Janet Rowley

Janet Rowley
Rowley at the White House in August 2009
Born	Janet Davison (1925-04-05)April 5, 1925 New York City, New York
Died	December 17, 2013(2013-12-17) (aged 88) Chicago, Illinois
Alma mater	University of Chicago
Known for	Identification chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers
Awards	William Allan Award (1991) National Medal of Science (1998) Gruber Prize in Genetics (2009) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009) Pearl Meister Greengard Prize (2010) Japan Prize (2012) Albany Medical Center Prize (2013) Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (1998)
Scientific career
Institutions	University of Chicago

Janet Davison Rowley (April 5, 1925 – December 17, 2013) was an American human geneticist and the first scientist to identify a chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers, thus proving that cancer is a genetic disease.^[1][2][3] Rowley spent the majority of her life working in Chicago and received many awards and honors throughout her life, recognizing her achievements and contributions in the area of genetics.

Early life and education

Janet Davison was born in New York City in 1925, the only child of Hurford and Ethel Ballantyne Davison. Her father held a master of business administration degree from Harvard Business School, and her mother a master's degree in education from Columbia University. Her parents were educators at the college and high school levels, respectively, and her mother later gave up teaching to become a school librarian.

Davison attended an academically challenging junior high school in New Jersey and became especially interested in science. In 1940, aged 15, she was granted a scholarship to study in an advanced placement program at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools where she finished high school and the first two years of college, followed by completion of her degree at the University of Chicago, where she earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1944, a Bachelor of Science degree in 1946, and Doctor of Medicine degree in 1948, aged 23. Davison, only 19 years of age, had to wait 9 months in order to attend the university because their quota had already been filled for that semester.^[4] During that time only 3 out of 65 students were to be women in each class accepted.^[4] She married Donald Adams Rowley, also a physician, the day after graduating from medical school. He then went on to become a distinguished pathologist later in life.^[5] In 1951, both Janet and Donald Rowley completed internships at the United States Public Health Service's Marine Hospital in Chicago.^[6] Rowley continued her work throughout Chicago and worked in a clinic for children with Down Syndrome.^[4] Rowley worked part-time until the youngest of her four sons was 12 years old.

Career

Rowley discusses her life and career.

After earning her medical license in 1951, Dr. Rowley worked as attending physician at the Infant and Prenatal Clinics in the Department of Public Health, Montgomery County, Maryland. In 1955 she took up a research post at Chicago's Dr. Julian Levinson Foundation, a clinic for children with developmental disabilities, where she remained until 1961. She also taught neurology at the University of Illinois College of Medicine.

In 1962, Rowley's interest in cancer and chromosomes was sparked as an NIH trainee, studying the pattern DNA replication in normal and abnormal human chromosomes.^[4] Dr. Rowley then returned to the University of Chicago, as a research associate in the Department of Hematology. She became an associate professor in 1969 and a full professor in 1977. In the 1970s, she further developed the use of existing methods of quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining to identify chromosomes, and demonstrated that the abnormal Philadelphia chromosome implicated in certain types of leukemia was involved in a translocation with chromosome 9 in some cases. Translocation is the process by which a piece of one chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome, or when two chromosomes exchange material when both break. She also identified translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 in acute myelogenous leukemia, and between 15 and 17 in promyelocytic leukemia.^[7] Rowley also aided in the discovery, through her research, of the formation of retinoid acid, a drug that is able to help return normal function to certain protein receptors.^[5]

The first chromosomal translocation was discovered by Rowley in 1972 in acute myelogenous leukemia.^[8] When Dr. Rowley published her findings in the 1970s, she argued that specific translocations caused specific diseases, going against the established view of the cause of cancer which gave little significance to chromosomal abnormalities.^[7] Although there was some resistance to her ideas at first, her work has proven immensely influential, and by 1990 over seventy translocations had been identified across different cancers.

Awards and honors

In 1984, Dr. Rowley was made the Blum-Riese Distinguished Service Professor of medicine, cell biology, molecular and human genetics at the University of Chicago.^[6] She also served as the interim deputy dean for science. In 1989, she was not only presented with the Charles S. Mott Prize by General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, but the Clowes Memorial Award as well.^[4] In 1991, she was elected as a member into the American Philosophical Society.^[4] In 1998, she was one of three scientists awarded the prestigious Lasker Award for their work on translocation, and received the National Medal of Science in 1998.^[9] In 1999, Dr. Rowley received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.^[10] In 2002, Discover magazine recognized her as one of the 50 most important women in science.^[11] In 2003, she received the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society.^[12] In 2007, she was awarded the Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics by the Association for Molecular Pathology.^[13] In 2009, Dr. Rowley was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom,^[14] the United States' highest civilian honor, by then-President Barack Obama,^[6] and the Gruber Prize in Genetics. Then in 2010, she was awarded the Jesse Stevenson Kovalenko Medal by the National Academy of Sciences.^[4] In 2012, Dr. Rowley was selected for the Hope Funds for Cancer Research Award of excellence in the area of Basic Research and was elected to the Hope Funds Scientific Advisory Board. Also in 2012, she won the Japan Prize for Healthcare and Medical Technology with two other scientists for her role in the creation of Gleevec.^[4][15] For Rowley's scientific contributions she has received honorary doctor of science degrees from multiple institutions some of which include Yale University and Harvard University.^[6] She is also a member of multiple scientific and honorary societies. These distinguished groups include the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences.^[6] She published more than five hundred articles and continued her research at the University of Chicago until shortly before her death. In 2017, she was posthumously inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[16][17]

Death

On December 17, 2013, Rowley died at home at the age of 88 from complications of ovarian cancer.^[6][17]

References

1. • Druker, Brian J. (2014). "Janet Rowley (1925–2013) Geneticist who discovered that broken chromosomes cause cancer". Nature. 505 (7484): 484. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..484D. doi:10.1038/505484a. PMID 24451535.
   • Rowley, J. D. (2013). "A Story of Swapped Ends". Science. 340 (6139): 1412–1413. Bibcode:2013Sci...340.1412R. doi:10.1126/science.1241318. PMID 23788787. S2CID 206550237.
   • Novak, K. (2006). "Profile: Janet Rowley". Nature Medicine. 12 (1): 10. doi:10.1038/nm0106-10. PMID 16397540. S2CID 36113381.
   • Olopade, O. I. (2014). "Obituary: Janet Davison Rowley 1925–2013". Cell. 156 (3): 390–1. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.015. PMID 24757717.
   • Goss, K. H.; Le Beau, M. M. (2014). "Janet Davidson Rowley (1925–2013)". Cancer Cell. 25 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2013.12.020. PMID 24654260.
2. • Kreuzer, K. A.; Borregaard, N (2014). "In memoriam Janet D. Rowley (1925–2013) and John M. Goldman (1938–2013)". European Journal of Haematology. 92 (4): 275. doi:10.1111/ejh.12295. S2CID 73068763.
   • Hokland, P (2014). "Janet Rowley 1925–2013: A rock star of haematology and genetics". British Journal of Haematology. 165 (3): 269–70. doi:10.1111/bjh.12808. PMID 24588512. S2CID 207082112.
   • Greaves, M (2014). "Retrospective. Janet Rowley (1925–2013)". Science. 343 (6171): 626. doi:10.1126/science.1251005. PMID 24503847. S2CID 206555226.
   • Mitelman, F (2014). "Janet D. Rowley 1925–2013". Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer. 53 (4): 275–6. doi:10.1002/gcc.22156. PMID 24496781.
3. "Rowley, Janet D." National Women’s Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
4. "Janet D. Rowley, MD". www.aacr.org. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
5. Druker, Brian J. (January 22, 2014). "Janet Rowley (1925-2013)". Nature. 505 (7484): 484. Bibcode:2014Natur.505..484D. doi:10.1038/505484a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 24451535.
6. "Janet Rowley, cancer genetics pioneer, 1925-2013". University of Chicago News. Retrieved November 18, 2019."Rowley, Janet D." National Women’s Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
7. Wapner J. The Philadelphia Chromosome: A Genetic Mystery, a Lethal Cancer, and the Improbable Invention of a Lifesaving Treatment. ISBN 9781615191970
8. "Janet D. Rowley". www.hematology.org. June 5, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
9. National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science. Nsf.gov. Retrieved on May 9, 2016.
10. "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
11. Svitil, Kathy (November 13, 2002). "The 50 Most Important Women in Science". Discover. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
12. "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
13. "Past Recipients". Association for Molecular Pathology. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
14. "President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients", White House Office of the Press Secretary, July 30, 2009
15. Laureates of the Japan Prize. japanprize.jp
16. Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added to National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
17. "Cancer Genetics Pioneer Dies". Huffington Post. December 18, 2013.

Further reading

• National Library of Medicine."Biography: Dr. Janet Davison Rowley".
• The University of Chicago Medical Center."Janet Rowley, MD, receives Presidential Medal of Freedom for cancer chromosome studies". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2009., 2009
• The University of Chicago Medical Center."Janet Rowley, MD, awarded Gruber Genetics Prize for chromosome studies". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2009., 2009
• The University of Chicago Medical Center."Janet Rowley, MD, receives prestigious National Medal of Science at White House ceremony". Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2009., April 27, 1999
• The University of Chicago Medical Center."1998 Lasker Award to Janet Rowley". Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2009., 1998

External links

• Guide to the Janet D. Rowley Papers 1940-2013 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center