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The Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Turkey maintain diplomatic relations. Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate general in Barcelona.

Turkey and Spain are both members of the Council of Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the World Trade Organization, and the Union for the Mediterranean. Spain is also an EU member and Turkey is an EU candidate. Historically known for their imperial and economic rivalry in centuries past, today the two countries enjoy cordial diplomatic relations. There is a well-established community of Turks in Spain, as well as a sizeable number of Spanish or Hispanophone expatriates in Turkey.

History

Ottoman-Spanish relations

During the 16th century, Habsburg Spain and the Ottoman Empire fought for supremacy in the Mediterranean.^[1]^[2] A highlight was the battle of Lepanto, in which the Spanish-led fleet (allied with the Republic of Venice and the Papal States) defeated the Ottoman fleet. In North Africa, the Spanish actions against the Barbary pirates (Ottoman allies) were not successful for long. The Spanish lost Tunisia to the Ottomans in 1574.

During this time, the Ottomans welcomed many Sephardi Jews and conversos fleeing from religious persecution in Spain, who introduced the Gutenberg press and theater and supported a failed Morisco revolt. The silver brought from Spanish America caused massive inflation in Spain that extended to the rest of Europe and even the Ottoman Empire, being the cause, among others, for the decline of the Turkish Empire in the East.

Commercial relations between both empires increased during the second half of the 18th century.^[3] After the start of negotiations in 1779 between the Spanish monarchy and the Sublime Porte,^[3] a Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce was signed in 1782,^[4]^[5] the so-called Treaty of Constantinople [es]. While the normalization of relations logically took place after the treaty, a period of certain mutual "indifference" also ensued.^[6]

Relations between Spain and the Republic of Turkey

A rapprochement between the Republic of Turkey, led by prime minister Adnan Menderes, and Francoist Spain began by the mid-20th century, and both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1959.^[6] This strengthening of relations continued in the 1980s, in a favourable context facilitated by circumstances such as the joining of Spain to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1982, a military alliance to which Turkey already belonged.^[6]

Spain lobbied in favour of the entry into force of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union in 1995.^[7] The joint action plan signed between Turkey and Spain, on 22 July 1998, established the framework of the bilateral relations between the two countries.^[4] Presented to the General Assembly of the United Nations in September 2004,^[8] the so-called Alliance of Civilizations was initiated by Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, co-sponsored by the Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.^[4]

The first formal inter-governmental summit (Reunión de Alto Nivel; RAN; transl. High-Level Meeting) took place in April 2009 in Istanbul.^[9]

Considered one of the main countries that supported the Turkish bid to EU membership,^[4] Spain tried to push forward with some advances vis-à-vis the latter during the Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010, meeting the outright opposition from EU leaders such as Sarkozy or Merkel.^[7] In early 2015, Spain stationed a battery of Patriot missiles near Adana,^[10] further extending the length of the deployment afterwards. Spain imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in 2019 due to Turkey's military operation in Syria.^[11]

Economic relations

Trade volume between Turkey and Spain was €5.99 billion in 2011.^[12] There was a development in the economic field in 2015 with trade at US$8.5 billion.^[13]

There are more than 610 Spanish firms operating in Turkey. The value of Spanish investments in Turkey is around $10 billion.^[14] In 2008, more than 350,000 Spanish tourists visited Turkey.^[15]

Around 75 Turkish firms operate in Spain. The Turkish investments in Spain reached $143 million in the period of 2002–2015.

Resident diplomatic missions

Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.

Consulate-General of Spain in Istanbul
Consulate-General of Turkey in Barcelona

References

Citations

^ Ottoman-Spanish Economic Relations in the 16th century
^ Hüseyin Serdar Tabakoğlu The Re-Establishment Of Ottoman-Spanish Relations In 1782, Turkish Studies, Volume 2/3, Summer 2007
^ ^a ^b Martín Corrales 2003, p. 255.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Turkey´s Political Relations with Spain, Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
^ Article by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu published in El Pais Newspaper (Spain) on 16.11.2009
^ ^a ^b ^c Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 427.
^ ^a ^b Soler i Lecha 2011, p. 428.
^ Mestres & Soler i Lecha 2006, p. 117.
^ Soler i Lecha 2011, pp. 430–431.
^ "España prorrogará el despliegue de la batería Patriot en Turquía en 2020". La Vanguardia. 24 October 2019.
^ "Spain stops arms exports to Turkey over Syria offensive". Al Arabiya. 15 October 2019.
^ International Trade Centre
^ Turkey is not turning its back on the West
^ Spanish Investors Continue To Bolster Turkey's Foreign Investment Relations
^ İspanyol turist istikrarlı (in Turkish)

Bibliography

Martín Corrales, Eloy (2003). "Relaciones de España con el Imperio Otomano en los siglos XVIII y XIX". In Martín Asuero, P (ed.). España-Turquía. Del enfrentamiento al análisis mutuo. Actas de las I Jornadas de Historia organizada por el Instituto Cervantes de Estambul en la Universidad del Bósforo los días 31 de octubre y 1 y 2 de noviembre de 2002. Istanbul: Ediciones Isis. pp. 253–270.
Mestres, Laia; Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2006). "Spain and Turkey: A Long-Lasting Alliance in a Turbulent Context?". Insight Turkey. 8 (2). SET VAKFI İktisadi İşletmesi: 117–126. JSTOR 26328764.
Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2011). "Las relaciones hispano-turcas: buena sintonía pese al estancamiento europeo". Anuario internacional CIDOB. 1. Barcelona: CIDOB: 427–433. ISSN 1133-2743.