Democracy-Dictatorship Index

For overview of democracy indices, see Democracy indices.
Democracies and dictatorships in 2008[1]
Democracies and dictatorships in 1988[1]

Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009).[4] Note that the most recent dataset was updated 2008.

Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996,[5] and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski et al. (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets.[1]: 68 

The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008.[1]: 68  The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008.

Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules

The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship.[1] " Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections.[1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed."[6]

Four rules

For a regime to be considered as a democracy by the DD scheme, it must meet the requirement of four rules below:[1]: 69 [3]

  1. The chief executive must be chosen by popular election or by a body that was itself popularly elected.
  2. The legislature must be popularly elected.
  3. There must be more than one party competing in the elections.
  4. An alternation in power under electoral rules identical to the ones that brought the incumbent to office must have taken place.

Some regimes may meet the first three rules, but lack an alternation in power in its historical past; these regimes are classified as dictatorships because of cases where the incumbent only allows elections as long as they keep winning, and would refuse to step down if they lost. However, since they might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a type II value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship.[1]: 70 . This does not indicate cases of semi-democracy or semi-dictatorship.[1]: 71 . The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification.[1]: 70 

Countries

The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Democracies can be either parliamentary, semi-presidential, or presidential and dictatorships can be civilian, military, or royal. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs.

Countries by regime type (2008)[7][needs update]
Regime Type Subtype Reason for Dictatorship[7]
 Afghanistan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Albania Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Algeria Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Andorra Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Angola Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Antigua and Barbuda Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Argentina Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Armenia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Australia Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Austria Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Azerbaijan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Bahamas Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Bahrain Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No parties
 Bangladesh Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No Legislature
3. No legislative parties
 Barbados Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Belarus Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Belgium Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Belize Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Benin Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Bhutan Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Bolivia Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Botswana Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Brazil Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Brunei Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
3. One party
 Bulgaria Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Burkina Faso Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Burundi Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Cambodia Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
3. No legislative parties
 Cameroon Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Canada Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Cape Verde Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Central African Republic Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Chad Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Chile Democracy Presidential Democracy
 China Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. All parties are in regime
 Colombia Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Comoros Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Congo Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Costa Rica Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Ivory Coast Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship
 Croatia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Cuba Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Cyprus Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Czech Republic Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 DR Congo Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Denmark Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Djibouti Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. One legislative party
 Dominica Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Dominican Republic Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Timor-Leste Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Ecuador Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Egypt Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 El Salvador Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Equatorial Guinea Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Eritrea Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
3. All parties banned
4. No alternation in power
 Estonia Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Ethiopia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. All parties are in regime
4. No alternation in power
 Fiji Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No Legislature
3. No Legislative parties
 Finland Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 France Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Gabon Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Gambia Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Georgia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Germany Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Ghana Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Greece Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Grenada Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Guatemala Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Guinea Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Guinea-Bissau Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Guyana Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Haiti Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Honduras Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Hungary Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Iceland Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 India Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Indonesia Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Iran Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship
 Iraq Dictatorship Military Dictatorship All parties in regime
 Ireland Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Israel Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Italy Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Jamaica Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Japan Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Jordan Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Kazakhstan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Kenya Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Kiribati Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Kuwait Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
3. All parties legally banned
 Kyrgyzstan Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Laos Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 3. Legally single party state
 Latvia Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Lebanon Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Lesotho Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Liberia Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Libya Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature is appointed
3. No parties
 Liechtenstein Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Lithuania Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Luxembourg Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Macedonia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Madagascar Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Malawi Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Malaysia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. All parties in regime
4. No alternation in power
 Maldives Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Mali Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Malta Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Marshall Islands Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Mauritania Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No Legislature
3. No Legislative parties
 Mauritius Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Mexico Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Micronesia Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Moldova Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Mongolia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Montenegro Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship[clarification needed] 4. No alternation in power
 Morocco Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Mozambique Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Myanmar Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No Legislature
3. No Legislative parties
 Namibia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Nauru Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
   Nepal Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Netherlands Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 New Zealand Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Nicaragua Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship
 Niger Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Nigeria Democracy Presidential Democracy
 North Korea Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
 Norway Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Oman Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature is closed
3. No Legislative parties
 Pakistan Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Palau Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Panama Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Papua New Guinea Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Paraguay Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Peru Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Philippines Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Poland Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Portugal Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Qatar Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
3. No Legislative parties
 Romania Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Russia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Rwanda Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Samoa Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 San Marino Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 São Tomé and Príncipe Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Saudi Arabia Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
3. No Legislative parties
 Senegal Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Serbia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Seychelles Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Sierra Leone Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Singapore Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Slovakia Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Slovenia Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Solomon Islands Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Somalia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 2. Legislature not elected
3. No Legislative parties
 South Africa Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 South Korea Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Spain Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Sri Lanka Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Saint Lucia Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Sudan Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
 Suriname Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Swaziland Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
3. Legally single party state
 Sweden Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
  Switzerland Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Syria Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 3. All parties in regime
 Taiwan Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 Tajikistan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Tanzania Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Thailand Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Togo Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Tonga Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. Legislature not elected
3. All parties legally banned
4. No alternation in power
 Trinidad and Tobago Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Tunisia Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Turkey Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Turkmenistan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. Legally one party state
 Tuvalu Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Uganda Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Ukraine Democracy Semi-Presidential Democracy
 United Arab Emirates Dictatorship Royal Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
2. No Legislature
3. No Legislative parties
 United Kingdom Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 United States Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Uruguay Democracy Presidential Democracy
 Uzbekistan Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 3. One party
4. No alternation in power
 Vanuatu Democracy Parliamentary Democracy
 Venezuela Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected

4. No alternation in power

 Vietnam Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 1. Executive not elected
3. One party
 Yemen Dictatorship Military Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Zambia Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power
 Zimbabwe Dictatorship Civilian Dictatorship 4. No alternation in power

Democracy classification

A flowchart for the classification of democracies. Note that the official names do not determine their classification.

Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary.[1][8]: 454  It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state.[8]: 454  The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. The chief executive can take many titles including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different titles and be called different things. In the United Kingdom, for example, the chief executive is the prime minister, and the ministers are the heads of the executive departments, which together compose the government.

Legislative responsibility

The first distinction made is whether a country has a government has legislative responsibility, i.e. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence.[8]: 455  Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence.[8]: 455  Sometimes sitting governments will attach a vote of no confidence clause to a piece of legislation they want passed, effectively tying the survival of the government on the piece of legislation.[8]: 456 

Head of state

The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy.[1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected.[8]: 457  Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence.[8]: 456 

The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government.[8]: 465  Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof.

Some countries, such as Sweden, instead charge another person entirely with choosing the head of government, such as the presiding officer of the legislative assembly.

Classification

The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.[1]

The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. The name a democracy gives itself or its office does not indicate what type of democracy it is.

Definitions

A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. A semi-presidential (mixed) democracy has a government that needs the majority of support from a legislature to exist and whose head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. [8]: 457 

Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets

The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009.[9]

Gugiu & Centellas developed the Democracy Cluster Classification Index that integrates five democracy indicators (including the DD dataset, Polity dataset), clustering 24 American and 39 European regimes over 30 years.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Cheibub, José Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James Raymond (April 2010). "Democracy and dictatorship revisited". Public Choice. 143 (1–2): 67–101. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. JSTOR 40661005. S2CID 45234838.
  2. ^ a b Ristei, Mihaiela; Centellas, Miguel (Summer 2013). "The Democracy Cluster Classification Index". Political Analysis. 21 (3): 334–349. doi:10.1093/pan/mpt004.
  3. ^ a b c Keech, William R. (14 October 2013). Economic Politics in the United States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-107-00414-6. Retrieved 24 March 2014. Specifically, the DD index (for Democracy and Dictatorship) assesses the United States as a democracy from 1946, the first measured, through 2008, the last year of measurement. ... My definition of a democracy is minimalist, like the DD definition of Cheibub, Gadhi, and Vreeland (2010), but it adds a dimension. Like DD, it considers the presence of contested elections a necessary condition of ....
  4. ^ Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (August 2012). "Inequality and regime change: democratic transitions and the stability of democratic rule". American Political Science Review. 106 (3): 495–516. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000287. S2CID 28273700.
  5. ^ Alvarez, M.; Cheibub, J. A.; Limongi, F.; Przeworski, A. (1996). "Classifying political regimes". Studies in Comparative International Development. 31 (2): 3–36. doi:10.1007/bf02719326. S2CID 154376266.
  6. ^ Przeworski, Adam (2003). "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense". In Robert Alan Dahl, Ian Shapiro& José Antônio Cheibub (ed.). The Democracy Sourcebook. MIT Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-262-54147-3. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  7. ^ a b "DD - José Antonio Cheibub". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Clark, Robert Williams; Golder, Matt; Golder, Nadenichek (2018). Principles of Comparative Politics (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 454–467. ISBN 978-1506318127.
  9. ^ Boix, Carles; Miller, Michael; Rosato, Sebastian (December 2013). "A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007". Comparative Political Studies. 46 (12): 1523–1554. doi:10.1177/0010414012463905. S2CID 45833659.

Read other articles:

Ngô Quang Trưởng

South Vietnamese Army officer Ngô Quang TrưởngTrưởng circa 1972Born13 December 1929Kiến Hòa Province, Cochinchina, French IndochinaDied22 January 2007(2007-01-22) (aged 77)Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.Allegiance South VietnamService/branch French Army Vietnamese National Army Army of the Republic of VietnamYears of service1954–1975Rank Lieutenant General (Trung Tướng)Commands held1st Division (1966–1970), IV Corps (1970–1972), I Corps (1972–1975)Ba...

 

Castle Freak

1995 American horror film directed by Stuart Gordon This article is about the 1995 Gordon movie. For the 2020 remake, see Castle Freak (2020 film). Castle FreakDirected byStuart GordonScreenplay by Dennis Paoli Stuart Gordon[1] Produced byMaurizio Maggi[1]Starring Jeffrey Combs Barbara Crampton Jessica Dollarhide Jonathan Fuller CinematographyMario Vulpiani[1]Edited byBert Glatstein[1]Music byRichard Band[1]ProductioncompanyFull Moon Ente...

 

أمحمد بن رضوان

أمحمد بن رضوان وزير الشؤون الدينية الجزائري في المنصب18 يونيو 1991[1] – 22 فبراير 19928 أشهرٍ و4 أيامٍ الرئيس الشاذلي بن جديد رئيس الوزراء حكومة غزالي الأولىحكومة غزالي الثانية السعيد شيبان الساسي العموري معلومات شخصية الميلاد 20 أغسطس 1950  ولاية البليدة  الوفاة 3 أغسطس 2020...

Newhaven, Victoria

Town in Victoria, AustraliaNewhavenVictoriaNewhaven Yacht Club in 2022NewhavenCoordinates38°30′45″S 145°21′30″E / 38.51250°S 145.35833°E / -38.51250; 145.35833Population547 (2021 census)[1]Established1873Postcode(s)3925Location 126 km (78 mi) SE of Melbourne 65 km (40 mi) W of Leongatha 15 km (9 mi) SE of Cowes 2 km (1 mi) NW of San Remo LGA(s)Bass Coast ShireState electorate(s)BassFederal division(s)Mona...

 

Yoshihiko Hosoda

Yoshihiko HosodaHosoda pada tahun 2019Lahir4 Maret 1988 (umur 35)Tokyo, Jepang[1]KebangsaanJepangPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif2004 - sekarangTinggi182 m (597 ft 1+1⁄2 in) Yoshihiko Hosoda (細田 善彦code: ja is deprecated , Hosoda Yoshihiko) adalah pemeran Jepang. Ia dikenal karena perannya dalam sejumlah film seperti Detroit Metal City (2008) dan Ooku (2010).[2][3][4] Ia pernah bergabung dengan agensi bakat Stardust Promotion de...

 

Thérèse dari Lisieux

Untuk orang kudus lainnya dengan nama serupa, lihat Santa Theresia. Santa Theresia dari LisieuxSanta Theresia dari Kanak-Kanak YesusPerawan, Doktor dan Pujangga GerejaLahir(1873-01-02)2 Januari 1873Alençon, PrancisMeninggal30 September 1897(1897-09-30) (umur 24)Lisieux, PrancisDihormati diGereja Katolik RomaBeatifikasi29 April 1923 oleh Paus Pius XIKanonisasi17 Mei 1925 oleh Paus Pius XITempat ziarahBasilique de Sainte-Thérèse,[1] Lisieux, FrancePesta1 Oktober3 Oktober Tradisi...

ZNF7

ZNF7 المعرفات الأسماء المستعارة ZNF7, HF.16, KOX4, zf30, zinc finger protein 7 معرفات خارجية الوراثة المندلية البشرية عبر الإنترنت 194531 MGI: MGI:99208 HomoloGene: 20729 GeneCards: 7553 علم الوجود الجيني الوظيفة الجزيئية • ‏GO:0001131، ‏GO:0001151، ‏GO:0001130، ‏GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity• ربط دي إن إي• ربط أيون فلزي• ربط حم...

 

The Weeknd videography

The Weeknd videographyThe Weeknd performing at FEQ in July 2018Film5Television3Documentary3Music videos63 Canadian singer Abel Tesfaye, known professionally as the Weeknd, has been featured in sixty-two music videos. A noted cinephile, many of his music videos were inspired by various films.[1] From his compilation album Trilogy (2012), Tesfaye released four music videos for the songs The Knowing, Rolling Stone, Wicked Games and The Zone, which featured Drake.[2] For his debut...

 

Yanis David

French triple jumper Yanis David in 2022 Yanis Esmerelda David is a French athlete, born on 12 December 1997.[1] Yanis is a specialist in the women's triple jump, representing France and its overseas department of Guadeloupe in international competition. Life David was born in 1997 in Les Abymes. She attended the Cite Scolaire d'Excellence Sportive in Abymes, Guadeloupe and enrolled in 2015 at the University of Florida.[2] David won gold in the triple jump event at the Youth O...

Lezhin Comics

South Korean webtoon portal Lezhin EntertainmentIndustryWebtoonsFounded2013FounderHan Hee-sungHeadquartersSeoulParentKidariStudio, Inc.SubsidiariesLezhin Studio[1]Websitewww.lezhinus.com/en Lezhin Comics is a webtoon portal that was founded by South Korean blogger Han Hee-sung in 2013. It is based in South Korea and its services are offered in Korean, Japanese and English. History Han Hee-sung, a Korean blogger, launched Lezhin Comics in June 2013. By November 2014, it hosted over 400...

 

غرب ساسكس

غرب ساسكس West Sussex   غرب ساسكس الموقع الجغرافي تقسيم إداري البلد إنجلترا[1][2] العاصمة تشيتشستر  المنطقة جنوب شرق إنجلترا خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 50°55′00″N 0°30′00″W / 50.916666666667°N 0.5°W / 50.916666666667; -0.5  [3] المساحة 1990.8718 كيلومتر مربع (2016)[4]  الأرض 1,991 ...

 

Maria Frau

Maria Frau Información personalNacimiento 6 de agosto de 1930 (93 años)Sácer​​​​ (Italia) Nacionalidad ItalianaInformación profesionalOcupación Actriz [editar datos en Wikidata] Maria Frau (Sácer, 6 de agosto de 1930) es una actriz de cine italiana retirada.[1]​ Hizo su debut en 1950 cuando interpretó el papel principal en Margherita da Cortona. Después de aparecer en dieciocho películas, se retiró de la actuación en 1957, tras contraer matrimonio.[2]​...

Little Stretton Halt railway station

Former railway station in Shropshire, England Little StrettonGeneral informationLocationLittle Stretton, ShropshireEnglandCoordinates52°31′19″N 2°49′05″W / 52.522°N 2.818°W / 52.522; -2.818Grid referenceSO446919Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyShrewsbury and Hereford Joint RailwayPost-groupingShrewsbury and Hereford Joint RailwayKey dates18 April 1935Station opened4 January 1943Station closed6 May 1946Station reopened9 June 195...

 

Pass It Around (Smokie album)

1975 studio album by SmokeyPass It AroundStudio album by SmokeyReleased14 February 1975[1]RecordedAudio International Studios in LondonGenreGlam rock, hard rock, pop rockLength44:17LabelRAKProducerMike Chapman, Nicky ChinnSmokey chronology Pass It Around(1975) Changing All the Time(1975) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[2] Pass It Around is the debut studio album by British rock band Smokey (later renamed Smokie), released in 1975. The album featur...

 

Tremellaceae

Family of fungi Tremellaceae Gelatinous fruit body of Tremella fuciformis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Tremellomycetes Order: Tremellales Family: TremellaceaeFr. Type genus TremellaPers. Genera Tremella The Tremellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family is cosmopolitan and contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphs in the Tremellaceae are parasites of ...

Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan

Peta Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan di Sulawesi Tenggara Berikut adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia. Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan terdiri dari 7 kecamatan, 7 kelurahan dan 89 desa dengan luas wilayah 867,58 km² dan jumlah penduduk sebesar 37.126 jiwa (2019) dengan sebaran penduduk 43 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Konawe Kepulauan, adalah sebagai berikut: KodeKemendagri Kecamatan J...

 

Sindhi Americans

Americans originating from Sindh, PakistanPart of a series onSindhis Identity Folklore Language Dialects Sindh Sindhis Nationalism State Sindhology History Indus Valley Civilisation Rai dynasty Chacha dynasty Arab Sindh Soomra-Samma rule Talpurs British rule Current Era DiasporaAsia Sindhis in Afghanistan Sindhis in India Sindhis in Sri Lanka Europe Sindhi British Sindhi Gibraltarians North America Sindhi Americans Sindhi Canadians Oceania Sindhi Australians Culture Clothing Shawl Hat Day Cui...

 

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Sarolangun

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten SarolangunDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Sarolangun2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral SejarahSesi baru dimulai30 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaTontawi Jauhari, S.E. (Golkar) sejak 30 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IAang Purnama, S.E., M.M. (Demokrat) sejak 30 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IISyahrial Gunawan (PDI-P) sejak 30 September 2019 KomposisiAnggota35Partai & kursi  PDI-P (4)   NasDem (1)   PKB (3)   Demok...

Utica Shale

Stratigraphical unit of Upper Ordovician age in the Appalachian Basin Utica ShaleStratigraphic range: late Upper Ordovician PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N TypeGeological formationUnderliesLorraine Shale, Martinsburg Formation, and Reedsville FormationOverliesTrenton GroupCanajoharie shaleThicknessup to 1,000 feet (300 m)[1]LithologyPrimaryShaleLocationCoordinates43°03′50″N 75°10′48″W / 43.064°N 75.18°W / 43.064; -75.18 (Utica Shale)Reg...

 

Gulfstream III

Family of executive jets Gulfstream III Gulfstream III on approach Role Business jetType of aircraft Manufacturer Gulfstream Aerospace First flight 2 December 1979[1] Introduction 1980 Primary users United StatesGabon India Italy Produced 1979–1986 Number built 202 Developed from Grumman Gulfstream II Developed into Gulfstream IV/G400/G450 The Gulfstream III, a business jet produced by Gulfstream Aerospace, is an improved variant of the Grumman Gulfstream II. Design and develop...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!