The use of the country name "Macedonia" was the object of a dispute with neighboring Greece between 1991 and 2019, resulting in a Greek veto against EU and NATO accession talks, which lasted from 2008 to 2019. After the issue was resolved, the EU gave its formal approval to begin accession talks with North Macedonia and Albania in March 2020.[1]
However, in November 2020, Bulgaria effectively blocked the official start of North Macedonia's EU accession negotiations over what it perceives as slow progress on the implementation of the 2017 friendship treaty between the two countries, state-supported or tolerated hate speech and minority claims towards Bulgaria.[2]
On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved lifting the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia. On 16 July 2022, the Assembly of North Macedonia also approved the revised French proposal, allowing accession negotiations to begin.[3] The start of negotiations was officially launched on 19 July 2022.[4] To make progress, however, the country must change its constitution, including local Bulgarians in it, and overcome the latent opposition of neighbouring Bulgaria.[5][6][7]
The flags of the European Union and North Macedonia
North Macedonia began its formal process of rapprochement with the European Union in 2000, by initiating negotiations about the EU's Stabilisation and Association Process, and it became the first non-EU country in the Balkans to sign the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA), on 9 April 2001 in Luxembourg. The agreement was ratified by the Macedonian parliament on 12 April 2001 and came into force on 1 April 2004.
On 22 March 2004, the Republic of Macedonia submitted its application for EU membership. On 6 September 2004, the Macedonian government adopted a National Strategy for European integration, supported by the country's parliament through its Commission for European Issues. The government subsequently began the procedure of answering the questionnaire of the European Commission regarding its performance in preparation for membership in accordance with the Copenhagen criteria, a process that was finished by 31 January 2005. The European Council officially granted the country candidate status on 17 December 2005, after a review and a positive recommendation of the candidacy by the European Commission.
After the naming dispute with Greece was solved in 2019, accession negotiations were expected to start within the same year, but in June 2019 the EU General Affairs Council decided to postpone the decision to October, due to objections from a number of countries including the Netherlands and France.[8] France vetoed the decision again in October.[9] On 25 March 2020 the Council of the European Union decided to open accession negotiations, which was endorsed by the European Council the following day.[10][11]
On 17 November 2020 Bulgaria blocked the official start of accession talks with the country.[12] North Macedonia was told to offer further guarantees to Bulgaria that it would honour the 2017 friendship treaty, which deals with historical issues.[13]
A major obstacle for the accession process was the Republic's unresolved objection by Greece over its name, as Greece argued that it implied territorial ambitions towards Greece's own northern province of Macedonia. While the country preferred to be called by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia, the European Union, in acknowledgment of concerns raised by Greece, maintained a practice of recognising it only as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", a compromise of "provisional reference" introduced by the United Nations in 1993. Greece, as any other EU country, has veto power against new accessions, and blocked Macedonian accession due to the naming dispute.[14][15][16][17]
On 12 June 2018, an agreement was reached between Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras and his Macedonian counterpart Zoran Zaev, known as the Prespa agreement,[18] under which the country would be renamed the "Republic of North Macedonia".[19] As part of this deal, Greece explicitly withdrew its previous opposition, allowing the EU to approve on 26 June 2018 a pathway to starting accession talks.[20]
Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the then Republic of Macedonia, most of its academics, as well as the general public, do not recognize the Macedonian language and nation formed after the Second World War as being separate from Bulgarian proper.[21] As part of the efforts to find a solution to the Macedonia name dispute with Greece, the Macedonian constitution was changed twice (in 1995, and then again in 2018) to formally exclude any possible territorial aspirations towards neighboring countries.[22][23]
Some Macedonian politicians consider Bulgarian territory to be part of a greater Macedonia, claiming the majority of the population there are oppressed ethnic Macedonians.[24] Macedonia and Bulgaria signed a friendship treaty to improve their complicated relations in August 2017. A joint commission on historical and educational issues was formed in 2018 to serve as a forum where controversial historical and educational issues could be raised and discussed. This commission has made little progress in its work for a period of one year.[25]
In October 2019, Bulgaria set out a "Framework position" warning that it would block the accession process unless North Macedonia fulfilled demands regarding anti-Bulgarian ideology in the country,[26][27] and ultimately over an 'ongoing nation-building process' based on historical negationism of the Bulgarian identity, culture and legacy in the broader region of Macedonia.[28][29][30]
Bulgarian politicians claim North Macedonia remains the only country in NATO, that is an EU-candidate, whose politics is based on communist historical and linguistic dogmas accepted by ASNOM.[31] Concerning the Macedonian language, Bulgaria advises the EU to avoid using the term "Macedonian language" during the accession talks, and instead use the term "Official language of Republic of North Macedonia", reaffirming that it does not recognize the language as separate from Bulgarian.[27] In North Macedonia this is widely perceived as a direct attack on its national identity and language.[32]
In September 2020 Bulgaria has sent an explanatory memorandum to the Council of the European Union containing its framework position on the accession of North Macedonia.[33] On 17 November 2020, Bulgaria refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, effectively blocking the official start of accession talks with this country over slow progress on the implementation of the 2017 Friendship Treaty between the two countries, state-supported or tolerated hate speech and minority claims towards Bulgaria.[2]
The veto received condemnation by some intellectuals,[34] and criticism from international observers.[35][36] A survey conducted in November 2020, by Alpha Research of 803 people from all over Bulgaria, found that 83.8% of Bulgarians were against the accession of North Macedonia in the EU until the historical dispute is solved, only 10.2% of Bulgarians supported the accession with the rest not having an opinion.[37][38]
In June 2022 at the very end of the French Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June), an urgent proposal was put out by the president Emmanuel Macron to resolve the dispute between the two countries. The proposal provoked a political crisis in Bulgaria. On June 8, Slavi Trifonov withdrew his party from Bulgaria's governing coalition, citing the issue of North Macedonia. This faced criticism from President Rumen Radev, who said the proposal was relatively good. However, the government abdicated its responsibility and delegated it entirely to the parliament. As result on 22 June the Bulgarian government faced a motion of no confidence, which it lost.[39] Nevertheless, on 24 June, after heated discussions, the parliament approved lifting the veto.[40] President Macron claimed that the European leaders had put a lot of pressure on Bulgaria to accept this deal, confirming its approval was a "very good signal". On June 25, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Sofia stated that the speed with which North Macedonia would approach the EU membership, already depended on itself.[41] Two days before the end of the French presidency of the EU, the Prime Minister of North Macedonia Kovačevski stated that the government remains of the opinion that the agreement proposed from Paris and approved by Bulgaria is unacceptable for the country. However, since then, the proposal has been backed by the government of North Macedonia.[42] In early July 2022, protests began in North Macedonia against the French proposal. However, the proposal was accepted by the Assembly of North Macedonia on 16 July 2022.[3]
On 17 July 2022 in Sofia, the foreign ministers of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed a second bilateral protocol to the Treaty of Good Neighborhood and Friendship between the two countries. Such protocols were supposed to be signed every year, but in practice they have not been signed since 2019. According to the decision of the Bulgarian National Assembly of June 24, the signing of this protocol is a condition for Bulgaria to approve the Negotiating Framework for the Republic of North Macedonia. The protocol contains specific measures and deadlines for the implementation of agreements on historical issues between the two countries, measures against hate speech, etc.[43]
On 24 June 2022, Bulgaria's parliament approved lifting the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia. On 16 July 2022, the Assembly of North Macedonia also approved the revised French proposal, allowing accession negotiations to begin.[3] The start of negotiations was officially launched on 19 July 2022.[4] The approved document includes the condition to stop "hate speech" against all "minorities and communities", that North Macedonia recognize a shared history with Bulgaria, and the inclusion of Bulgarian people as a recognized minority in the Constitution.[44] On July 17, North Macedonia signed a special protocol with Bulgaria to cooperate on these subjects.[45] However, there was no progress in the inclusion of the Bulgarian minority in the Constitution of North Macedonia, though in February 2023, the Bulgarian parliament adopted a declaration condemning, an alleged anti-Bulgarian campaign there and warned it could stop North Macedonia's EU integration again.[46]
Following the formal start of accession negotiations in July 2022, the next step is for North Macedonia to meet the conditions to start substantial negotiations by the opening of the first 5 negotiating chapters (Fundamentals cluster) at a second intergovernmental conference. This step will not begin until the "opening phase" has been completed, which according to the Council conclusions of July 2022 is conditional on the Assembly of North Macedonia approving the agreed constitutional amendment related to the Bulgarian minority.[5][6][7] A two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly of North Macedonia is needed in order to approve the required constitutional amendment. However, the winning party of the most recent elections in May 2024 was VMRO-DPMNE, which has consistently blocked the passage of the required constitutional amendment, and campaigned on the idea that the EU negotiation framework instead should be changed to omit this requirement.[47]
On 25 September 2024, the EU announced the decoupling of Albania from North Macedonia on the EU accession path, due to the disputes between North Macedonia and Bulgaria around the Bulgarian minority in North Macedonia, which had delayed further talks.[48] Following the decision on decoupling of their processes, the EU opened negotiations on the first chapters with Albania separately on 15 October 2024.
North Macedonia has so far received €1.3 billion of development aid until 2020 from the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, a funding mechanism for EU candidate countries.
Campaign
The government's motto for the candidacy is "The Sun, too, is a star.", referring to the sun from the flag of North Macedonia being displayed among the other stars in the flag of Europe.
Government structuring
North Macedonia's government has established a management infrastructure for the European integration process on the basis of a paper adopted in 1997 under the title "The strategic bases of the Republic of [North] Macedonia on achieving the membership of the European Union". It consists of the following institutions:
The Committee for Euro-Atlantic Integration plays the central role in the decision-making of the country's policies in the European integration process. It is chaired by the Prime Minister with members including Deputy Prime Ministers, all ministers in the Government, the Governor of the National Bank of North Macedonia, and the President of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
The Working Committee for European Integration of the Government of the Republic of [North] Macedonia (WCEI) – It is chaired by the Deputy Prime Ministers in charge of EU Integration, whose deputy is the Minister of Economy. The members are the secretaries from all Ministries. It is an operational, inter-ministerial body establishing the methods and dynamics for implementation of strategic decisions, political guidelines and priorities of the Government, as well as monitoring the realisation of the concrete tasks.
The Deputy to the President of the Government is responsible for the European integration as centre in the management and co-ordination of the operational part of the integration process. Its support and service is the Sector for European Integration within the General Secretariat of the Government of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
The Sector for European Integration within the Republic's government is given the task to organise, co-ordinate and synchronise the EU integration process. It is organised in seven units in charge of the approximation of the national legislation with that of the EU, translation of the EU legal acts, institution building, support to the WCEI, co-ordination of foreign assistance, and information to the broader public on EU and the European integration process.
Departments/Sectors/Units for European Integration within the Ministries have similar structure and competencies as the central Sector for European Integration within the Government, being a key link in the institutional infrastructure.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs – EU domain – is responsible for communications with the EU structures through the Mission of former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in Brussels, gathering valid and timely information that have impact on the integration process and presenting the uniform perspectives and positions in the European structures.
The other institutions supporting the EU integration process are the following:
The Subcommittee of the WCEI for approximation of the legislation with its working groups
Public opinion
Around 79% of the population of North Macedonia is in favor of EU accession.[49] However, those who think North Macedonia is closer to EU entry today than it was in 2005, when it first received candidate member status, dropped from 57% to 32% between 2018 and 2021.
Chronology of relations with the EU
Timeline
Date
Event
October 1992
The Republic of Macedonia appoints its representative in Brussels,[citation needed] agreeing to the use of the "former Yugoslav" before its constitutional name ("Republic of Macedonia") designation in bilateral relations.[citation needed]
22 December 1995
The Republic and the EU establish diplomatic relations. Negotiations commence directed at an agreement with a wide scope of co-operation in the fields of trade, financial operations and transport.
10 March 1996
Macedonia becomes a full partner in the PHARE Programme (Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Reconstruction of their Economies).
November 1997
The Transport Agreement enters into force
1 January 1998
The Cooperation Agreement enters into force.
February 1998
1st political talks on ministerial level are held in Ohrid, in accordance with the Cooperation Agreement.
11 March 1998
A Trade and Textile Agreement is signed (it remains in force until 1998 and is later replaced with a new agreement on 1 January 2000).
21 and 22 March 1998
1st meeting of a mutual Cooperation Council in Skopje.
5 March 1999
2nd meeting of the Cooperation Council in Brussels
24 January 2000
The European Commission adopts directives regarding co-operation and regarding the official start of negotiations for potential membership.
March 2000
Opening of the EU Delegation in Skopje; appointment of the first Chief of the Delegation.
5 April 2000
Start of 1st round of negotiations on the SAA.
June 2000
Adoption of a Perspective (regulation) on Potential Membership by the European Council in Fiera.
24 November 2000
The SAA is initiated at the Zagreb Summit.
December 2000
Entering into force of Council Regulation on Introducing Exceptional Trade Measures; Macedonia joins the Regional CARDS Programme 2002–2006.
16 February 2001
Interim Agreement on SAA Trade Provisions signed.
9 April 2001
SAA and Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade Issues signed. The Agreement enters into force on 1 June 2001.
January 2002
Supplementary Protocol on Wine and Spirits, and Textile Products Trade Agreement.
20 February 2003
The President of the European Commission, Romano Prodi, visits Skopje, reconfirming the EU position on the country's perspective for EU membership.
25 July 2003
Last of 6 meetings of the Cooperation Council in Brussels.
February 2004
"Declaration on the Application for EU membership" signed by the Macedonian parliament.
22 March 2004
At a ceremony in Dublin, Ireland, the Macedonian government submitted the application for membership in the EU.
1 April 2004
SAA enters into force following the ratifications by all the EU Member States.
^Montenegro started negotiations in November 2005 while a part of Serbia and Montenegro (SiM). Separate technical negotiations were conducted regarding issues of sub-state organizational competency. A mandate for direct negotiations with Montenegro was established in July 2006. Direct negotiations were initiated on 26 September 2006 and concluded on 1 December 2006.[54]
^Serbia started negotiations in November 2005 while part of SiM, with a modified mandate from July 2006.
^Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008 but is still claimed by Serbia as part of its territory. The European Union remains divided, with five EU member states not recognizing its independence. The EU launched a Stabilisation Tracking Mechanism for Kosovo] on 6 November 2002 with the aim of aligning its policy with EU standards. On 10 October 2012 the European Commission found that there were no legal obstacles to Kosovo signing a SAA with the EU, as independence is not required for such an agreement.[58]
^ abcNo Interim Agreement associated with Kosovo's SAA was concluded.[62]
^Kosovo's SAA was the first signed after the entry into force of the Lisbon treaty, which conferred a legal personality to the EU. As a result, unlike previous SAAs Kosovo's is exclusively between it and the EU and Euratom, and the member states are not parties independently.[59][63][64]
3 June 2004
1st meeting of the Stabilisation and Association Committee held in Skopje.
6 September 2004
National Strategy for European Integration adopted by the Macedonian government.
14 September 2004
1st meeting of the Stabilisation and Association Council in Brussels.
1 October 2004
Questionnaire on accession preparation submitted to the Macedonian government by the European Commission.
31 January 2005
Answers to the Questionnaire finalised by the Macedonian government.
14 February 2005
Answers to the Questionnaire submitted to the European Commission by a Macedonian delegation in Brussels.
10 May 2005
Additional questions to the Questionnaire of the European Commission that were received on 22 April 2005 are answered, accepted by the Republic's government, and sent to Brussels.
9 November 2005
Positive recommendation on Macedonian accession issued by the European Commission.
17 December 2005
The European Council in Brussels approves the candidate status.
9 November 2006
The European Commission decides to start visa facilitation negotiations with the Republic.
23 June 2008
Following the EU summit, the resolution of the naming dispute was added as a precondition to EU accession.[66]
14 October 2009
The European Commission recommended the start of the accession negotiations for full-fledged membership of the Republic of Macedonia.[67]
29 March 2012
European Commission launches a High Level Accession Dialogue with Skopje.[68]
25 January 2019
The Prespa Agreement enters into force on 25 January 2019, ending the decades long naming-dispute. It is outlined in the agreement that Greece will no longer veto the accession talks between North Macedonia and the European Union.
On 1 January 2008 the visa facilitation and readmission agreements between Macedonia and the EU entered into force.[71]
Macedonia began a visa liberalisation dialogue with the EU in February 2008 and was added to the list of visa exempt nationals on 19 December 2009, allowing their citizens to enter the Schengen Area and Cyprus without a visa when travelling with biometric passports.[72]
Security and Defence Partnership between the EU and North Macedonia
On 19 November 2024, the European Union and North Macedonia signed a Security and Defence Partnership.[73]
Negotiation progress
The screening process has been completed though no chapters have been opened thus far.
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
17 July 2023
1 December 2023
–
–
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
27 September 2022
16 January 2023
–
–
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
27 September 2022
16 January 2023
–
–
25. Science & Research
28 April 2023
15 June 2023
–
–
26. Education & Culture
27 April 2023
15 June 2023
–
–
27. Environment & Climate Change
18 March 2023
15 September 2023
–
–
28. Consumer & Health Protection
17 February 2023
9 March 2023
–
–
29. Customs Union
20 October 2022
15 June 2023
–
–
30. External Relations
6 December 2023
6 December 2023
–
–
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
7 December 2023
7 December 2023
–
–
32. Financial Control
9 December 2022
16 January 2023
–
–
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
17 July 2023
1 December 2023
–
–
34. Institutions
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
35. Other Issues
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Please note as of 2021, clusters have been implemented to provide better organization and some additional items have been added to align with the new EU methodology.
22. Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Some level of preparation
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
23. Judiciary & Fundamental Rights
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
24. Justice, Freedom & Security
Further efforts needed
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Further efforts needed
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared†
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
25. Science & Research
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
26. Education & Culture
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
27. Environment
Considerable efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Further efforts needed
Moderately prepared
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
Some level of preparation
28. Consumer & Health Protection
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
29. Customs Union
No major difficulties expected
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
30. External Relations
Some level of preparation
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Good level of preparation
31. Foreign, Security & Defence Policy
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
Good level of preparation
32. Financial Control
Further efforts needed
Early stage
Early stage
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
Moderately prepared
33. Financial & Budgetary Provisions
Totally incompatible with acquis
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
Early stage
34. Institutions
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
35. Other Issues
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Nothing to adopt
Legend:
Chapters in bold indicate completed chapters.
† indicates chapters in which the European Commission has simultaneously awarded the chapter both "some level of preparation" AND "moderately prepared" OR both "moderately prepared" AND "good level of preparation".
totally incompatible early stage considerable efforts needed some level of preparation further efforts needed moderately prepared no major difficulties expected good level of preparation well prepared / well advanced
^Mind our language: Bulgaria blocks North Macedonia's EU path. Sofia raises opposition to neighbour's accession hopes citing failure to respect history. Guardian 17 Nov 2020.
^Bernard A. Cook, Andrej Alimoved ed., Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2; Europe Since 1945, Taylor & Francis, 2001; ISBN0-8153-4058-3, pp. 810-811.
^CR Craven, Matthew (1995). "What's in a Name? The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and issues of statehood". Australian Year Book of International Law. 16: 199–239. doi:10.1163/26660229-016-01-900000005.
^Titchener, Frances B.; Moorton, Richard F. (1999). The eye expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-91970-9. OCLC43476423.
^Benson, Leslie. (2004). Yugoslavia: a concise history (Rev. and updated ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN1-4039-9720-9. OCLC559698344.
^Ковачев: Никој не сака да го земе Делчев, тој е на Македонија, тој е и на Бугарија. 18 септември 2020, МКД.мк.
^Външните министри на България и Северна Македония подписаха двустранен протокол, втори поред, от Договора за добросъседство и приятелство, Dir.bg, 17.07.2002.
^The proposal... talks of the Macedonian government's obligation to protect the rights of all "minorities and communities" by preventing "hate speech" and discrimination. No Easy Escape For North Macedonia From Bulgaria's EU Veto. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 22, 2022.[permanent dead link]
^The inclusion of the Bulgarian and other nations living on the territory of North Macedonia in the Constitution, the acceleration of the work of the Historical Committee, fighting "hate speech", a celebration of joint historical events and persons, changing content in history and geography books, these are some of the articles in the Protocol that was signed yesterday by the foreign affairs ministers of the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria. For more see: Nenad Georgievski, The Protocol from the second meeting between the intergovernmental Macedonian-Bulgarian committee is published. Meta.mk, 18 July 2022.
^Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Parliament's Declaration Adds Tension With North Macedonia. BIRN, February 2, 2023.
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (July 2016) Anji PlayInventor(s)Cheng XueqinCompanyAnji Play WorldCountryChinaAvailability2014–presentSloganLove, Risk, Joy, Engagement, ReflectionOfficial website Anji Play (Chinese: 安吉游戏) is an early childhood curriculum designed by Cheng Xueqin,[1] Director, Office of Pre-Primary Education, Anji County Departmen...
American motor oil brand owned by Chevron Corporation This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Havoline – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) HavolineProduct typeLubricantsOwnerChevronProduced byChevronCountryUnited Stat...
Sunyata beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Sunyata (disambiguasi). Terjemahan dariŚūnyatāInggrisemptiness, voidness, openness, thusness, etc.PaliSuññatā (Dev: सुञ्ञता)SanskritŚūnyatā (Dev: शून्यता)Tionghoa空 (Pinyin: Kōng)Jepang空 (rōmaji: Kū)Korea공성(空性) (RR: gong-seong)MongoliaхоосонTibetanསྟོང་པ་ཉིད་ (Wylie: stong-pa nyidTHL: tongpa nyi)Bengaliশূন্যতাMyanmarthone nya ta, သု...
A kingdom mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata Not to be confused with Manipuri Mahabharata, the Manipuri language adaptation of the Mahabharata. Manipura (Sanskrit: मणिपुर, romanized: maṇipura, lit. 'city of jewels'), also known as Manalura,[1][2] is a kingdom mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. According to the epic, it was located near a sea-shore, the Mahendra Mountains (present day Eastern Ghats) and the Kalinga Kingdom (present da...
Mythical Spanish pirate For the Spanish footballer, see José Gaspar (footballer). José Gaspar as illustrated in the 1900 brochure José Gaspar, also known by his nickname Gasparilla (supposedly lived c. 1756 – 1821), is an apocryphal Spanish pirate who terrorized the Gulf of Mexico from his base in southwest Florida during Florida's second Spanish period (1783 to 1821). Though details about his early life, motivations, and piratical exploits differ in various tellings, they agree that the...
MataanoTypePrivateIndustryFashionFoundedSeptember 2008FounderAyaan and Idyl MohallimHeadquartersNew York City, United StatesArea servedworldwideKey peopleAyaan and Idyl MohallimWebsitewww.mataano.com Mataano (Twins in the Somali language) is a women's fashion line. Founded in 2008, it is owned by Somali-American twin fashion designers Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim. Founders Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim were born in Alabama to Somali parents.[1] They moved to Somalia at an early age, and spent th...
Main article: List of mountain peaks of Canada See also: List of the most prominent summits of Canada and List of the most isolated major summits of Canada Mount Logan in the Saint Elias Mountains of Yukon is the highest peak of Canada. The following sortable table comprises the 150 highest mountain peaks of Canada with at least 500 metres (1640 feet) of topographic prominence.[a] The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways: The topographic elevation of a ...
Resolusi 1593Dewan Keamanan PBBPeta desa-desa Darfur yang hancur dalam konflik Darfur (2004)Tanggal31 Maret 2005Sidang no.5.158KodeS/RES/1593 (Dokumen)TopikSituasi di SudanRingkasan hasil11 mendukungTidak ada menentang4 abstainHasilDiadopsiKomposisi Dewan KeamananAnggota tetap Tiongkok Prancis Rusia Britania Raya Amerika SerikatAnggota tidak tetap Aljazair Argentina Benin Brasil Denmark Filipina Jepang Rumania Tan...
American basketball player (born 1996) Keita Bates-DiopBates-Diop with Ohio State in 2018No. 21 – Phoenix SunsPositionSmall forward / power forwardLeagueNBAPersonal informationBorn (1996-01-23) January 23, 1996 (age 27)Sacramento, California, U.S.Listed height6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Listed weight229 lb (104 kg)Career informationHigh schoolUniversity (Normal, Illinois)CollegeOhio State (2014–2018)NBA draft2018: 2nd round, 48th overall pickSelected by the Min...
2009 video gameNancy Drew: Warnings at Waverly AcademyDeveloper(s)Her InteractivePublisher(s)Her InteractivePlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseOctober 13, 2009Genre(s)AdventureMode(s)Single-player Warnings at Waverly Academy is the 21st installment in the Nancy Drew point-and-click adventure game series by Her Interactive. The game is available for play on Microsoft Windows platforms. It has an ESRB rating of E for moments of mild violence and peril. Players take on the first-person view of f...
60th Speaker of the Colorado House of Representatives KC Becker60th Speaker of the Colorado House of RepresentativesIn officeJanuary 4, 2019 – January 13, 2021Preceded byCrisanta DuranSucceeded byAlec GarnettMajority Leader of the Colorado House of RepresentativesIn officeJanuary 11, 2017 – January 4, 2019Preceded byCrisanta DuranSucceeded byAlec GarnettMember of the Colorado House of Representativesfrom the 13th districtIn officeNovember 4, 2013 – ...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jaal: The Trap – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2003 Indian filmJaal: The TrapPromotional posterDirected byGuddu DhanoaWritten byRajeev KaulPraful ParekhProduced byHarish ShahVinod Sh...
Medical school in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India SUT Academy of Medical Sciences, TrivandrumMain Hospital BlockTypeExams are held by University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaEstablished2006PrincipalDr.Ambili RemeshAddressSUT Academy of Medical Sciences, Vencode, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala PIN - 695 028, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India8°35′58″N 76°58′10″E / 8.59944°N 76.96944°E / 8.59944; 76.96944NicknameSUTAMSAffiliationsKeral...
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