This article is about accession negotiations process. For the broad perspective on relations between the European Union and Turkey, see European Union–Turkey relations.
Turkey is negotiating its accession to the European Union (EU) as a member state, following its application to become a full member of the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the EU, on 14 April 1987.[1]
Negotiations for full membership were started on 3 October 2005.[4] Progress was slow: out of the 35 chapters necessary to complete the accession process, only 16 had been opened and one had been closed by May 2016.[5] The early 2016 refugee deal between Turkey and the European Union was intended to accelerate negotiations after previous stagnation and allow visa-free travel through Europe for Turks.[6]
Since 2016, accession negotiations have stalled.[7] The EU has accused and criticized Turkey for human rights violations and deficits in rule of law.[8] In 2017, EU officials said that the strong presidency created by the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum would violate the Copenhagen criteria of eligibility for an EU membership.[9]
On 20 February 2019, a European parliament committee voted to suspend the accession talks, sparking criticism from the government of Turkey.[10][11][12] Turkey's accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen.[13][14][15][16][17]
Council adopts revised Accession Partnership for Turkey.
30 June 2010
Negotiations are opened on Chapter 12 – Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy.
17 May 2012
Positive Agenda intended to bring fresh dynamics into the EU-Turkey relations was launched.
5 November 2013
Negotiations are opened on Chapter 22 – Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments.
16 December 2013
Visa liberalisation dialogue launched and EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement signed.
29 November 2015
First EU-Turkey Summit held and Joint EU-Turkey Action Plan activated. The EU welcomes Turkey's commitment to accelerate the fulfilment of the Visa Roadmap benchmarks in return for halting the flow of Syrian refugees from Turkey to Greece.[24]
14 December 2015
Negotiations are opened on Chapter 17 – Economic and Monetary Policy.
30 June 2016
Negotiations are opened on Chapter 33 – Financial and Budgetary Provisions.
24 November 2016
MEPs vote overwhelmingly to suspend negotiations with Turkey over human rights and rule of law concerns.
6 July 2017
EU parliament called for the suspension of accession negotiations with Turkey.
20 February 2019
EU parliament committee votes to suspend accession talks with Turkey.
13 March 2019
The European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.
19 May 2021
The European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of accession negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[25]
1950s–1990s
Turkey first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959, and on 12 September 1963 signed the "Agreement Creating An Association Between The Republic of Turkey and the European Economic Community", also known as the Ankara Agreement. This agreement came into effect the following year on 12 December 1964. The Ankara Agreement sought to integrate Turkey into a customs union with the EEC whilst acknowledging the final goal of membership.[20] In November 1970, a further protocol called the "Additional Protocol" established a timetable for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods traded between Turkey and the EEC.[20]
On 14 April 1987, Turkey submitted its application for formal membership into the European Economic Community. The European Commission responded in December 1989 by confirming Ankara's eventual membership but also by deferring the matter to more favourable times, citing Turkey's economic and political situation, as well its poor relations with Greece and the conflict with Cyprus as creating an unfavourable environment with which to begin negotiations.[26] This position was confirmed again in the Luxembourg European Council of 1997 in which accession talks were started with central and eastern European states and Cyprus, but not Turkey. During the 1990s, Turkey proceeded with closer integration with the European Union by agreeing to a customs union in 1995. In 1999, following the Greek-Turkish earthquake diplomacy, Greece lifted its opposition to Turkey's accession to the European Union. Moreover, the Helsinki Summit European Council of 1999 proved a milestone as the EU recognised Turkey as a candidate on equal footing with other potential candidates.
2000s
The next significant step in EU–Turkey relations came with the December 2002 Copenhagen European Council.[27] According to it, "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without delay' if the European Council in December 2004, on the basis of a report and a recommendation from the Commission, decides that Turkey fulfills the Copenhagen political criteria."[27] French President Jacques Chirac and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder expressed joint support for the December 2004 European Commission summit meeting agenda for Turkey joining the European Union.[28]
The European Commission recommended that the negotiations should begin in 2005, but also added various precautionary measures. The EU leaders agreed on 16 December 2004 to start accession negotiations with Turkey from 3 October 2005.[29] While Austria and Germany initially wanted to leave open the possibility that negotiations with Turkey would lead to a privileged partnership, less than full membership, accession negotiations were ultimately launched with the "shared objective" of membership.[30]
Turkey's accession talks have since been stalled by a number of domestic and external problems. Both Austria and France have said they would hold a referendum on Turkey's accession. In the case of France, a change in its Constitution was made to impose such a referendum, but later another constitutional change has enabled the parliament (if a large majority of its members agrees) to prevent such a referendum.[31] The issue of Cyprus continues to be a major obstacle to negotiations.[32] European officials have commented on the slowdown in Turkish reforms which, combined with the Cyprus problem, led the EU's Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn in March 2007 to warn of an impending 'train crash' in the negotiations.[33] Due to these setbacks, negotiations again came to a halt in December 2006, with the EU freezing talks in 8 of the 35 key areas under negotiation.[34]
In 2007, Turkey stated that they were aiming to comply with EU law by 2013,[35] but Brussels refused to back that as a deadline for membership.[36] In 2006 President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso said that the accession process will take at least until 2021.[37] In a visit to Germany on 31 October 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan made clear that Turkey was expecting membership in the Union to be realised by 2023, the 100th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic, implying that they could end membership negotiations if the talks had not yielded a positive result by then.[38] Turkish President Abdullah Gül said that upon completing the accession process Turkey will hold a referendum for Turkish membership in the European Union.[39]
In December 2009, EU member the Republic of Cyprus blocked 6 chapters of Turkish accession negotiations, including those on Judiciary and Fundamental Rights, Energy and Education and Culture, arguing that Turkey needs to first normalise relations with Cyprus.[40][41] As a result, no chapters have been opened since June 2010.[42][43][44] Hence, there is no chapter Turkey could open other than the difficult and economically detrimental chapters Competition Policy, Social Policy and Employment, and Public Procurement that most candidate countries open at the end of accession as all other chapters were blocked. In February 2013, Turkish Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry for EU Affairs, Burak Erdenir, claimed that the EU had yet to communicate to Turkey the benchmark criteria for opening chapters 23 and 24, Judiciary & Fundamental Rights and Justice, Freedom & Security, which was to be done after screening of the chapters was completed in 2006, thus making it impossible to comply with them. He also suggested this was a deliberate attempt to slow their accession process.[45]
Positive agenda (2012–13)
After over two years of no chapter openings, the European Commission set up a "Positive Agenda" designed to focus on common EU-Turkey interests. EU Commissioner for expansion Stefan Füle describes that the goal was "to keep the accession process alive and put it properly back on track after a period of stagnation which has been a source of frustration for both sides."[46] The EU Commission mentioned a broad range of areas as the main elements of the Agenda such as "intensified dialogue and cooperation on political reforms", "visa", "mobility and migration", "energy", "fight against terrorism", "further participation of Turkey in Community programmes", "town twinning", "trade and the Customs Union" and "supporting efforts to align with the acquis, including on chapters where accession negotiations cannot be opened for the time being". The proposal was considered favorably on the condition that it serves as an instrument in support of and complementary to the negotiation process with the EU.
In the framework of "Positive Agenda", Working Groups were established on 8 chapters ("3-Right of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services", "6-Company Law", "10-Information Society and Media", "18-Statistics", "23-Judiciary and Fundamental Rights", "24-Justice, Freedom and Security", "28-Consumer and Health Protection", and "32-Financial Control"). The "Positive Agenda" kick-off meeting was held on 17 May 2012 in Ankara with the participation of Stefan Füle, EU Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy. As a result of the Working Groups meetings held so far, a total of four closing benchmarks were confirmed to have been met by Turkey in three chapters (Company Law, Consumer and Health Protection as well as Financial Control chapters).[47][48]
On 20 June 2013, in the wake of Ankara's crackdown on mass demonstrations in Taksim Square, Germany blocked the start to new EU accession talks with Turkey.[49] According to the Financial Times, one Turkish official said that such a move could potentially break off political relations with the bloc.[49]
A Eurobarometer poll which included EU countries and candidate countries as well, showed that 43% of Turks viewed the EU positively, as compared with 60% six months previously. In the same poll, 29% of Turks polled expressed support for an EU Constitution, the lowest level of support among EU countries and candidates polled.[50] Germany said that its reservation stems from a technical issue, but then-Chancellor Angela Merkel, an opponent of Turkish entry into the EU, described herself as "shocked" after Ankara's use of overwhelming police force against mostly peaceful demonstrators.[49] France stated that they would not waive their veto over unfreezing four accession chapters with Turkey until after the elections for the European Parliament in June 2014.[51]
Stalled talks (2016–present)
Following President Erdoğan's crackdown on supporters of the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, EU relations became damaged. Erdoğan has indicated his approval of reinstating the death penalty to punish those involved in the coup, with the EU suggesting that this would end its EU ambitions. On 26 July 2016, European Commission PresidentJean-Claude Juncker announced that Turkey's EU membership process would come to an end if the death penalty was returned in Turkey.[52] Erdoğan stated in November 2016 that he was considering putting Turkey's continued negotiations with the EU on membership to a referendum in 2017.[53] In November 2016, the European Parliament voted in favour of a non-binding resolution to request that the European Commission temporarily suspend membership negotiations due to the "disproportionate repressive measures" of the government to the coup.[54] On 13 December, the European Council (comprising the heads of state or government of the member states) resolved that it would open no new areas in Turkey's membership talks in the "prevailing circumstances";[55] Turkey's path toward autocratic rule makes progress on EU accession impossible.[56]
In 2016, EU member Austria opposed Turkey's EU membership.[57]
In April 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) voted to reopen its monitoring procedure against Turkey. This vote is widely understood to deal a major blow to Turkey's prospect of eventual EU membership, as exiting that process was made a precondition of EU accession negotiations back in 2004.[58] In June 2017, members of the European Parliament expressed that the strong presidency created by the 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum violate the Copenhagen criteria of eligibility for an EU membership.[9] On 6 July 2017, the European Parliament approved a resolution calling for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[59]
The European Commission's long-term budget proposal for the 2021–2027 period released in May 2018 included pre-accession funding for a Western Balkan Strategy for further enlargement, but omitted Turkey.[60]
In March 2018, Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz opposed Turkey's EU accession talks and urged it to halt membership talks.[61] On 26 June 2018, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union. Turkey's accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." The Council added that it is "especially concerned about the continuing and deeply worrying backsliding on the rule of law and on fundamental rights including the freedom of expression."[13][14][62]
On 20 February 2019, a European parliament committee voted to suspend the accession talks, sparking criticism from the government of Turkey.[10][11][12] On 13 March 2019, the European Parliament unanimously voted for a halt to the full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[63] On 19 May 2021, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of accession negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[25] In July 2023, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan brought up Turkey's EU membership application during a NATO summit in Vilnius, linking it to Sweden's accession to NATO.[64][65] According to Dagens Nyheter's data, in September 2023, 60% of Swedes said that Sweden opposes Turkey's EU membership and will not support the membership process, while 7% said that Sweden does not oppose Turkey's EU membership and will support the membership process.[66]
^ abcdefghiThe EU Council froze the opening of eight chapters over Turkey's rejection to open its ports and airports to traffic from Cyprus in 2006
^ abcdefSome of the chapters do not proceed to the next stage in the process, because they are blocked by Cyprus.
^ abcdFrance blocked some chapters from proceeding to the next stage of the process, but subsequently lifted their veto.
Timeline of chapters
Report history for Turkey's ability to assume the obligations of EU membership
Report history 2003–2004
totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately advanced good level of preparation advanced well advanced
† This chart does not indicate chapters which have been provisionally closed and/or chapters which have been frozen.
19. Telecommunication and Information Technologies
Considerable efforts needed
Moderately advanced
20. Culture and Audio-visual Policy
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
21. Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
22. Environment
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
23. Consumer and Health Protection
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
24. Cooperation in the Field of Justice and Home Affairs
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
25. Customs Union
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
26. External Relations
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
27. Common Foreign and Security Policy
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
28. Financial Control
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
29. Financial and Budgetary Provisions
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
30. Institutions
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
31. Others
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately advanced good level of preparation advanced well advanced
† This chart does not indicate chapters which have been provisionally closed and/or chapters which have been frozen.
totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately advanced good level of preparation advanced well advanced
† This chart does not indicate chapters which have been provisionally closed and/or chapters which have been frozen.
‡ After the 2004 enlargement of the European Union four more chapters were added and/or restructured, bringing the total number of acquis communautaire chapters to 35.
3. Right of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
4. Free Movement of Capital
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
6. Company Law
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
7. Intellectual Property Law
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Early stage
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Advanced
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
8. Competition Policy
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
9. Financial Services
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Good level of preparation
Advanced
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
28. Consumer and Health Protection
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Cluster 3: Competitiveness and inclusive growth
10. Information Society and Media
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
16. Taxation
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
17. Economic and Monetary Policy
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
19. Social Policy and Employment
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
20. Enterprise and Industrial Policy
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Moderately advanced
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
25. Science and Research
Further efforts needed
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
26. Education and Culture
Further efforts needed
Well advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Well advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
29. Customs Union
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Cluster 4: Green Agenda and Sustainable Connectivity
14. Transport Policy
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
15. Energy
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
21. Trans-European Networks
Early stage
Early stage
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Advanced
Further efforts needed
Advanced
Moderately advanced
Advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
Well advanced
27. Environment and Climate Change
Early stage
Early stage
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Cluster 5: Resources, Agriculture and Cohesion
11. Agriculture and Rural Development
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Early stage
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
12. Food Safety, Veterinary, and Phytosanitary Policy
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Moderately advanced
Early stage
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
13. Fisheries
Early stage
Early stage
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Further efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
22. Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments
Considerable efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Considerable efforts needed
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
33. Financial and Budgetary Provisions
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Cluster 6: External Relations
30. External Relations
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Advanced
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
31. Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Moderately advanced
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Others
34. Institutions
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
35. Other Issues
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately advanced good level of preparation advanced well advanced
† This chart does not indicate chapters which have been provisionally closed and/or chapters which have been frozen.
‡ After the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, four more chapters were added and/or restructured, bringing the total number of acquis communautaire chapters to 35.
The European Commission's long-term budget proposal for the 2021-2027 period released in May 2018 included pre-accession funding for a Western Balkan Strategy for further enlargement, but omitted Turkey.[93]
Expected impact of joining
Effect upon the EU
Global map of Europe (light green) and Turkey (dark green)
The problem of Turkey's membership of the EU is compounded by conflicting views as to what the EU should ultimately become.[94] This has played a significant role in the debate, due in part to the European debt crisis and the fact that as a result of this the eurozone and the EU overall is more federalised on both fiscal, legal and political levels than it was at the time of Turkey's application or at the time that Turkey was accepted as a candidate.[95] Generally those members of the EU who support a rights-based free trade bloc do not oppose Turkey as adamantly as those who support a broader political union. The latter, in particular, were concerned that unification would be frustrated and the European project threatened by Turkey's inclusion.[96]
Proponents of Turkey's membership argue that Turkey's geographical location will contribute to peace. According to the Swedish foreign minister, Carl Bildt, "the accession of Turkey would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe".[97]Poland is a key supporter for Turkey's bid to join the EU,[98][99] while the United Kingdom has expressed support previously, but not since leaving the EU.[100]
Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 83 million inhabitants would bestow the largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament.[33] Turkey now has a larger population than Germany. However, a single country can only hold a maximum of 96 seats in the European Parliament.
Turkey's membership would also affect future enlargement plans, especially the number of nations seeking EU membership,[33] grounds on which Valéry Giscard d'Estaing has opposed Turkey's admission. Giscard has suggested that it would lead to demands for accession by Morocco. Morocco's application is already rejected for "not being a European country"; Turkey, unlike Morocco, has 3% of its territory in Europe. The vast majority of its population lives in the Asian side of the country. On the other hand, the country's largest city, Istanbul, lies mostly in Europe. On the other hand, Cyprus, which is geographically located in Asia, joined the European Union in 2004. French President Nicolas Sarkozy stated in January 2007 that "enlarging Europe with no limit risks destroying European political union, and that I do not accept ... I want to say that Europe must give itself borders, that not all countries have a vocation to become members of Europe, beginning with Turkey which has no place inside the European Union."[101]
EU member states must unanimously agree on Turkey's membership for the Turkish accession to be successful. A number of nations may oppose it; notably Austria;[citation needed] Germany (former chancellor Angela Merkel has long rejected Turkey's accession bid, and has proposed a "privileged partnership" instead);[102] and France (where some[who?] are anxious at the prospect of a new wave of Muslim immigrants, given the country's already large Muslim community).[103]
Negotiations to remove the French constitutional requirement for a compulsory referendum on all EU accessions after Croatia resulted in a new proposal to require a compulsory referendum on the accession of any country with a population of more than 5% of the EU's total population; this clause would mainly apply to Turkey and Ukraine.[104]
The current situation according to the French constitution is as follows: if 3⁄5 of the delegates (from the Senate and the Parliament) agree to the accession of Turkey, there will be no referendum.
Benefits to Turkey
Upon accession to the EU, Turkey expects to receive economic development aid.[105] There is also an expectation that there will be an increase in European foreign investment in the Turkish economy, further driving economic growth.[105] During potential economic crisis events, Turkey could benefit from EU assistance.[106]
Free movement of people across the EU will give many Turkish people the opportunity to migrate to other parts of Europe in search of work, or a higher standard of living. The option of migration out of Turkey will inevitably ease tensions in the east of the country, as the prospect of a better standard of living will tend to cool separatist tendencies.[which?] However, there have been problems concerning irregular transit migration through Turkey to the EU.[107]
Some secularists in Turkey envisage that the accession of Turkey will contribute to the spread of secular western values in Turkey. Conversely, some non-secularists in Turkey envisage that accession will contribute to the further growth and acceptance of Islam in Europe.[108] The EU accession bid has stimulated Turkey's political and legal reforms and intensified the democratisation process.[109]
Given Turkey's large and growing population, Turkey will have a correspondingly large representation in the European Parliament (2nd and equal with Germany, with 96 seats in EU parliament). This will give Turkey a strong direct influence over EU policies.[110]
A view of Dolmabahçe Palace and the skyline of Levent business district from the Bosphorusstrait in Istanbul, the largest city and economic capital of Turkey, and the former capital of the Roman (330–395), Byzantine (395–1204 and 1261–1453), Latin (1204–1261) and Ottoman (1453–1922) Empires.
Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.[112] In 2008, Turkey's exports reached US$141.8 billion[113] (main export partners: Germany 11.2%, UK 8%, Italy 6.95%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.3%, US 3.88%; total EU exports 56.5%.) However, larger imports amounting to about US$204.8 billion[113] threaten the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 6%, USA 4.8%, France 4.6%, Iran 3.9%, UK 3.2%; total EU imports 40.4%; total Asia imports 27%).[114][115]
The opening of talks regarding the Economic and Monetary Policy acquis chapter of Turkey's accession bid was expected to begin in June 2007, but were stalled by France.[116]Turkey became the European Union's fifth-largest trade partner in 2015 according to data released by Eurostat.[117]
İstiklal Avenue in Istanbul's cosmopolitan Beyoğlu district is visited by an average of 3 million people on weekend days.
As of 2005[update], the population of Turkey stood at 71.5 million with a yearly growth rate of 1.5%.[118][119] The Turkish population is relatively young, with 25.5% falling within the 0–15 age bracket.[120] As of February 2023, the population of Turkey is approximately 87 million people.[121]
Turkey's large population could alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey would be allocated the largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament. This is because the European Parliament distributes seats to member states according to their population.[122] Therefore, if Turkey is admitted, it could influence the EU legislation and administration in line with its own policies.[123]
If Turkey were to join the European Union, Istanbul would become the most populous metropolis in the EU (as of 2004).[124]
Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots backed the 2004 Annan Plan for Cyprus aimed at the reunification of the island, but the plan was subsequently rejected by Greek Cypriots on the grounds that it did not meet their needs. According to Greek Cypriots, the latest proposal included maintained residence rights for the many Anatolian Turks who moved to Cyprus after the invasion (and their descendants who were born on the island after 1974), while the Greek Cypriots who lost their property after the Turkish invasion would be granted only a restricted right of return to the north following the island's proposed reunification.[citation needed] Although the outcome received much criticism in the EU as well, the Republic of Cyprus was admitted into the EU a week after the referendum.
The Turkish government has refused to officially recognise the Republic of Cyprus until the removal of the political and economic blockade on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[citation needed] Turkey's non-recognition of the Republic of Cyprus has led to complications within the Customs Union. Under the customs agreements which Turkey had already signed as a precondition to start EU membership negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey has not complied so far;[128] refusing to do so until the EU eases the international isolation of Northern Cyprus.[129] In February 2013, Turkish EU Minister Egemen Bağış told the Republic of Cyprus, "if you truly want salvation, truly want peace, then remove your blockade of Ercan Airport to EU member countries and Turkey will open its ports to you."[130]
Turkey's refusal to implement a trade pact between Turkey and the EU that requires the Turkish government to allow Greek Cypriot vessels to use its air and seaports has prompted the EU to freeze eight chapters in Turkey's accession talks.[128]
In November 2009, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek declared that, should Turkey be forced to choose between supporting either EU membership or Turkish Cypriots, "[then] Turkey's choice will forever be to stand next to the Turkish Cypriots. Everybody should understand this."[128]
The issue of Turkish membership has been contentious in Greece. An opinion poll from 2005 suggested that only 25% of Greeks believe Turkey has a place in the European Union.[131] The former Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis stated that Turkish membership of the EU could only be predicated upon, "full compliance, full accession" in December 2006.[132] In 2005 the European Commission referred to relations between Turkey and Greece as "continuing to develop positively"[133] while also citing a key barrier to progress being Turkey's ongoing claim of casus belli over a dispute about territorial waters boundaries.[133]
In September 2017, Greek Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras, mentioned that halting accession talks with Turkey would be a strategic mistake by the European Union, amid a war of words raging between Germany and Turkey.[134] Also, former Greek Prime Minister, George Papandreou, has urged European Union leaders to keep the doors open to Turkey and to continue dialogue with the Turkish government, in an apparent reference to the former German Chancellor Angela Merkel's calls for the suspension of accession talks with Turkey.[135]
Turkey has a secular constitution, civil and judicial system with no official religion, although the country's most prominent imam (currently Ali Erbaş) is a civil servant and head of the Religious Affairs Directorate, or Diyanet.[136] 82% of the Turkish population is Muslim[137][138] of whom over 70% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. A minority is affiliated with syncreticAlevi branch.[139] A separate study published in 2019 found 89.5% of Turks identify as Muslim.[140] Turkey would be the first and only Muslim-majority country to join or belong to the European Union. Current EU states typically contain large Muslim minorities. By contrast, Christians are believed to compose only 0.2% of Turkey's population.[141][142]
Official population census polls in Turkey do not include information regarding a person's religious belief or ethnic background due to the regulations set by the Turkish constitution, which defines all citizens of the Republic of Turkey as Turkish in terms of nationality, regardless of faith or race.[143]
There is a tradition of secularism in Turkey. The state has no official religion nor promotes any, and actively monitors the area between the religions[clarify].[144] The constitution recognises the freedom of religion for individuals, whereas religious communities are placed under the protection of the state; but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process (by forming a religious party, for instance) or establish faith-based schools. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief; nevertheless, religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.[144] Turkey used to prohibit by law the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both sexes in government buildings, schools, and universities;[145] the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as legitimate in the Leyla Şahin v. Turkey case on 10 November 2005.[146] However, in 2010, the prohibition of wearing headscarves in universities was lifted.
Cultural differences between Muslim-majority Turkey and predominantly Christian Europe play an important part in the entire debate on Turkish accession to the European Union.
In 2004, the French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier stated that Turkey must recognise the systematic massacres of Armenians in 1915 as a genocide.[147] However, he insisted that although France did not set a precondition for European Union entry regarding the matter, he stated that France would raise the issue during negotiations. The President of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz, stated that it must be a precondition for Turkey to recognise the systematic massacres of Armenians in 1915 as genocide.[148]
The government of Turkey rejects such a precondition for EU membership and does not accept it as a part of the EU membership criteria.
In 2006, the European Parliament voted against a proposal to formally add the issue as a membership criterion for Turkey.[149] A similar proposal by Greek and Greek Cypriot MEPs was also rejected by the European Parliament in 2011.[150]
Although homosexuality is not a crime in Turkey, in contravention of European Union directives on human rights[which?]; Turkey temporarily banned LGBT pride parades in 2015 and 2016.[151][152][153] Reasons given for the ban were "security concerns", and "religious sensitivities of the public" caused by holding the parade during the month of Ramadan.
Article 301 states that "a person who publicly insults the Turkish nation, the State of the Republic of Turkey, or the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and two years" and also that "expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime."
The EU was especially critical of this law during the September 2005 trial of novelist Orhan Pamuk over comments that recognised the deaths of thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians. Enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn and members of the European Parliament called the case "regrettable", "most unfortunate", and "unacceptable".[154] After the case was dropped three months later, Turkey's Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül indicated that Turkey may abandon or modify Article 301, stating that "there may be need for a new law".[155] In September 2006, the European Parliament called for the abolition of laws, such as Article 301, "which threaten European free speech norms".[156] On 30 April 2008, the law was reformed.[157] According to the reform, it is now a crime to explicitly insult the "Turkish nation" rather than "Turkishness"; opening court cases based on Article 301 require the approval of the Justice Minister; and the maximum punishment has been reduced to two years in jail.[157]
Kemal Kerinçsiz, a patriotic lawyer, and other members of Büyük Hukukçular Birliği (Great Jurists Union) headed by Kerinçsiz, have been "behind nearly all of [Article 301] trials."[158] In January 2008, Kerinçsiz was arrested for participating in an ultra-nationalist underground organisation, Ergenekon, allegedly behind the attacks on the Turkish Council of State and Cumhuriyet newspaper,[159] the assassination of several Christian missionaries and Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink,[160] as well as allegedly plotting the assassination of Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk.[161][162] The Ergenekon trials were later attributed to a plot organized by a "foreign-based Gulenist terror organization" and all charges were dropped after the attempted military coup by Gulenists on 15 July 2016. [citation needed]
In its second report on women's role in social, economic, and political life in Turkey, the European Parliament emphasised that respecting human rights, including women's rights, is an essential condition for Turkey's membership in the EU. According to the report, Turkey's legal framework on women's rights "has in general been satisfactory, but its substantive implementation remains flawed."[165]
Conscientious objectors
Turkey is one of two states (along with Azerbaijan) among the 47 members of the Council of Europe which refuse to recognise the status of conscientious objectors or give them an alternative to military service, other than a reduction of service by paying a tax.[166]
Public reactions
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(January 2021)
In the EU
Public opinion in EU countries generally opposes Turkish membership, though with varying degrees of intensity. The Eurobarometer September–October 2006 survey[167] shows that 59% of EU-27 citizens were against Turkey joining the EU, while only about 28% were in favour. Nearly all citizens (about 9 in 10) expressed concerns about human rights as the leading cause. In the earlier March–May 2006 Eurobarometer, citizens from the new member states were more in favour of Turkey joining (44% in favour) than the old EU-15 (38% in favour). At the time of the survey, the country whose population most strongly opposed Turkish membership was Austria (con: 81%), while Romania was most in favour of the accession (pro: 66%). On a wider political scope, the highest support came from the Turkish Cypriot Community (pro: 67%) (which is not recognised as a sovereign state and is de facto not EU territory and out of the European institutions). These communities were even more in favour of the accession than the Turkish populace itself (pro: 54%).[168] Opposition in Denmark to Turkish membership was polled at 60% in October 2007, despite the Danish government's support for Turkey's EU bid.[169]
There is a trend in declining support since 2000 that has continued due to the 2013 Gezi protests and the Purges in Turkey (2016–present). In the past support for Turkish accession came especially from left-wing parties, but more recently both sides of the political spectrum in Europe have been highly critical of Turkey's human rights record. Opposition to Turkish accession is higher in countries such as Bulgaria and Germany which have a high population of Turkish diaspora or Muslims in Europe.[170][171]YouGov polls from 2016[172][170] and 2019 have found respondents from France, Germany, Denmark, Finland and Sweden to have the largest net opposition to Turkey's EU bid out of several other choices, including Israel and Russia.[173]
In Turkey
The opening of membership talks with the EU in December 2004 was celebrated by Turkey with much fanfare,[174] but the Turkish populace has become increasingly sceptical as negotiations were delayed based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and perceived double standards in its negotiations particularly with regard to the French and Austrian referendums. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revealed that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution.[175]
Moreover, Turks were divided on whether to join at all. A 2007 poll put Turkish support for accession to the EU at 41.9% (up from 32% in 2006), with 27.7% opposed and 24.0% indifferent.[176] A 2009 poll showed that support for accession had risen to 48%, even as negative views of the EU had risen from 28% to 32%.[177] A 2013 poll showed Turkish support for the EU bid at one third of the population, and opposition to double that share.[178]
According to the Transatlantic Trends survey for 2013, 60% of Turks have an unfavourable view of the European Union[179] and most Turks believe that working with Asia is more important to their national interests than working with Europe.[180] Around 44% of Turks believe EU membership could be good for the economy in contrast with 61% for EU citizens.[181] During an interview with Euractiv, EU Minister Egemen Bağış stated that: "This is what Europe needs to do; they need to say that when Turkey fulfills all requirements, Turkey will become a member of the EU on date X. Then, we will regain the Turkish public opinion support in one day."[182]
2014 EUPresidential candidates Jean-Claude Juncker (EEP) and Martin Schulz (S&D) promised that Turkey would never join the European Union while either one of them were President, reasoning that Turkey had turned its back on European democratic values.[183] Juncker won the election and became the new president of the EU in November 2014. He stated that April:[184]
... under my Presidency of the Commission ... no further enlargement will take place over the next five years. As regards Turkey, the country is clearly far away from EU membership. A government that blocks Twitter is certainly not ready for accession.
Primary reasons for Turkey's persistent requests to join the EU are, among others, the many Turks in Europe and the importance of trade between the two. Turkey is, however, also increasingly disappointed with the widespread opposition to its accession among EU member states. In September 2012, Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan was asked by CNN if Turkey still wants to join the EU. His response: "There are 5 million Turks in Europe and 3 million Turks in Germany alone. We are a natural member of the European Union. Germany invited Turkish workers 50 years ago, however, 50 years have passed and we have waited at the European Union's doorstep. No other country has experienced such a thing. We will be patient until a point. However, when we cross that point, we will bring light to the situation and decide accordingly."[185] During a trip to Yalta, Erdoğan expressed his stern disappointment regarding the EU accession process: "We are still an EU negotiating candidate. At such a position, I wish EU accession. Otherwise, such a scenario would affect a large region including Ukraine and Turkey."[186]
Former German Chancellor Angela Merkel has repeatedly opposed full membership of Turkey to the EU at German-Turkish summits, advocating instead a privileged partnership.[187][188] Some Christian Democrats back fuller support for Turkey, risking the chancellor becoming more isolated in advocating for a "privileged partnership".[189] In September 2011, on the occasion of the visit of the Turkish president Gül, Merkel said: "We don't want the full membership of Turkey. But we don't want to lose Turkey as an important country", referring to her idea of a strategic partnership.[188] In 2006, Chancellor Merkel said "Turkey could be in deep, deep trouble when it comes to its aspirations to join the European Union" regarding its refusal to open up its ports to European Union member Cyprus.[190] Again in 2014, when Erdogan urged Merkel to strongly support his country's bid, there was no sign the chancellor had relinquished her skepticism. She revealed after the two had talked: "I personally said that we are in a negotiation process that has certain outcome and no fixed time frame. It is no secret and nothing has changed in my view that I am sceptical about full membership for Turkey."[191] In a TV debate in September 2017, then-German chancellor Angela Merkel and her challenger Martin Schulz both said that they would seek an end to Turkey's membership talks with the European Union.[192]
Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy opposed the entrance of Turkey in the European Union, arguing the country was too big, too poor, and too culturally different to join the EU. Former President Francois Hollande, however, reaffirmed support for Turkey in 2012, intending to smooth the way for French companies seeking contracts in Turkey. Franco-Turkish relations remained tense after Turkey imposed a law in 2009 that criminalised recognition of the killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915 as a genocide; a move France's Constitutional Court reversed,[clarification needed] in turn, causing French firms' share of foreign investment in Turkey to shrink from 6% in 2009 to 3% in 2012. Leaders of French infrastructure companies were especially eager to enter the Turkish markets for nuclear security and rail infrastructure, expected to respectively be worth $40 and $50 billion by 2020.[193][194]
Timeline
In September 1999, following a thaw in Greek-Turkish relations after mutual help in earthquake relief, Greek Foreign Minister George Papandreou told The Guardian "Greece not only wants to see Turkey in the EU, it wants to be pulling the cart of a European Turkey", and that it was within his nation's interests as a way to avoid "continual conflict and tension with the block and European standards".[195]
/ In November 2002, then-French President and then-President of the European Convention Valéry Giscard d'Estaing said in an interview with the French newspaper Le Monde, "Turkey is an important country close to Europe, but it is not a European country. It is not a European country because its capital is not in Europe and 95% of its population lives outside Europe." he said. Estaing continued as follows: "The Union should now focus on internal financial problems and the construction of European harmony instead of expansion. Those who most support Turkey joining the Union are actually opponents of the European Union. In fact, the majority of European Council members are against Turkey joining, but the Turks were never told this. Turkey joining the European Union would mean the end of the European Union."[196]
The 2005 EU Progress Report stated that: "On 29 July 2005, Turkey signed the Additional Protocol adapting the EC Turkey Association Agreement to the accession of 10 new countries on 1 May 2004. At the same time, Turkey issued a declaration stating that the signature of the Additional Protocol did not amount to recognition of the Republic of Cyprus. On 21 September, the EU adopted a counter-declaration indicating that Turkey's declaration was unilateral, did not form part of the Protocol, and had no legal effect on Turkey's obligations under the Protocol. The EU declaration stressed that recognition of all Member States was a necessary component of the accession process. It also underlined the need for supporting the efforts of the Secretary General of the UN to bring about a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem which would contribute to peace, stability and harmonious relations in the region."[197]
In November 2006, the European Commission members decided to suspend parts of the talks with Turkey regarding accession, as Turkish officials said that they will not open Turkish ports to traffic from the Republic of Cyprus until the EU eases its embargo on Turkish-controlled northern Cyprus.[198]
In 2007, European Commission President José Manuel Barroso said that Turkey is not ready to join the EU "tomorrow nor the day after tomorrow", but its membership negotiations should continue. He also called on France and other member states to honour the decision to continue accession talks, describing it as a matter of credibility for the Union.[199][unreliable source?]
On 28 June 2007, Portuguese State Secretary for European Affairs Manuel Lobo Antunes affirmed that "Turkey should join the EU once it has successfully completed membership talks, which are likely to run for at least a decade."[200] "We think it is important and fundamental that Turkey joins the European Union once it fulfils all the conditions and all the criteria," he said, adding that "Portugal aims in the next six months to 'put the process on track'."[200]
On 5 November 2008, the Italian Foreign MinisterFranco Frattini declared that "the Italian government will support the inclusion of Turkey in the European Union with all its strength."[201] He indicated that "the Italian Parliament will give a 'clear word' when necessary with the 'enormous majority' of the Berlusconi government, but also with 'the opposition' which it knows it can count on."[201] "Turkey's inclusion will not be a problem, but it will be part of the solution for strengthening Europe in relations with other countries, such as the Caucasus region" he added.[201]
On 13 November 2008, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi urged the EU to "accelerate Turkey's membership bid" and pledged to "help Ankara gain accession."[202] Berlusconi pledged to "try and win over those EU members resistant to Turkey's application."[202] "Regarding the opposition shown by certain countries – some of which are important countries – I am confident we will be able to convince them of the strategic importance of Turkey, within the European framework, as a country bordering the Middle East," Berlusconi declared.[202]
/ On 29 May 2009, French President Nicolas Sarkozy cancelled a visit to Sweden scheduled for 2 June 2009, to avoid a clash on the question of Turkey's EU membership just a few days before the European elections and a month before Stockholm took over the EU's rotating presidency.[203] The French President, who is an outspoken opponent of Turkey's entry to the European Union, did not want to highlight the strong divergence of views on this topic with Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, the French newspaper Le Monde reported on 28 May 2009.[203] Sweden favours further EU enlargement, including to Turkey.[203] Swedish Foreign MinisterCarl Bildt told the French newspaper Le Figaro that "the EU has 'a strategic interest' in Turkey's EU integration and warned against 'closing the door' to Ankara."[203] "If we judge Cyprus to be in Europe, although it is an island along Syria's shores, it is hard not to consider that Turkey is in Europe," Bildt said, referring to Sarkozy's repeated statements that Turkey is not a European country and does not belong to Europe.[203] In the Le Figaro interview, Bildt said: "My vision of Europe is not as defensive as I observe it with other people."[203] The French president's trip to Sweden was cancelled the day after the interview was published.[203] "Nicolas Sarkozy cancelled his visit because of the Carl Bildt interview," one French minister told Le Monde.[203] "The president wanted to avoid a clash on Turkey and did not want that his visit to Sweden interferes with the elections [five days later]."[203] In March 2013, King Carl XVI of Sweden said that "The EU will become stronger with Turkey"[204]
On 5 April 2009, Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero stated that "Spain firmly supports Turkey's candidature to enter the EU, provided it meets the necessary requisites."[205] Zapatero told Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan that "Spain's position is 'firm, clear and solid' in favour of Turkey's candidature to enter the European Union."[205] "We must 'open the door' for Turkey to enter 'the EU peace and cooperation project', provided it meets the necessary requisites for integration," Zapatero added;[205] before remarking that "Turkey's entrance is good both for Turkey and for the EU."[205]
In November 2009, Greek President Karolos Papoulias stated that he would not support Turkey's accession "as long as Ankara behaves as an occupying force in Cyprus."[206]
On 4 November 2009, David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, during a visit to Turkey underlined the UK government's support for Turkey's bid to join the European Union, saying: "I am very clear that Turkish accession to the EU is important and will be of huge benefit to both Turkey and the EU."[207]
On 27 July 2010, David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, during a visit to Turkey promised to "fight" for Turkey's membership of the European Union, saying he is "angry" at the slow pace of negotiations. He added that "a European Union without Turkey at its heart is not stronger but weaker... not more secure but less... not richer but poorer."[208] On 22 May 2016, Cameron said that "it is not remotely on the cards that Turkey is going to join the EU any time soon. They applied in 1987. At the current rate of progress they will probably get round to joining in about the year 3000 according to the latest forecasts."[209]
On 23 December 2010, President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy he said "Turkish reform efforts have delivered impressive results." He continued "Turkey plays an ever more active role in its neighbourhood. Turkey is also a full-standing member of the G-20, just like five EU countries and the EU itself. In my view, even before an outcome of the negotiations, the European Union should develop a close partnership with the Turkish Republic."[210]
In March 2011, then-Finnish President Tarja Halonen pledged her country's full support for Turkey's European Union membership process.[211]
On 3 July 2013, at an election rally of the Christian Democrat Party in Düsseldorf, German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble stated that Turkey should not join the European Union as it is not part of Europe.[212][213]
On 7 June 2013, Turkey's Undersecretary of the Ministry of EU Affairs Haluk Ilıcak said "The process means more than the accession. Once the necessary levels are achieved, Turkey is big enough to continue its development without the accession. Our aim is to achieve a smooth accession process."[214]
In 2013, Czech Republic Prime Minister Petr Nečas said: "We continue to believe that Turkey should be given the chance to become a full-fledged member of the European Union after it meets all accession criteria". He described Turkey as an important partner to the EU and praised the constructive role it plays in the Middle East region.[215]
In March 2016, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that democracy and freedom were "phrases" which had "absolutely no value" in Turkey, after calling for journalists, lawyers and politicians to be prosecuted as terrorists.[216]
In July 2016, European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini announced that EU membership negotiations would be terminated if the death penalty was reinstated in Turkey.[217]
In August 2016, then-Austrian Chancellor Christian Kern called for the suspension of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey.[218]
In March 2017, in a speech given to supporters in the western Turkish city of Sakarya, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said "my dear brothers, a battle has started between the cross and the half moon" (referring to Christianity and Islam respectively) after insulting European government politicians as "Nazis" in the weeks before.[219] The same month, he threatened that Europeans would "not be able to walk safely on the streets" if they kept up banning Turkish ministers from addressing rallies in Europe.[8] European politicians rejected Erdoğan's comments.[220]
In the context of the imminent Turkish constitutional referendum in April 2017, the Vice President of the European Parliament, Alexander Graf Lambsdorff, summarized the state of affairs as this: "In law Turkey is still a candidate, in fact, it is not. Nobody believes in Brussels or in Ankara for that matter that Turkey will eventually join the European Union. And that is why we say it is better to make a new start and put the relationship on a new foundation."[221]
In a TV debate in September 2017, then-German chancellor Angela Merkel and her then challenger Martin Schulz both said that they would seek an end to Turkey's membership talks with the European Union.[192]
In September 2017, then-Finnish foreign minister Timo Soini, announced that they were in favor of not stopping Turkey's membership negotiations with the European Union.[222]
In December 2017, then-Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz announced that they were in favor of stopping Turkey's accession negotiations with the European Union.[223]
On 17 July 2018, then-Austrian Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, in an interview with the Greek newspaper Kathimerini, called for ending full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey and developing relations instead of full membership negotiations. Kurz said: "I have been speaking out for years about developing an honest relationship with Turkey." Kurz continued as follows: "EU membership negotiations with Turkey should be stopped immediately. Turkey has continuously moved away from Europe and its values over the last few years. We should also focus on exploring other forms of cooperation between our neighbors the EU and Turkey."[224]
In September 2023, Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer, in an interview with the German newspaper Die Welt, called for the termination of full membership negotiations between the EU and Turkey and the development of a new concept within the relations between the EU and Turkey.[225]
In September 2023, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that the European Union was well into a rupture in its relations with Turkey and that they could part ways, if necessary, during Turkey's European Union membership process.[226]
On 17 December 2024, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in his meeting with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, stated that they wanted to open a new page in EU-Turkey relations, that Turkey's EU accession negotiations were a strategic goal, that the customs union should be updated again, and that visa liberalization negotiations should be resumed. He announced that they expect the EU-Turkey summit to be held as soon as possible.[227]
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^Arin, Kubilay Yado (2013). The AKP's foreign policy: Turkey's reorientation from the West to the East. Berlin: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. pp. 57–84. ISBN978-3-86573-719-9.
^Bahhouth, Victor; Ziemnowicz, Christopher (March 2018). "Meeting the Global Challenges of Doing Business in the Five Candidate Countries on the Road to Join the European Union". Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 10 (3): 1297–1318. doi:10.1007/s13132-018-0531-3. S2CID158074120. It would potentially shift the balance of power within the EU having the largest influence after Germany.
^"Eurostat Regional Yearbook – Focus on European cities". European Commission. 2013. p. 200. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. The largest Turkish city, İstanbul, had 9.9 million inhabitants, larger than any city within the EU
^"Turkey". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
^"Turkey". International Religious Freedom Report. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. U.S. State Dept. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^Registrar (10 November 2005). "Leyla Şahin v. Turkey" (Press release). European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
^Lea, Richard (28 January 2008). "'Plot to kill' Nobel laureate". Guardian: Books. London. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^Phinnemore, David; İçener, Erhan (2016). "Holding the door half (?) open: the EU and Turkey 10 years on". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 24 (4): 446–462. doi:10.1080/14782804.2016.1178104. S2CID156427227. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020. The last decade has seen this opposition not only increase, but also manifest itself more prominently in party political rhetoric. What might be described as 'Turkoscepticism' has been on the rise, often coinciding with increases in anti-Muslim sentiments across Europe. In member states with larger Muslim populations, the response has been for governments to adopt more sceptical if not hostile positions towards Turkish accession. The clearest examples were Austria, Germany, and France where Eurobarometer polling in 2005 indicated that support for Turkey's accession was as low as 10% in Austria and 21% in the other two countries
^"My Foreign Policy Objectives"(PDF). EU President Juncker. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 August 2020. When it comes to enlargement, this has been a historic success. However, Europe now needs to digest the addition of 13 Member States in the past 10 years. Our citizens need a pause from enlargement so we can consolidate what has been achieved among the 28. This is why, under my Presidency of the Commission, ongoing negotiations will of course continue, and notably the Western Balkans will need to keep a European perspective, but no further enlargement will take place over the next five years. As regards Turkey, the country is clearly far away from EU membership. A government that blocks Twitter is certainly not ready for accession.
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (مارس 2021) جغرافية غينيامعلومات عامةالبلد غينيا القارة إفريقيا الساحل المحيط الأطلسي الحدود ساحل العاجغينيا بيساوليبيرياماليالسنغالسيراليون الأرض والتضاريسالمساحة...
Men's beach volleyballat the Games of the XXVI OlympiadVenueClayton County International ParkDatesJuly 23–28Competitors48 from 19 nationsMedalists Karch KiralyKent Steffes United States Mike DoddMike Whitmarsh United States John ChildMark Heese Canada2000 → Volleyball at the1996 Summer OlympicsIndoorTournamentmenwomenRostersmenwomenBeachTournamentmenwomenvte These page shows the results of the inaugural Men's Beach Volleyball Tournament at the 1996 Sum...
Shire of Moora Local Government Area van Australië Locatie van Shire of Moora in West-Australië Situering Staat West-Australië Hoofdplaats Moora Coördinaten 30°38'17ZB, 116°0'36OL Algemene informatie Oppervlakte 3.766,9 km² Inwoners 2.292 (2021)[1] Overig Website (en) Shire of Moora Portaal Australië Shire of Moora is een lokaal bestuursgebied (LGA) in de regio Wheatbelt in West-Australië. Districtsgebouw in 2016 Geschiedenis Op 24 januari 1871 werd het Victoria ...
Конрад фон Бюлов-Боткампнім. Conrad von Bülow-BothkampНародився 26 червня 1895(1895-06-26)Боткамп, Плен, Шлезвіг-Гольштейн, НімеччинаПомер 11 серпня 1918(1918-08-11) (23 роки)Турку, Південно-Західна ФінляндіяДіяльність офіцер, льотчикУчасник Перша світова війна і Громадянська війна у Фінлянді
Rechts, het voormalig parlement van Navarra in Pau Laussat laat de Franse vlag strijken en de Amerikaanse vlag hijsen (1803) Louisiana, 1803 Pierre-Clément baron de Laussat (Pau 23 november 1759 - Pau 10 april 1835) was een Frans jurist en heer van Maucor, tot de Franse Revolutie. Nadien zetelde hij in de Raad van Ouden, de Senaat in Parijs[1]. Zijn functies waren achtereenvolgens gouverneur van Louisiana, gouverneur van Martinique, adjunct-prefect in Antwerpen, prefect in Bergen en ...
American actor (born 1978) Donovan PattonPatton in 2020Born (1978-03-01) March 1, 1978 (age 45)Naval Air Station Agana, Guam, U.S.OccupationsActortelevision hostYears active1996–presentSpouseJackie PattonChildren2 Donovan Patton (born March 1, 1978) is an American actor and television host. Patton graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy and acted in Shakespeare plays such as Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet before replacing Steve Burns as the host of Nickelodeon's l...
جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولالمغالطات المنطقية عام المنطق الفلسفي الرياضي الاستدلال الحجة المفارقة المغالطة التفكير النقدي مغالطات صوريَّة في حساب القضايا تأكيد الانفصال تأكيد النتيجة نفي المقدمات مغالطة المغالطة في المكممات الوجودية تأكيد النتيجة استدلال بالأمثلة تبديل مح
Géographie de la Guinée-Bissau Continent Afrique Région Afrique de l'ouest Coordonnées 12° 00' N, 15° 00' W Superficie 133e rang mondial36 120 km2Terres : 88 % Eau : 12 % Côtes 350 km Frontières Total: 724 km Guinée 386 km, Sénégal 338 km Altitude maximale 300 m (lieu innomé) Altitude minimale 0m (océan Atlantique) Plus long cours d’eau le Rio Corubal Plus importante étendue d’eau ? modifier La Guinée-Bissau est entourée au nord par le S...
село РоманаRomana Країна Румунія Повіт Арджеш Комуна Уда Код SIRUTA 19542 Поштові індекси 117772 Телефонний код +40 248 (Romtelecom, TR)+40 348 (інші оператори) Координати 44°53′51″ пн. ш. 24°33′05″ сх. д.H G O Висота 444 м.н.р.м. Населення 149 (2002) Розташування Романа (рум. Romana) — село у пові
مطار الخرطوم الدولي الجديد إياتا: KRT – ايكاو: HSSN موجز نوع المطار عام المشغل هيئة الطيران المدني يخدم ولاية الخرطوم البلد السودان الموقع الخرطوم - السودان إحداثيات 15°15′56″N 32°21′35″E / 15.26555556°N 32.35972222°E / 15.26555556; 32.35972222 الخريطة مدارج الاتجاه الطول نوع السط...
British play My Name Is Rachel CorriePlace premieredLondon, EnglandOriginal languageEnglishGenrePolitical My Name Is Rachel Corrie at Playhouse Theatre, London, 2006. My Name Is Rachel Corrie is a play based on the diaries and emails of activist Rachel Corrie, who was killed by an Israeli soldier when she was aged 23.[1] It was jointly edited by journalist Katharine Viner and actor Alan Rickman who also directed it. Rachel Corrie (April 10, 1979 – March 16, 2003) was an American Eve...
Эта статья — о стране. Об одноимённом материке см. Австралия (континент). У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Австралия (значения). Австралийский Союзангл. Commonwealth of Australia Флаг Герб Гимн: «Advance Australia Fair»«Вперёд, прекрасная Австралия» Австралия на к...
Not to be confused with Clytus (mythology). In Greek mythology, Cleitus or Clitus (/ˈklaɪtəs/; Ancient Greek: Κλεῖτος or Κλειτός Kleitos meaning renowned, famous, from kleos) may refer to: Cleitus, an Egyptian prince as one of the 50 sons of King Aegyptus.[1] His mother was a Tyria and thus full brother of Sthenelus and Chrysippus. In some accounts, he could be a son of Aegyptus either by Eurryroe, daughter of the river-god Nilus,[2] or Isaie, daughter of Kin...
BITEFБИТЕФNama lamaFestival Teater Internasional BeogradAlamatTerazije 29/1LokasiStari Grad, Beograd, SerbiaKoordinat44°49′05″N 20°28′06″E / 44.818140°N 20.468389°E / 44.818140; 20.468389Koordinat: 44°49′05″N 20°28′06″E / 44.818140°N 20.468389°E / 44.818140; 20.468389TipeTeaterDibuka1967Situs webwww.bitef.rs Festival Teater Internasional Beograd (bahasa Inggris: Belgrade International Theatre Festival, disingkat ...
American chef, restaurateur, television host and writer Joey AltmanJoey Altman in 2008BornNew York, U.S.EducationSullivan County Community CollegeCulinary career Current restaurant(s) China Live Hazie's Previous restaurant(s) Miss Pearl's Jam House The Palace Wild Hare Television show(s) Bay Cafe What Cooking with Joey Altman Appetite for Adventure Tasting Napa Award(s) won James Beard Award - 2000, 2001, 2006 Websitewww.joeyaltman.com Joey Altman is an American chef, restaurateur, television...
Railway station in San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan For the station in Kazakhstan, see Asa (railway station). Asa Station厚狭駅A 500 Series Kodama train at Asa Station.General informationLocation8–3 Okita, Asa, San'yō-Onoda-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 757-0001JapanCoordinates34°3′11.8″N 131°9′35.3″E / 34.053278°N 131.159806°E / 34.053278; 131.159806Owned by West Japan Railway CompanyOperated by West Japan Railway Company Japan Freight Railway Company...
Movimento 5 Stelle LeaderBeppe Grillo (garante)[1] PresidenteGiuseppe Conte VicepresidentePaola TavernaRiccardo RicciardiMario TurcoAlessandra ToddeMichele Gubitosa Stato Italia SedeVia Nomentana 257, Roma (2017-2021);[2][3] via di Campo Marzio 46, Roma (dal 2021)[1] AbbreviazioneM5S Fondazione4 ottobre 2009 IdeologiaPopulismo[4][5][6][7][8][9]Ambientalismo[10]Euroscetticismo moderato[11...
Indian Odia-language public TV channel This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: DD Odia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Doordarshan Odia ଦୁରଦର୍ଶନ ଓଡ଼ିଆTypeBroadcast television networkCountryIndiaAvailabilityIndia and parts of Asia, China and...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Neighborhoods of Hartford, Connecticut – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The neighborhoods of Hartford, Connecticut in the United States are varied and historic. The Connecticut Sta...
National Soccer League 1982Negara AustraliaJuara bertahan Sydney CityJuara Sydney City(gelar ke-4)Tempat kedua St. George-BudapestPencetak gol terbanyak John Kosmina (Sydney City)(23 gol)← 1981 1983 → National Soccer League 1982 adalah edisi ke-6 dari penyelenggaraan National Soccer League, turnamen liga sepak bola tertinggi di Australia. Sydney City merupakan juara bertahan setelah menjadi juara pada edisi sebelumnya. Musim ini dimenangkan oleh Sydney City berdasarkan peringkat akhi...
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