Al-Batani al-Sharqi

al-Batani al-Sharqi
البطاني الشرقي
Etymology: The eastern Butani[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Batani al-Sharqi (click the buttons)
al-Batani al-Sharqi is located in Mandatory Palestine
al-Batani al-Sharqi
al-Batani al-Sharqi
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°45′07″N 34°43′24″E / 31.75194°N 34.72333°E / 31.75194; 34.72333
Palestine grid123/128
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulationMay 13, 1948[4]
Area
 • Total
5,764 dunams (5.8 km2 or 2.2 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total
650[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesNone

Al-Batani al-Sharqi (Arabic: البطاني الشرقي) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Gaza Subdistrict, located 36.5 kilometers (22.7 mi) northeast of Gaza situated in the flat terrain on the southern coastal plain of Palestine. It had a population of 650 in 1945. Al-Batani al-Sharqi was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.[5]

History

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here, together with coins from reigns of Phocas and Constantine IV.[6]

One mention of al-Batani indicates that it was founded as a ranch by the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I in the 8th century CE.[5]

Ottoman era

Al-Batani al-Sharqi, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the tax registers of 1596, it was a village in the nahiya of Gaza, east of Isdud, north of Bayt Daras and part of the Sanjak of Gaza with a population of 39. Al-Batani paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit, beehives, goats, and vineyards.[7] The whole population was Muslim.[8] The village appeared as an unnamed village on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.[9]

In 1838, Robinson noted el-Butaniyeh, the east, as Muslim village located in the Gaza district.[10]

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village which he called Bathanieh Ech-Charkieh. He found about 100 adobe brick houses, and ancient stones lying on the ground near a well. Tobacco plantations grew in gardens surrounded by cactus hedges.[11]

Socin, citing an official Ottoman village list compiled around 1870, noted that Al-Batani al-Sharqi had 89 houses and a population of 265, though the population count included men, only.[12] Hartmann found that el-batanije esch-scharkije had 85 houses.[13]

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described al-Batani al-Sharqi as being situated on low ground and extended from east to west in a rectangular shape. Patches of garden and a number of wells surrounded the village.[14]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Batani Sharqi had a population of 304 inhabitants, all Muslims,[15] increasing in the 1931 census to 404, still all Muslim, in 85 houses.[16]

Construction expanded westward—the Wadi al-Mari's winter flooding impeded eastward expansion—along the road that linked to al-Batani al-Gharbi until the distance between the two villages was less than 2 kilometers (1.2 mi). Village houses, made of adobe, with wood-and-cane roofs, were built close together along narrow alleys. The two al-Batanis shared an elementary school that was opened in 1947; its initial enrollment was 119 students. The village had a mosque and a number of small shops. The entire population was Muslim.[5]

In the 1945 statistics Al-Batani al-Sharqi had a population of 650, all Muslims,[2] with 5,764 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 319 dunams were allocated to citrus and banana plants, 474 plantations and irrigable land, 4,733 used for cereals,[17] while 32 dunams were built-up land.[18]

al-Batani 1945 1:250,000

1948 war and aftermath

In early May, 1948, the Al-Majdal Arab National Committee (NC), ordered the villagers of Al-Batani al-Sharqi, together with those of Al-Batani al-Gharbi, Yasur, Bayt Daras and the three Sawafir villages to stay put.[19]

It became depopulated shortly afterwards as part of Palmach's 'Operation Lightning' (Mivtza Barak). After they had hit Bayt Daras, the operational orders to Haganah on the 10 May was to "subdue" Al-Batani al-Gharbi and Al-Batani al-Sharqi, "with the same means used vis-à-vis Aqir, Bashshit and Bayt Daras".[20]

Together with nearby Bashshit and Barqa, al-Batani al-Sharqi was captured by the Haganah's Givati Brigade, just before the end of the British Mandate period in Palestine.[5] According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, it fell on May 13, 1948, as part of Operation Barak in which the Haganah moved southwards in anticipation of an engagement with Egyptian forces.[4]

The History of the War of Independence, however, states that it was captured by Israeli Jewish forces under the Givati Brigade's Eighth Battalion on June 10–11. Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi said that this may have meant that the village briefly changed hands in the course of Israeli-Egyptian battles on the southern front before the first truce came into effect on June 11.[5]

In early 1949 American Quaker relief workers reported that many those living in tents in what became Maghazi refugee camp had come from Al-Batani al-Sharqi.[21]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel, with the villages lands remaining undeveloped.[22] In 1992 the village site was described: "Only a dilapidated police station from the Mandate period survives. It is a complex of three single-storey, concrete flat-roofed buildings. One of the buildings is higher than the other two; all three have rectangular doors and windows. A village street is clearly visible. Cactuses and fig, eucalyptus, and sycamore trees are scattered over the site. Israeli farmers cultivate citrus on the adjacent lands."[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 267
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31 Archived 2020-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 45 Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #278, Also gives cause of depopulation.
  5. ^ a b c d e Khalidi, 1992, pp.84-85.
  6. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 864
  7. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 145. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 85
  8. ^ 7 household, according to Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 145
  9. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 171 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 118
  11. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 80
  12. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 148
  13. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 134
  14. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 409. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 85
  15. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 9
  16. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 2.
  17. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 86 Archived 2013-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 136 Archived 2013-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 179, note #112, this was according to Haganah intelligence
  20. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 256, note #752
  21. ^ Gallagher, Nancy (2007) ‘’Quakers in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Dilemmas of NGO Humanitarian Activism’’ The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-416-105-X p 75
  22. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 85

Bibliography

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