27 Club

27 Club street mural in Tel Aviv by John Kiss, depicting several well-known members of the club in chronological order: (left to right) Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse.[1]

The 27 Club is an informal list consisting mostly of popular musicians,[2][3][4][5][6] often expanded by artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27. Although the claim of a "statistical spike" for the death of musicians at that age has been refuted by scientific research, it remains a common cultural conception that the phenomenon exists, with many celebrities who die at 27 noted for their high-risk lifestyles.

Cultural perception

Beginning with the deaths of several 27-year-old popular musicians between 1969 and 1971 (such as Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison), dying at the age of 27 came to be, and remains, a perennial subject of popular culture, celebrity journalism, and entertainment industry lore.[2][3] This perceived phenomenon, which came to be known as the "27 Club", attributes special significance to popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27, often as a result of drug and alcohol abuse or violent means such as homicide, suicide, or transportation-related accidents.[7] The cultural interpretation of events gave rise to an urban myth that celebrity deaths are more common at 27, a claim that has been refuted by statistical research as discussed in the scientific studies section below.[8][5] However, a subsequent statistical analysis demonstrated that the myth itself has shaped cultural memory by boosting the visibility and cultural prominence of those who die at 27.[9] This phenomenon, deemed the "27 Club effect", reflects the power of collective storytelling and media reinforcement in turning unrelated events into lasting cultural narratives.

White lighter myth

A white disposable lighter

The white lighter myth or white lighter curse is an urban legend based on the 27 Club in which it is claimed several musicians and artists died while in possession of a white disposable cigarette lighter, leading such items to become associated with bad fortune.[10][11] The myth is primarily based on the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Kurt Cobain.[12][13] The myth has been integrated with cannabis culture.[14]

In 2017, Snopes.com published an article discrediting the theory, noting that Bic did not begin producing white disposable lighters until 1973, several years after the deaths of some members of the 27 Club (including Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison) and that disposable lighters produced by other companies were not widely available at that time.[15]

History

Jim Morrison, lead singer of the rock band the Doors and among the first people associated with the 27 Club.

Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison all died at the age of 27 between 1969 and 1971. At the time, the coincidence gave rise to some comment,[16][17] but, according to Hendrix and Kurt Cobain's biographer, Charles R. Cross: "It wasn't until Kurt Cobain took his own life in 1994 that the idea of the 27 Club arrived in the popular zeitgeist."[18] Cross claims that the "launch of the Club concept" can be traced to the growing influence of the Internet and sensational celebrity journalism on popular culture in the years following Cobain's death, as well as media interpretations of a statement by Cobain's mother, Wendy Fradenburg Cobain O'Connor, quoted in the local Aberdeen, Washington, newspaper The Daily World, and subsequently carried worldwide by the Associated Press: "Now he's gone and joined that stupid club. I told him not to join that stupid club."[19] Many contemporary journalists interpreted her words as referring to the infamous untimely deaths of fellow rock musicians like Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison, a view shared by Cross and R. Gary Patterson, chronicler of rock music urban myth.[20][21][18][22]

That's really selfish to live to 90 years old unless you have something to offer like maybe William Burroughs. I definitely don't want to be that old. I feel more bonded with the Jim Morrison type of living on the edge, rock & roll poet, in a conservative way.
–Kurt Cobain[23]

The intended meaning of "that stupid club" referred to by Cobain's mother is disputed. In his analysis of how her quote helped popularize the 27 Club, Eric Segalstad, author of The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll, asserted that she was actually referring to the "tragic family matter" of Cobain's two uncles and his great-uncle, all of whom had committed suicide.[24] Other contemporary journalists linked her quote to the then-recent heroin-related deaths of fellow young Seattle rock musicians Stefanie Sargent of 7 Year Bitch and Andrew Wood of Mother Love Bone, both aged 24.[25] Cross, himself, dismissed "the absurd notion that Kurt Cobain intentionally timed his death so he could join the 27 Club", noting that Cobain "had nearly died from drug overdoses on at least two dozen occasions in the year before his death... [and] made several previous suicide attempts at various ages."[18]

In 2011, seventeen years after Cobain's death, Amy Winehouse died at the age of 27, prompting a renewed swell of media attention devoted to the 27 Club.[26] Three years earlier, Winehouse's personal assistant, Alex Haines, told the British press that Winehouse, then 25, feared she would join Jim Morrison, Brian Jones, and Kurt Cobain in dying at 27: "She reckoned she would join the 27 Club of rock stars who died at that age. She told me, 'I have a feeling I'm gonna die young.'"[27]

Scientific studies

Despite the cultural significance given to musician and celebrity deaths at age 27, the common claim that they are statistically more common at this age is an urban myth, refuted by scientific research.[2][3][4][5]

A study by university academics published in the British Medical Journal in December 2011 concluded that there was no increase in the risk of death for musicians at the age of 27, stating that there were equally small increases at ages 25 and 32. The study noted that young adult musicians have a higher death rate than the general young adult population, surmising that the conclusion that could be drawn is as such: "fame may increase the risk of death among musicians, but this risk is not limited to age 27".[8]

A 2014 article at The Conversation suggested that statistical evidence shows popular musicians are most likely to die at the age of 56 (2.2% compared to 1.3% at 27).[5]

The 27 Club frequently appears by name and reference in popular culture and mass media. Several exhibitions have been devoted to the idea, as well as novels, films, stage plays, songs, video games, and comics.[28][29][6][30]

Music

Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison have been referred to as the "holy trinity" of 1960s American rock.[31] (In this newsreel, Hendrix is incorrectly identified as being 24 at the time of his death, even though he was in fact 27.)
  • The title of the song "27" by Fall Out Boy from their 2008 album Folie à Deux is a reference to the club. The lyrics explore the hedonistic lifestyles common in rock and roll. Pete Wentz, the primary lyricist of Fall Out Boy, wrote the song because he felt that he was living a similarly dangerous lifestyle.[32]
  • John Craigie's song "28", which appeared on his 2009 album Montana Tale, and 2018 live album Opening for Steinbeck, is written from the perspective of 27 Club members Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Kurt Cobain, as each contemplates their respective mortality and imagines what they would do differently "if I could only make it to twenty-eight".[33][34] Craigie wrote the song when he himself was age 27.[35]
  • The theme is referenced in the song "27 Forever" by Eric Burdon, on his 2013 album 'Til Your River Runs Dry.[36]
  • Magenta's studio album The Twenty Seven Club (2013) directly references the club. Each track is a tribute to a member of the club.[37]
  • Halsey's song "Colors", from her debut album Badlands (2015), includes the line: "I hope you make it to the day you're 28 years old."[38]
  • JPEGMafia's album Black Ben Carson (2016) includes a song titled "The 27 Club", which the song refers to the club. He references members Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Kurt Cobain.[39]
  • Adore Delano released a song called "27 Club" on her studio album Whatever (2017), with the repeated lyric: "All of the legends die at twenty-seven." Delano was aged 27 at the time of release.[40]
  • Juice Wrld referenced the club on his song "Legends" (2018), where he says: "What's the 27 Club? We ain't making it past 21."[41]

Video games

  • In the video game Hitman (2016), one of the in-game missions, Club 27, involves killing an indie musician who is celebrating his 27th birthday.[42]

Identified members

Because the 27 Club is entirely notional, it has no official membership. The table below lists individuals explicitly described as "members" of the 27 Club by journalists and writers in various books and publications.[citation needed]

Some deaths linked to the 27 Club pre-date its emergence as a cultural phenomenon. Blues musician Robert Johnson, who died in 1938, is one of the earliest popular musicians included by various sources.[43][44]

Despite the club's original association with the deaths of popular musicians, later sources began to link actors, artists, athletes, and other celebrities to the 27 Club. Rolling Stone included television actor Jonathan Brandis, who died by suicide in 2003, in a list of 27 Club members.[44] Anton Yelchin, who had played in a punk rock band but was primarily known as a film actor, was also described as a member of the club upon his death in 2016.[45] Likewise, Jean-Michel Basquiat has been linked to the club despite being known primarily as a painter, with his music career being relatively brief and obscure.[46]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Purported 27 Club members
Name Date of birth Date of death Cause of death Fame Age Sources
Alexandre Levy November 10, 1864 January 17, 1892 Not recorded Composer, pianist and conductor 27 years, 68 days [47]
Louis Chauvin March 13, 1881 March 26, 1908 Neurosyphilitic sclerosis Ragtime musician 27 years, 13 days [47]
Rupert Brooke August 3, 1887 April 23, 1915 Sepsis Poet 27 years, 263 days [48]
Robert Johnson May 8, 1911 August 16, 1938 Unknown Blues singer and musician 27 years, 100 days [47][43]
Ghazi of Iraq March 21, 1912 April 4, 1939 Traffic accident, probable murder King of Iraq 1933–1939 27 years, 14 days [49]
Nat Jaffe January 1, 1918 August 5, 1945 Complications from high blood pressure Swing jazz pianist 27 years, 216 days [47]
Camilo Cienfuegos February 6, 1932 October 28, 1959 Unknown, alleged plane crash Cuban revolutionary 27 years, 264 days [50]
Jesse Belvin December 15, 1932 February 6, 1960 Car accident, suspected foul play R&B singer, pianist and songwriter 27 years, 53 days [47][51]
Rudy Lewis August 23, 1936 May 20, 1964 Drug overdose Vocalist of the Drifters 27 years, 271 days [52]
Joe Henderson April 24, 1937 October 24, 1964 Heart attack R&B and gospel singer 27 years, 183 days [53]
Rockin' Robin Roberts November 23, 1940 December 22, 1967 Car accident Vocalist of The Fabulous Wailers; recorded the earliest cover version of Richard Berry's "Louie Louie" 27 years, 30 days [54]
Malcolm Hale May 17, 1941 October 30, 1968 Carbon monoxide poisoning Original member and lead guitarist of Spanky and Our Gang 27 years, 166 days [47]
Dickie Pride October 21, 1941 March 26, 1969 Drug overdose Rock and roll singer 27 years, 156 days [55]
Brian Jones February 28, 1942 July 3, 1969 Drowning Rolling Stones founder, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist 27 years, 125 days [56]
Alexandra May 19, 1942 July 31, 1969 Car crash German singer 27 years, 156 days [57]
Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson July 4, 1943 September 3, 1970 Drug overdose Leader, singer and primary composer of Canned Heat 27 years, 61 days [47]
Jimi Hendrix November 27, 1942 September 18, 1970 Asphyxia due to drug use Pioneering electric guitarist, singer and songwriter of the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys 27 years, 295 days [58]
Janis Joplin January 19, 1943 October 4, 1970 Drug overdose Lead vocalist and songwriter of Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Kozmic Blues Band and Full Tilt Boogie Band 27 years, 258 days [58]
Arlester "Dyke" Christian June 13, 1943 March 13, 1971 Murder Frontman, vocalist and bassist of Dyke and the Blazers 27 years, 273 days [47]
Jim Morrison December 8, 1943 July 3, 1971 Heart failure Singer, lyricist, and leader of the Doors 27 years, 207 days [58]
Leslie Harvey September 14, 1944 May 3, 1972 Electrocution Guitarist in several Scottish bands, most notably Stone the Crows 27 years, 232 days [47][59]
Ron "Pigpen" McKernan September 8, 1945 March 8, 1973 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Founding member, keyboardist and singer of the Grateful Dead 27 years, 181 days [47]
Roger Lee Durham February 14, 1946 July 27, 1973 Horseriding accident Singer and percussionist of Bloodstone 27 years, 163 days [47]
Pamela Courson December 22, 1946 April 25, 1974 Drug overdose Long-term companion of Jim Morrison and heir to his estate 27 years, 124 days [44][60][61]
Wallace "Wally" Yohn January 12, 1947 August 12, 1974 Plane crash Organ player of Chase 27 years, 212 days [47]
Dave Alexander June 3, 1947 February 10, 1975 Pulmonary edema Bassist of the Stooges 27 years, 252 days [47]
Pete Ham April 27, 1947 April 24, 1975 Suicide Singer, songwriter, keyboardist and guitarist, leader of Badfinger 27 years, 362 days [47]
Gary Thain May 15, 1948 December 8, 1975 Drug overdose Bassist of Uriah Heep and the Keef Hartley Band 27 years, 205 days [47]
Cecilia October 11, 1948 August 2, 1976 Car accident Singer-songwriter 27 years, 296 days [62][63]
Helmut Köllen March 2, 1950 May 3, 1977 Carbon monoxide poisoning Bassist of 1970s prog rock band Triumvirat 27 years, 62 days [47]
André Paiement June 28, 1950 January 23, 1978 Suicide Playwright and musician, member of progressive rock band CANO 27 years, 209 days [64][65]
Barry Brown April 19, 1951 June 25, 1978 Self-inflicted gunshot Playwright, actor 27 years, 67 days [66]
Chris Bell January 12, 1951 December 27, 1978 Car accident Singer-songwriter and guitarist of power pop band Big Star and solo 27 years, 349 days [47]
Zenon De Fleur September 9, 1951 March 17, 1979 Car accident Guitarist of the Count Bishops 27 years, 189 days [53][67]
Jacob Miller 4 May 1952 23 March 1980 Car accident Reggae artist, lead singer of Inner Circle 27 years, 324 days [68]
Masako Natsume November 17, 1957 September 11, 1985 Acute leukemia Japanese actress 27 years, 298 days [47]
D. Boon April 1, 1958 December 22, 1985 Car accident Guitarist, lead singer of punk band Minutemen 27 years, 266 days [47]
Alexander Bashlachev May 27, 1960 February 17, 1988 Defenestration, possible suicide Poet, rock musician and songwriter 27 years, 266 days [62]
Amar Singh Chamkila July 21, 1960 March 8, 1988 Murder Singer, songwriter, musician, and composer 27 years, 231 days [69]
Jean-Michel Basquiat December 22, 1960 August 12, 1988 Drug overdose Painter and graffiti artist; formed the band Gray 27 years, 234 days [52]
Pete de Freitas August 2, 1961 June 14, 1989 Motorcycle accident Drummer of Echo & the Bunnymen 27 years, 316 days [47]
Finbarr Donnelly April 25, 1962 June 18, 1989 Drowning Singer of Five Go Down to the Sea? 27 years, 50 days [70]
Chris Austin February 24, 1964 March 16, 1991 Plane crash Country singer and guitarist/fiddle player for Reba McEntire 27 years, 20 days [71]
Dimitar Voev May 21, 1965 September 5, 1992 Cancer Poet, founder of the Bulgarian new wave band New Generation 27 years, 107 days [72]
Mia Zapata August 25, 1965 July 7, 1993 Murder Lead singer of the Gits 27 years, 316 days [47]
Kurt Cobain February 20, 1967 April 5, 1994 c. Suicide Founding member, lead singer, guitarist and songwriter of Nirvana 27 years, 44 days c. [58]
Kristen Pfaff May 26, 1967 June 16, 1994 Drug overdose Bass guitarist of Hole and Janitor Joe 27 years, 21 days [47]
Andrés Escobar March 13, 1967 July 2, 1994 Murder Footballer 27 years, 111 days [73][74][75]
Richey Edwards December 22, 1967 February 1, 1995 Disappeared; later declared legally dead Lyricist and guitarist of Manic Street Preachers 27 years, 41 days [47]
Stretch April 8, 1968 November 30, 1995 Murder Rapper 27 years, 236 days [76]
Ken Steadman June 26, 1969 September 20, 1996 Car accident American film and television actor 27 years, 86 days [47]
Fat Pat December 4, 1970 February 3, 1998 Murder American rapper and member of Screwed Up Click 27 years, 61 days [47]
Louie Spicolli February 10, 1971 February 15, 1998 Drug overdose Professional wrestler 27 years, 5 days [77]
Freaky Tah May 14, 1971 March 28, 1999 Murder American rapper and member of the hip-hop group Lost Boyz 27 years, 318 days [47]
Kami February 1, 1972 June 21, 1999 Subarachnoid hemorrhage Drummer of Malice Mizer 27 years, 140 days [78]
Rodrigo Bueno May 24, 1973 June 24, 2000 Car accident Cuarteto singer 27 years, 31 days [62]
Sean Patrick McCabe November 13, 1972 August 28, 2000 Asphyxia Lead singer of Ink & Dagger 27 years, 289 days [47]
María Serrano Serrano November 26, 1973 November 24, 2001 Plane crash Singer of Passion Fruit 27 years, 363 days [47]
Thuy Trang December 14, 1973 September 3, 2001 Car accident Vietnamese-American actress, known for her role as Trini Kwan on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 27 years, 263 days [79]
Rico Yan March 14, 1975 March 29, 2002 Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis Filipino actor 27 years, 15 days [47]
Jeremy Ward May 5, 1976 May 25, 2003 Drug overdose The Mars Volta and De Facto sound manipulator 27 years, 20 days [47]
Jonathan Brandis April 13, 1976 November 12, 2003 Suicide American actor 27 years, 213 days [44]
Pat Tillman November 6, 1976 April 22, 2004 Killed in action by friendly fire Professional football player and United States Army specialist 27 years, 168 days [80]
Andrea Absolonová December 26, 1976 December 9, 2004 Glioblastoma Porn actress 27 years, 349 days [49]
Bryan Ottoson March 18, 1978 April 19, 2005 Drug overdose Guitarist of American Head Charge 27 years, 32 days [47]
Valentín Elizalde February 1, 1979 November 25, 2006 Murder Mexican banda singer 27 years, 297 days [47]
Damien "Damo" Morris May 22, 1980 December 19, 2007 Bus accident Member of Australian deathcore band the Red Shore 27 years, 211 days [81]
Orish Grinstead June 2, 1980 April 20, 2008 Kidney failure Founding member of the R&B group 702 27 years, 323 days [82]
Jade Goody June 5, 1981 March 22, 2009 Cervical cancer Reality-television personality 27 years, 290 days [45][83]
Dash Snow July 27, 1981 July 13, 2009 Drug overdose Artist 27 years, 351 days [84][85]
Amy Winehouse September 14, 1983 July 23, 2011 Alcohol poisoning Singer-songwriter 27 years, 312 days [56]
Richard Turner July 30, 1984 August 11, 2011 Aortic rupture Trumpet player, collaborator with Friendly Fires 27 years, 12 days [86]
Nicole Bogner March 22, 1984 January 6, 2012 Severe disease Singer for Visions of Atlantis 27 years, 290 days [87]
Sahara Davenport December 17, 1984 October 1, 2012 Heart failure Drag queen 27 years, 289 days [88]
Christian Benítez May 1, 1986 July 29, 2013 Respiratory failure Footballer 27 years, 89 days [89]
Stuart Baggs July 23, 1988 July 30, 2015 Asthma attack Businessman 27 years, 7 days [90][91][92]
Tomas Lowe May 1988 February 13, 2016 Car accident bassist of Viola Beach 27 years, 9 months [93]
Thomas Fekete July 1, 1988 May 31, 2016 Cancer Guitarist of Surfer Blood 27 years, 335 days [87]
Anton Yelchin March 11, 1989 June 19, 2016 Traumatic asphyxia Actor, Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series 27 years, 100 days [45][94][95]
Shot December 1, 1989 September 21, 2017 Diabetes Russian rapper 27 years, 294 days [96]
Kim Jong-hyun April 8, 1990 December 18, 2017 Suicide Vocalist and lyricist of Shinee 27 years, 254 days [97][98]
Fredo Santana July 4, 1990 January 19, 2018 Idiopathic epilepsy American rapper 27 years, 199 days [99][100]
Tyler Skaggs July 13, 1991 July 1, 2019 Asphyxia due to drug use American professional baseball starting pitcher 27 years, 353 days [101]
Benjamin Keough October 21, 1992 July 12, 2020 Suicide Elvis Presley's grandson, son of Lisa Marie Presley and brother of Riley Keough 27 years, 265 days [101]
Murda Killa [ru] March 9, 1993 July 13, 2020 Asthma attack provoked by the use of alcohol and antidepressants Russian rapper 27 years, 127 days [102]
Yoo Ju-eun [ko] May 3, 1995 August 29, 2022 Suicide Korean actress 27 years, 118 days [103]
Walkie May 24, 1995 September 30, 2022 Suicide Russian battle rapper 27 years, 129 days [104]
Julián Figueroa [es] May 27, 1995 April 2, 2023 Myocardial infarction and Ventricular fibrillation Singer, actor, and composer 27 years, 310 days [105][106]
MohBad January 3, 1996 September 12, 2023 Undetermined Nigerian rapper 27 years, 252 days [107]
Chance Perdomo October 19, 1996 March 30, 2024 Motorcycle accident Actor 27 years, 163 days [108][109]

See also

References

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