materialisme historis Metode Marx Sosialisme Marxian Overdetermination Sosialisme ilimiah Determinisme teknologi ProletariatBourgeoisie Ekonomi Modal ( akumulasi) Cara produksi kapitalis Teori krisis Komoditi Eksploitasi ...
Cemetery in Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S. Cedar Grove CemeteryThe cemetery in 2023DetailsLocationNotre Dame, IndianaCountryUnited StatesCoordinates41°41′40″N 86°14′25″W / 41.69444°N 86.24028°W / 41.69444; -86.24028 Cedar Grove Cemetery is a cemetery on the University of Notre Dame campus in Notre Dame, Indiana.[1][2] The 22-acre cemetery opened in c. 1844.[3] History The cemetery was established in 1843 by Rev. Edward Sorin, soon a...
American weekly magazine since 1925 For other uses, see New Yorker (disambiguation). Not to be confused with New York (magazine). The New YorkerCover of the first issue, with the figure of dandy Eustace Tilley, created by Rea Irvin[a]EditorDavid RemnickCategoriesPoliticssocial issuesarthumorcultureFrequency47 issues/yearFormat7+7⁄8 by 10+3⁄4 inches (200 mm × 273 mm)[3]PublisherCondé NastTotal circulation(December 2019)1,231,715[4]First issu...
Королевство Таиландтайск. ราชอาณาจักรไทย Флаг Герб Гимн: «Пхленг чат» Таиланд на карте мира Основано 1238 год Официальные языки тайский[6] Столица Бангкок Крупнейшие города Бангкок Форма правления конституционная монархия[1] Король Маха Вачиралонгкорн Пр...
American pop singer Gogi GrantGrant in 1955Background informationBirth nameMyrtle Audrey ArinsbergBorn(1924-09-20)September 20, 1924Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 10, 2016(2016-03-10) (aged 91)Los Angeles, California, U.S.GenresJazz, vocal jazz, popOccupation(s)SingerYears active1950s–2016LabelsEra, RCA VictorMusical artist Myrtle Audrey Arinsberg (September 20, 1924 – March 10, 2016), known professionally as Gogi Grant, was an American pop singer. She is best known for he...
Volcanic Island in the Galápagos Archipelago Santiago Island(James Island)Santiago IslandGeographyLocationGalápagos Islands, EcuadorCoordinates0°15′09″S 90°43′05″W / 0.252364°S 90.717952°W / -0.252364; -90.717952ArchipelagoGalápagos IslandsHighest elevation906 m (2972 ft)Highest pointCerro PeladoAdministrationEcuadorDemographicsPopulation0 View of Santiago Island with northeast at the top Topographic map with north at the top Santiago...
Kurtha Assembly constituencyConstituency No. 215 for the Bihar Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionEast IndiaStateBiharDistrictArwal Elected year2020 Assembly constituency in Bihar, India Kurtha Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Arwal district of Bihar. It is the part of Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency). In Kurtha constituency, Kushwaha, Yadav and Bhumihar voters are descisive in ensuring victory of a candidate, due to their numerical preponderance. ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Villa for Sale – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1935 film Villa for SaleFilm posterHungarianEz a villa eladó Directed byGéza von CziffraWritten byImre HarmathLászló VadnayGéza von...
1935 film by Richard Pottier A Rare BirdDirected byRichard PottierWritten byJacques PrévertBased onThree Men in the Snow by Erich KästnerProduced byOscar DancigersStarringPierre Brasseur Max Dearly Monique RollandCinematographyJean Bachelet Charles BauerEdited byPierre MéguérianMusic byHenri PoussigueProductioncompanyMega FilmsDistributed byLes Films RoussillonRelease date7 June 1935Running time90 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrench A Rare Bird (French: Un oiseau rare) is a 1935 French com...
British Army general John Sydney LethbridgeBorn11 December 1897Died11 August 1961 (aged 63)Devon, England[1]Allegiance United KingdomService/branch British ArmyYears of service1915-1960RankMajor GeneralService number13389UnitRoyal EngineersBattles/warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsCompanion of the Order of the BathCommander of the Order of the British EmpireMilitary Cross Major-General John Sydney Lethbridge CB, CBE, MC (11 December 1897 – 11 August 1961) was a...
Stadion MetalacView from the East StandLocationGornji Milanovac, SerbiaCoordinates44°01′35″N 20°28′00″E / 44.026381°N 20.466677°E / 44.026381; 20.466677OwnerMetalac a.d.OperatorMetalac Gornji MilanovacCapacity4,350SurfaceGrassScoreboardLEDConstructionBroke groundOctober 2011Built2011–2012Opened12 September 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-12)Construction cost€3 millionGeneral contractorAmiga d.o.o.TenantsMetalac Gornji Milanovac (2012–pre...
Para otros usos de este término, véase Monasterio de Sopetrán. Sopetrán Municipio Panorámica de Sopetrán. BanderaEscudo SopetránLocalización de Sopetrán en Colombia SopetránLocalización de Sopetrán en Antioquia Coordenadas 6°30′06″N 75°44′36″O / 6.5016666666667, -75.743333333333Entidad Municipio • País Colombia • Departamento Antioquia • Subregión OccidenteAlcalde Diego Alejandro Villa Valderrama (2020-2023)Eventos históricos ...
Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti militari e politici non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Commento: Numerose affermazioni senza fonte Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Rafael Leónidas Trujillo 36º e 39º Presidente della Repubblica DominicanaDurata mandato16 agosto 1930 –16 agosto 1938 Vice presi...
Minnesota State GuardThe shoulder patch worn on the Minnesota State Guard uniform during World War II.Active1941-1948Country United StatesAllegiance MinnesotaBranchArmyType State defense forceRoleMilitary reserve forceSize6,100 (1942)[1]CommandersCurrentcommanderGovernor of MinnesotaMilitary unit The Minnesota State Guard, previously known as the Minnesota Defense Force, is the currently inactive state defense force of the state of Minnesota. The State Guard was organi...
National holiday in Korea National Liberation Day of KoreaKorean people celebrating their liberation in 1945Official nameChogukhaebangŭi nal(North Korea)Gwangbokjeol (South Korea)Observed by North Korea South Korea TypeNationalSignificanceCommemorates Victory over Japan Day, when Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial ruleCelebrationsCivilian and military parades, political ralliesDate15 AugustFrequencyAnnual Liberation Day of KoreaNorth Korean nameHangul조국해방의 날Hanja祖...
1971 song by Clifton Davis, first recorded by the Jackson 5 This article is about the song. For the album by Gloria Gaynor, see Never Can Say Goodbye (Gloria Gaynor album). For the album by Joey DeFrancesco, see Never Can Say Goodbye: The Music of Michael Jackson. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Never Can Say Goodbye –&#...
1998 single by TamiaSo Into YouSingle by Tamiafrom the album Tamia ReleasedJune 23, 1998 (1998-06-23)Genre R&B Length4:22Label Qwest Warner Bros. Songwriter(s) Tim Kelley Bob Robinson Tamia Washington Lionel Richie Ronald LaPread Producer(s)Tim & BobTamia singles chronology Imagination (1998) So Into You (1998) Loving You Still (1999) Music videoSo Into You on YouTube So Into You is a song performed by Canadian singer Tamia from her self-titled debut album Tamia (1998)....
Taman Nasional Atol DongshaIUCN Kategori II (Taman Nasional)LetakPulau PratasLuas3,537 km2 (1,366 sq mi)Didirikan17 Januari 2007Pihak pengelolaMarkas Besar Taman Nasional Laut, Kementerian Dalam Negeriwww.marine.gov.tw/home-en Atol Pratas Monumen Dongsha Taman Nasional Atol Dongsha (Hanzi: 東沙環礁國家公園; Pinyin: Dōngshā Huánjiāo Guójiā Gōngyuán) adalah taman nasional ketujuh Republik Tiongkok (Taiwan). Taman laut tersebut berada di Pulau Pratas (Pulau...
