Spain–Turkey relations

Spanish–Turkish relations
Map indicating locations of Spain and Turkey

Spain

Turkey

The Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Turkey maintain diplomatic relations. Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate general in Barcelona.

Turkey and Spain are both members of the Council of Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the Union for the Mediterranean. Spain is also an EU member and Turkey is an EU candidate. Historically known for their imperial and economic rivalry in centuries past, today the two countries enjoy cordial diplomatic relations. There is a well-established community of Turks in Spain, as well as a sizeable number of Spanish or Hispanophone expatriates in Turkey.

History

Ottoman-Spanish relations

Battle of Lepanto

During the 16th century, Habsburg Spain and the Ottoman Empire fought for supremacy in the Mediterranean.[1][2] A highlight was the battle of Lepanto, in which the Spanish-led fleet (allied with the Republic of Venice and the Papal States) defeated the Ottoman fleet. In North Africa, the Spanish actions against the Barbary pirates (Ottoman allies) were not successful for long. The Spanish lost Tunisia to the Ottomans in 1574.

During this time, the Ottomans welcomed many Sephardi Jews and conversos fleeing from religious persecution in Spain, who introduced the Gutenberg press and theater and supported a failed Morisco revolt. The silver brought from Spanish America caused massive inflation in Spain that extended to the rest of Europe and even the Ottoman Empire, being the cause, among others, for the decline of the Turkish Empire in the East.

Commercial relations between both empires increased during the second half of the 18th century.[3] After the start of negotiations in 1779 between the Spanish monarchy and the Sublime Porte,[3] a Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce was signed in 1782,[4][5] the so-called Treaty of Constantinople [es]. While the normalization of relations logically took place after the treaty, a period of certain mutual "indifference" also ensued.[6]

Relations between Spain and the Republic of Turkey

Joint press conference between Felipe González and Tansu Çiller in 1995 in Madrid

A rapprochement between the Republic of Turkey, led by prime minister Adnan Menderes, and Francoist Spain began by the mid-20th century, and both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1959.[6] This strengthening of relations continued in the 1980s, in a favourable context facilitated by circumstances such as the joining of Spain to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1982, a military alliance to which Turkey already belonged.[6]

Spain lobbied in favour of the entry into force of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union in 1995.[7] The joint action plan signed between Turkey and Spain, on 22 July 1998, established the framework of the bilateral relations between the two countries.[4] Presented to the General Assembly of the United Nations in September 2004,[8] the so-called Alliance of Civilizations was initiated by Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, co-sponsored by the Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[4]

The first formal inter-governmental summit (Reunión de Alto Nivel; RAN; transl. High-Level Meeting) took place in April 2009 in Istanbul.[9]

Considered one of the main countries that supported the Turkish bid to EU membership,[4] Spain tried to push forward with some advances vis-à-vis the latter during the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010, meeting the outright opposition from EU leaders such as Sarkozy or Merkel.[7] In early 2015, Spain stationed a battery of Patriot missiles near Adana,[10] further extending the length of the deployment afterwards. Spain imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 2019 due to Turkey's military operation in Syria.[11]

Economic relations

Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez meeting with Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at a NATO summit in London, 4 December 2019

Trade volume between Turkey and Spain was €5.99 billion in 2011.[12] There was a development in the economic field in 2015 with trade at US$8.5 billion.[13]

There are more than 610 Spanish firms operating in Turkey. The value of Spanish investments in Turkey is around $10 billion.[14] In 2008, more than 350,000 Spanish tourists visited Turkey.[15]

Around 75 Turkish firms operate in Spain. The Turkish investments in Spain reached $143 million in the period of 2002–2015.

Resident diplomatic missions

See also

References

Citations
  1. ^ Ottoman-Spanish Economic Relations in the 16th century
  2. ^ Hüseyin Serdar Tabakoğlu The Re-Establishment Of Ottoman-Spanish Relations In 1782, Turkish Studies, Volume 2/3, Summer 2007
  3. ^ a b Martín Corrales 2003, p. 255.
  4. ^ a b c d Turkey´s Political Relations with Spain, Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  5. ^ Article by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu published in El Pais Newspaper (Spain) on 16.11.2009
  6. ^ a b c Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 427.
  7. ^ a b Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 428.
  8. ^ Mestres & Soler i Lecha 2006, p. 117.
  9. ^ Soler i Lecha 2011, pp. 430–431.
  10. ^ "España prorrogará el despliegue de la batería Patriot en Turquía en 2020". La Vanguardia. 24 October 2019.
  11. ^ "Spain stops arms exports to Turkey over Syria offensive". Al Arabiya. 15 October 2019.
  12. ^ International Trade Centre
  13. ^ Turkey is not turning its back on the West
  14. ^ Spanish Investors Continue To Bolster Turkey's Foreign Investment Relations
  15. ^ İspanyol turist istikrarlı (in Turkish)
Bibliography

Read other articles:

Ганс Крістіан Ерстеддан. Hans Christian Ørsted Народився 14 серпня 1777(1777-08-14)Рудкебінг, ДаніяПомер 9 березня 1851(1851-03-09) (73 роки)Копенгаген, ДаніяПоховання Кладовище Асистенс :  Країна ДаніяНаціональність данецьДіяльність фізик, хімік, винахідник, викладач університету, ...

 

Neuasseln Stadt Dortmund Koordinaten: 51° 31′ N, 7° 34′ O51.5169444444447.5625120Koordinaten: 51° 31′ 1″ N, 7° 33′ 45″ O Höhe: ca. 120 m ü. NHN Einwohner: 3661 (31. Dez. 2018) Postleitzahlen: 44309, 44319 Vorwahl: 0231 Unterbezirke: 315 und 328 Neuasseln ist ein Dortmunder Ortsteil im Süden des Stadtbezirks Brackel. Neuasseln liegt auf dem Kahlenberg (bis 136,4 m ü. NHN), einem Höhen...

 

Marugame丸亀市 Ciudad BanderaEscudo MarugameLocalización de Marugame en Japón Coordenadas 34°17′22″N 133°47′51″E / 34.289416666667, 133.79761111111Entidad Ciudad • País Japón • Región Shikoku • Prefectura KagawaDirigentes   • Alcalde Masaharu KajiSuperficie   • Total 111,79 km²Población (2019)   • Total 109,338 hab. • Densidad 978 hab/km²Huso horario Hora estándar de Japón (UTC +9)...

Zwei Jahre vorm Mast (engl. Two Years before the mast) ist ein autobiografisches Werk von Richard Henry Dana, Jr. aus dem Jahr 1840. Es erzählt vom Aufenthalt des Erzählers als Seemann an Bord eines Kap Hoorniers zwischen 1834 und 1836. Danas Aufzeichnungen zählen zu den populärsten Sachbucherzählungen der amerikanischen Literatur und liefern einen sehr anschaulichen und wahrhaftigen Bericht vom Leben auf den alten Segelschiffen. Der Verfasser war ein an der Harvard University ausgebilde...

 

Дисципліни, що лежать в основі когнітивної науки, та їхні відношення: лінгвістика, неврологія, штучний інтелект, філософія, антропологія і психологія. Когнітивістика (когнітивна наука) (лат. cognitio — пізнання) — наукова дисципліна, об'єктом вивчення якої є опис, пояснен

 

Russian conductor (1938–2023) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Khatuevich and the family name is Temirkanov.Temirkanov in 2013 Yuri Khatuevich Temirkanov (Russian: Ю́рий Хату́евич Темирка́нов; Kabardian: Темыркъан Хьэту и къуэ Юрий; 10 December 1938 – 2 November 2023) was a Soviet and Russian conductor,[1] People's Artist of the USSR. Early life Born in 1938 in the North Caucasus city...

Sun QuanTemple name (en) 太祖 Posthumous name (en) 大皇帝 BiografiKelahiran5 Juli 182 Zhejiang Kematian21 Mei 252 (69 tahun)Jiankang Penyebab kematianHemorrhagia Cerebral Tempat pemakamanNanjing   Kaisar Tiongkok Dong Wu23 Mei 229 – 21 Mei 252 ← Kaisar Xian dari Han – Sun Liang (en)  →   Chinese king (en)  Dong Wu222 – 229 Data pribadiKelompok etnikSuku Han KegiatanPekerjaanPenguasa monarki KeluargaPasangan nikahEmpress ...

 

Nama ini merupakan sebuah nama Belanda; nama keluarganya adalah de Ligt, bukan Ligt. Matthijs de Ligt De Ligt bersama JuventusInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Matthijs de LigtTanggal lahir 12 Agustus 1999 (umur 24)Tempat lahir Leiderdorp, BelandaTinggi 189 cm (6 ft 2 in)[1]Posisi bermain Bek tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini Bayern MunchenNomor 4Karier junior2008–2016 AjaxKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2016–2017 Jong Ajax 17 (1)2016–2019 Ajax 77 (8)2019–2...

 

2003 film by John Crowley This article is missing information about the film's production. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2016) IntermissionTheatrical release posterDirected byJohn CrowleyWritten byMark O'RoweProduced byStephen WoolleyNeil JordanAlan MoloneyStarringColin FarrellCillian MurphyKelly MacdonaldColm MeaneyShirley HendersonCinematographyRyszard LenczewskiEdited byLucia ZucchettiMusic byJohn MurphyProductionco...

American journalist For other people with similar names, see Charles Todd (disambiguation). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Chuck Todd – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JST...

 

One of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church This article is about one of the sacraments of the Catholic Church. For confession in other religions, see Confession (disambiguation) § Religion. For penance in other religions, see Penance. For reconciliation in other religions, see Reconciliation (theology). Part of a series onPenance and Reconciliationin the Catholic Church Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation Contrition Seal of the Confessional Misericordia Dei Reconciliatio et ...

 

Bangunan Bersejarah di Kota Kuno NaraSitus Warisan Dunia UNESCOKriteriaBudaya: ii, iii, iv, viNomor identifikasi870Pengukuhan1998 (ke-22) Bangunan Bersejarah di Kota Kuno Nara adalah Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO yang mencakup empat kawasan di Nara, ibu kota lama Kekaisaran Jepang di Prefektur Nara, Jepang. Lima bangunan di antaranya adalah Wihara Buddha, satu Kuil Shinto, satu istana, dan satu hutan purba. Kaeasan ini mencakup 26 bangunan yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Jepang sebagai pusa...

Indian TV series or programme KismatGenreDramaWritten byVikram KapadiaRaja RamRaja SevakDirected byNaresh MalhotraStarringSee belowCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons1No. of episodes64ProductionProducerAditya ChopraCamera setupMulti-cameraRunning timeApprox. 24 minutesProduction companyYRF TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkSony Entertainment TelevisionRelease14 February (2011-02-14) –2 June 2011 (2011-06-02) Kismat is an Indian drama television seri...

 

Cet article ou cette section contient des informations sur une compétition de rink hockey en cours. Le texte peut changer à mesure que l'événement progresse, ne pas être à jour ou manquer de recul. N’hésitez pas à participer en citant vos sources.La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 30 novembre 2023 à 23:38. Ligue des champions 2023-2024 Généralités Sport Rink hockey Organisateur(s) CERH Éditions 59e Lieu(x) Europe (finale à 4 : à déterminer) Date du...

 

Early warning radar deployed by Germany during World War II FreyaA 1941 RAF PRU photograph of the two Freyas at AudervilleCountry of originGermanyIntroduced1939No. built1,000+TypeEarly warning radarPRF500 per secondPulsewidth2–3μsRange200 kilometres (120 mi)Azimuth360°Power20 kWOther NamesFunkmessgerät 80 (FuMG 80) Freya was an early warning radar deployed by Germany during World War II; it was named after the Norse goddess Freyja. During the war, over a thousand stations were ...

British TV sitcom (1984–1986) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Duty Free TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Duty FreeStarringKeith BarronGwen TaylorJoanna Van GyseghemNeil StacyCountry of originUni...

 

Жан-Филипп Рамофр. Jean-Philippe Rameau Жан-Филипп Рамо со скрипкой, портрет работы Жака Аведа Основная информация Дата рождения 25 сентября 1683(1683-09-25) Место рождения Дижон Дата смерти 12 сентября 1764(1764-09-12) (80 лет) Место смерти Париж Похоронен Сент-Эсташ Страна Франция Пр...

 

Grade II* listed building in Manchester Manchester Law LibraryThe oldest provincial law library in EnglandTypeFormer libraryLocationManchester, Greater ManchesterCoordinates53°28′48″N 2°14′38″W / 53.48°N 2.2438°W / 53.48; -2.2438Built1872–1873ArchitectThomas HartasArchitectural style(s)Venetian GothicOwnerPrivately owned Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameManchester Law LibraryDesignated3 October 1974Reference no.1219102 Location of Manchester...

Эту страницу предлагается переименовать в «Чемпионат Европы по футзалу».Пояснение причин и обсуждение — на странице Википедия:К переименованию/26 мая 2022. Пожалуйста, основывайте свои аргументы на правилах именования статей. Не удаляйте шаблон до подведения итога обс...

 

1914 film The Trey o' HeartsNewspaper advertisement.Directed byWilfred LucasHenry MacRaeWritten byBess MeredythAllan DwanLouis Joseph Vance (story)StarringCleo MadisonGeorge LarkinDistributed byUniversal Film Manufacturing Co.Release date August 4, 1914 (1914-08-04) Running time15 episodesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles The Trey o' Hearts advertisement in 1914 The Trey o' Hearts is a 1914 American 15-chapter action film serial directed by Wilfred Lucas an...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!