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The Amitābha Sūtra (Ch.: 阿彌陀經, pinyin: Āmítuó Jīng, or 佛說阿彌陀經, Fóshuō Āmítuójīng; Jp.: Amida Kyō, Vi.: A Di Đà Kinh), also known as the [Shorter] Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra (Sanskrit, The Array of "the Blissful Land", or The Arrangement of Sukhāvatī) is one of the two Indian Mahayana sutras that describe Sukhāvatī, the pure land of Amitābha.^[1]^[2] The text was translated into Chinese in 402 by Kumārajīva (Taishō Tripiṭaka no. 366) and it is also known in Chinese as the "Small Sutra" (Xiaojing).^[2]^[3]

The Amitābha Sūtra is highly influential in East Asian Buddhism, including China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam since it is considered one of the "Three Pure Land" sutras which are the key scriptures in Pure Land Buddhism.^[2]

History

The Amitābha Sūtra was translated from an Indic language into Classical Chinese by Tripiṭaka master Kumārajīva in 402. The original Sukhāvatīvyūha sutras may have existed in India as early as the first or second centuries CE (during the Kushan era).^[4]^[5] They may have been composed Gandhari or some other Prakrit language.^[4]^[5] A later translation of this sutra was completed by Xuanzang (602-664 C.E.), but it is not as widely used as Kumārajīva's, which is the standard edition in the East Asian tradition.^[6]

The sutra was commented on by numerous East Asian authors. The 7th century Pure Land patriarch Shandao commented on the sutra in his Fashizan 法事讚 (Praise for Dharma Rites), which focuses on the rites associated with the recitation of the sutra.^[2] It was also commented on by Sengzhao (384–414), Zhiyi (538–597 CE), Wohnyo, Huijing (578-645 CE) and Kuiji (632-682 CE).^[2]^[7]

The work of these figures raised the status of the Amitābha Sūtra, and it became a central text in Chinese Buddhism. Today, it remains very popular sutra in East Asian Buddhism. Its short length has also contributed to it becoming a widely chanted sutra in Buddhist temples and monasteries.^[3]

Later Chinese figures continued to comment on the sutra. During the Song dynasty, Yuanzhao (Chinese: 元照, 1048–1116) composed a commentary that draws on the various views found in Tiantai and in Shandao. Later in the Ming dynasty, Yunqi Zhuhong (1535–1615) composed a commentary which explains the sutra from the perspective of Huayan's teaching of principle and phenomena.^[8] Another Ming era commentary by Ouyi Zhixu (1599–1655) has been translated into English as Mind Seal of the Buddhas by J.C. Cleary.^[9] A study of both the Amitabha and the Amitayus sutras (known as the "longer" Sukhāvatīvyūha in Sanskrit) was published by Luis O. Gomez in 1996.^[10]

In Japan, Hōnen also commented on the work along with the other Pure Land sutras. The influential Japanese Pure Land thinker Shinran (1173- 1263) also wrote a series of notes and marginalia to a copy of the sutra, which is now known as the Amida-kyō chū (阿弥陀経註).^[11]

Content

The bulk of the Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, considerably shorter than other Pure Land sutras, consists of a discourse that Gautama Buddha gave at Jetavana in Śrāvastī to his disciple Śāriputra. The teaching concerns the wonderful adornments and features found in the buddhafield (or "pure land") of Sukhāvatī ("the Blissful"), including jeweled ponds, colorful jeweled lotuses, raining flowers, jeweled trees that make Dharma sounds, and so on. It also discusses the beings that reside there, including the Buddha Amitābha (meaning "Measureless Light" or "Boundless Radiance"), who is said to be so called because "the light of the Tathāgata Amitābha shines unimpeded throughout all buddha realms".^[1]

The text also describes what one must do to be reborn in Sukhāvatī. In the sutra, Śākyamuni teaches that one must vow to be born in Sukhāvatī and single-mindedly focus on Buddha Amitābha, and then after death they will be reborn in the pure land. The key passage which describes these instructions states (translation from the Sanskrit edition):

Moreover, O Śāriputra, beings should make vows towards that buddha-land. Why? Because, indeed, they come together with good people of such forms. O Śāriputra, beings do not arise in the buddha-land of Amitāyus Tathāgata by insignificant wholesome roots. O Śāriputra, whichever son of good family or daughter of good family, will hear the name of that bhagavān, Amitāyus Tathāgata, and having heard it will think of it, or will think of it with a mind that is undistracted for one night, or two nights, or three nights, or four nights, or five nights, or six nights, or seven nights, when that son of good family or daughter of good family will die, at their time of death, that Amitāyus Tathāgata, surrounded by a saṅgha of śrāvakas and headed by a chain of bodhisattvas will stand before them and they will die with an undisturbed mind. Having died, they will arise in the world system Sukvāvatī, the buddha-land of just that Amitāyus Tathāgata. Therefore, then, O Śāriputra, seeing this intention, I thus say: a son of good family or a daughter of good family should devotedly make vows of aspiration towards that buddha-land.^[12]

The Buddha then describes the various buddhas of the six directions and how they also teach the same teaching on rebirth in Sukhāvatī in their own buddhalands.^[1] Hence, the Buddha explains how an alternative title to this sutra is "Embraced by all Buddhas", since all Buddhas expound the teaching of faith in the pure land.

The sutra ends with the Buddha stating that this teaching is actually very difficult to believe, calling it "the most difficult of difficulties" and "the Dharma which is the most difficult to accept by all the world."^[12]

English translations

Multiple English translations of the various editions (Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan) have been completed and published.

From Sanskrit

Müller, Max, and Bunyiu Nanjio, trans. “Āryasukhāvatīvyūhasūtra.” Anecdota Oxoniensia: Aryan Series. Vol. I, part II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1883.
Gomez, Luis, trans. (1996), The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light: Sanskrit and Chinese Versions of the Sukhavativyuha Sutras, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Gomez calls this edition a "more "free" translation" in the preface.
Shaku Shingan (Alexander O'Neill, 2002), The Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra. Translated from the Sanskrit edition of P.L. Vaidya, in Mahāyāna-sūtra-saṃgraha, Part I. Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute 1961. Pages 254-257.

From Kumārajīva's Chinese

Utsuki, Nishu. The Smaller Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra or The Sūtra on the Buddha Amitāyus: Translated from the Chinese Version of Kumārajīva. Kyoto: Educational Department of the West, Hongwanji, 1924.
Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2003). The Three Pure Land Sutras (Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, BDK English Tripiṭaka Series)
Jodo Shinshu Hongwanji-ha translation group. The Sutra on Amida Buddha Delivered by Śākyamuni Buddha in The Three Pure Land Sutra (2 Vols), Shin Buddhism Translation Series. This version improves on Inagaki's earlier translation and adds an extensive scholarly apparatus, with notes, etc.
Jōdo-shū Research Institute (2014). The Three Pure Land Sutras: The Principle of Pure Land Buddhism, Jōdo-shū Press.

From the Tibetan translation

Sakya Pandita Translation Group (2011), The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī (Toh 115), translated from the Tibetan translation of Dānaśīla and Yeshé Dé c. eighth or ninth century.^[1]

Commentaries

McBride II, Richard. "Wŏnhyo’s Commentary on the Amitābha Sūtra", Chapter 5 in Halkias, Georgios T.; Payne, Richard K. (2019). Pure Lands in Asian Texts and Contexts (An Anthology).
Cleary, J.C. Mind-seal of the Buddhas: Patriarch Ou-i's Commentary on the Amitābha Sūtra. Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 2000.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sakya Pandita Translation Group (International Buddhist Academy Division). "The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī / 84000 Reading Room". 84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 阿彌陀經 Amitâbha-sūtra, Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
^ ^a ^b Gomez, Luis, trans. (1996), The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light: Sanskrit and Chinese Versions of the Sukhavativyuha Sutras, p. 126. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
^ ^a ^b Nakamura, Hajime. Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, p. 205. Motilal Banarsidass Pub (Buddhist Tradition Series), 2007.
^ ^a ^b Thích Nhất Hạnh (2003). Finding our True Home: Living in the Pure Land Here And Now. Preface by Sister Annabel Laity. Parallax Press. pp. 11–12, footnote 1. ISBN 1-888375-34-5.
^ Gomez (1996), p. 129.
^ Gomez (1996), p. 134.
^ Jakub Zamorski (2020): Rethinking Yang Wenhui’s identity as a ‘Chinese’ Pure Land Buddhist in his polemics against Jōdo-Shinshū, Studies in Chinese Religions, DOI: 10.1080/23729988.2020.1763684
^ Cleary, J.C. Mind-seal of the Buddhas: Patriarch Ou-i's Commentary on the Amitabha Sutra, Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation, 2000.
^ Gomez, Luis, trans. (1996), The Land of Bliss: The Paradise of the Buddha of Measureless Light: Sanskrit and Chinese Versions of the Sukhavativyuha Sutras, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
^ "九州国立博物館「本願寺展」" [Kyushu National Hongan-ji Exhibition]. Nishinippon Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
^ ^a ^b Shaku Shingan (Alexander O'Neill, 2002), The Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra. Translated from the Sanskrit edition of P.L. Vaidya, in Mahāyāna-sūtra-saṃgraha, Part I. Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute 1961. Pages 254-257.