The Clear Script[note 1] is an alphabet created in 1648 by the Oirat Lamaist monk Zaya Pandita for the Oirat language.[1][2][3] It was developed on the basis of the Mongolian script with the goal of distinguishing all sounds in the spoken language, and to make it easier to transcribe Sanskrit and the Tibetic languages.
The Clear Script is a Mongolian script, whose obvious closest forebear is vertical Mongolian. This Mongolian script was derived from the Uyghur alphabet. The Clear Script was developed as a better way to write Mongolian, specifically of the Western Mongolian groups of the Oirats and Kalmyks.[3]: 548 It resolved ambiguities in the written language by assigning symbols to vowels, and adding new symbols and diacritics to show vowels and vowel lengths, and to distinguish between voiced and unvoiced consonants.[3]: 548 [2]: 145 Symbols that were preserved from the traditional Mongolian script were assigned a fixed meaning.[2]: 145
There were even some marks enabling distinctions that were unimportant for words written in the Oirat language but were useful for the transcription of foreign words and names, such as between ši and si.[2]
The Clear Script was used by Oirat and neighboring Mongols, mostly in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[2] It was widely used by its creator and others to translate Buddhist works so that they might better spread the Buddhist religion throughout western Mongolia. Though the script was useful for translating works from other languages, especially Tibetan, it was also used more informally, as evidenced by some letters from the late 1690s.[2]
Around the 19th and early 20th centuries, some Altaians in Russia were able utilize the script to read and write texts due to contacts with Mongolian Buddhists.[4]
The script was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic script. In Xinjiang, Oirats still use it, although today Mongolian education takes place in Chakhar Mongolian all across China.
This script is a vertical script, as was its 'vertical Mongolian' parent script. Letters and diacritics are written along a central axis. Portions of letters to the right of the axis generally slant up, and portions to the left of the axis generally slant down. The only signs that do not follow these rules are the horizontal signs for S, Š, and part of Ö.[2] Words are delineated by a space, as well as different letter forms. Though most letters only come in one shape, there are some letters that look different depending on where in the word they occur, whether they are initial, medial, or final.[3]
There is an alphabetic order in the Clear Script, as in other related scripts, but the order for it is not the same as its Mongolian parent script. The Clear Script order is: a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü; n, b, x, ɣ, g, k & k’, q, m, l, r, d, t, y, z/ǰ, c/č, s, š, ng, v/w.[2]: 150–151
Confer Kalmyk Oirat а a and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
This letter's forms are shared with Hudum script a.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat э è and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat и i and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat о o and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat у u and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ө ô and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ү ù and [∅] Error: {{Lang}}: Latn text/non-Latn script subtag mismatch (help).
Confer Kalmyk Oirat аа aa and а a.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ии ii and и i.
This letter is shared with Hudum n.
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum b.
As in ᡍᠠᠷᠠ xara 'black'.[9]: 121 [5]: 95 [note 11]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat х h.
As in ᡎᠠᠯ ɣal 'fire'.[9]: 63 [5]: 127 [note 12]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat һ ḥ.
Confer Kalmyk Oirat г g.
As in ᡍᡈᡍᡈ kökö 'blue'.[9]: 95 [5]: 119 [note 14]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat к k.
As in ᡔᠠᡎ caq 'time'.[9]: 21 [5]: 244 [note 15]
This letter's initial/medial form is shared with Hudum m.
This letter is shared with Hudum l.
This letter is shared with Hudum r.
As in modern/older ᠴᡇᠨ zun 'summer'.[9]: 50 [5]: 274 [note 16]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat з z.
As in modern ᡓᡅᠯ ǰil? (older ᠴᡅᠯ zil) 'year'.[9]: 24 [5]: 257 [note 17]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ж z̆.
As in modern/older ᡔᠠᡅ cai 'tea'.[9]: 120 [5]: 246 [note 18]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ц c.
As in modern ᡒᡅ či? (older ᡔᡅ ci) 'you'.[9]: 111 [5]: 235 [note 19]
Confer Kalmyk Oirat ч č.
This letter is shared with Hudum s.
This letter is shared with Hudum š.
This letter is shared with Hudum w/v.
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