Charles Stark Draper

Charles Stark Draper[1]
Born	(1901-10-02)October 2, 1901 Windsor, Missouri, U.S.
Died	July 25, 1987(1987-07-25) (aged 85) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Alma mater	MIT (B.S., 1926; M.S., 1936; Sc.D., 1938) Stanford University (B.A., Psychology, 1922)
Awards	Magellanic Premium (1959) National Medal of Science (1964) Daniel Guggenheim Medal (1966) Rufus Oldenburger Medal (1971) Allan D. Emil Memorial Award (1977) Control Heritage Award (1981)
Scientific career
Fields	Control theory
Institutions	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Thesis	The physical processes accompanying detonation in the internal combustion engine (1938)
Doctoral advisor	Philip M. Morse
Doctoral students	Yao-Tzu Li Robert Seamans

Charles Stark "Doc" Draper (October 2, 1901 – July 25, 1987) was an American scientist and engineer, known as the "father of inertial navigation".^[2] He was the founder and director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Instrumentation Laboratory, which was later spun out of MIT to become the non-profit Charles Stark Draper Laboratory.

Beginning in the 1940s, Draper developed inertial guidance systems for aircraft. In World War II, Draper invented the first lead-computing gunsights for aircraft, and later applying similar technology to missile guidance systems. In 1954, Draper's application of inertial controls to computerized autopilot allowed the Instrumentation Lab to conduct the first coast-to-coast unmanned flight. The lab also made the Apollo Moon landings possible through the Apollo Guidance Computer it designed for NASA. In 1960, Draper was one of the scientists recognized as Time magazine's Men of the Year.

Early life and education

Draper was born in Windsor, Missouri. He attended the University of Missouri in 1917, then transferred to Stanford University, California in 1919, from which he earned a B.A. in psychology in 1922. He matriculated at MIT in 1922, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in electrochemical engineering (1926), and Master of Science (1928), and a Doctor of Science (1938) degrees in physics.^[3] Charles Stark Draper's relatives were prominent in his home state of Missouri, including his cousin, Governor Lloyd C. Stark.

Career

Draper began teaching at MIT as an assistant professor. He was appointed a full professor in aeronautical engineering in 1939. It was here that he founded the Instrumentation Laboratory in the 1930s, spun off in 1973 as the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory.^[4]

Draper's interest in flight instrumentation was influenced by becoming a pilot in the 1930s: although he failed to become an Air Corps pilot, he learned to fly by enrolling in a civilian course.^[5] Draper was one of the pioneers of inertial navigation, a technology used in aircraft, space vehicles, and submarines that enables such vehicles to navigate by sensing changes in direction and speed using gyroscopes and accelerometers. A pioneering figure in aerospace engineering, he contributed to the Apollo space program with his knowledge of guidance systems.

In 1961 Draper and the Instrumentation Lab were awarded the first contract given out for the Apollo program to send humans to the Moon, which was announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the lunar module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface.^[6]

Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing the Apollo computers and software.^[7]

Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions.

Professional associations

Draper was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences as well as the French Academy of Sciences. He had served as president of the International Academy of Astronautics, and was a member of the American Physical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.^[2]

Awards

Draper received more than 70 honors and awards, including the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1960, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1961,^[8] the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964,^[9] the ASME's Rufus Oldenburger Medal in 1971,^[10] the Robert H. Goddard Trophy in 1978,^[11] the AACC's Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award^[12] and the Smithsonian's Langley Gold Medal in 1981, and the National Academy of Engineering's Founders Award.^[2] His renown was international, and was recognized by many foreign countries, including France, United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union.^[13]

Draper was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame.^[14]

Draper was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1981.^[15]

Legacy

He died in the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at age 85. He was eulogized as "one of the foremost engineers of our time", and Howard Wesley Johnson, Chairman of the MIT Corporation, credited him for creating a "whole new industry in inertial instruments and systems for airplanes, ships, submarines, missiles, satellites and space vehicles".^[16]

Charles Stark Draper Prize

The National Academy of Engineering established the Charles Stark Draper Prize in 1988 on behalf of the namesake's laboratory at MIT. The prize, which is awarded annually and consists of $500,000 in cash, a gold medallion, and a hand-inscribed certificate, aims to "increase public understanding of the contributions of engineering and technology to the welfare and freedom of humanity".^[13] Endowment for the prize was provided by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory.^[17]

See also

• List of members of the National Academy of Engineering (Aerospace)
• Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
• Charles Stark Draper Prize
• Inertial navigation system (INS)
• List of Draper Prize Winners

References

1. Dr. Charles S. Draper was elected in 1965 for his contributions to aeronautical and astronautical engineering instrumentation.
2. "International Space Hall of Fame ‑ Charles S. Draper". New Mexico Museum of Space History. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
3. Alumni MIT
4. Morgan, Christopher; O'Connor, Joseph; Hoag, David, "Draper at 25" Archived May 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, publication of Draper Labs, 1998
5. National Academy of Engineering (1992). Memorial Tributes. National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-04349-2.
6. Apollo 8 and Apollo 10 orbited the Moon, but did not land; Apollo 13 was unable to land on the Moon due to a near-disastrous oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon.
7. Beirne Lay, Jr., Earthbound Astronauts - the Builders of Apollo-Saturn (Prentice Hall, New York, NY). 1971 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-145628, p. 92
8. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
9. National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science
10. "Rufus Oldenburger Medal". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
11. "Past Goddard Trophy Winners". National Space Club. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
12. "Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award". American Automatic Control Council. Archived from the original on 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
13. "History of Charles Stark "Doc" Draper and the Draper Prize". National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
14. Locke, Robert (October 6, 1976). "Space Pioneers Enshrined". Las Vegas Optic. Las Vegas, New Mexico. Associated Press. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
15. "Enshrinee Charles Draper". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
16. Wilford, John Noble (27 July 1987). "Charles S. Draper, Engineer; Guided Astronauts to the Moon". The New York Times.
17. "About the Draper Prize". Draper Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2013-01-27.

Further reading

• MacKenzie, Donald Angus (1993). Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-63147-1.
• Wildenberg, Thomas (2019). Hot Spot of Invention: Charles Stark Draper, MIT, and the Development of Inertial Guidance and Navigation. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-682-47469-3.

External links

• Inventor Profile on the National Inventors Hall of Fame Web Site
• Caltech History of Recent Science & Technology - Apollo Guidance Computer - People - Charles Stark (Doc) Draper
• The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir