Indija
Indija , zvanično Republika Indija ,[ 3] jest suverena država u Južnoj Aziji , koja se prostire na 3,3 miliona kvadratnih kilometara, što odgovara veličini trećine Evrope , a zauzima veći dio Indijskog potkontinenta . Indija graniči s Bangladešom , Mjanmarom , Kinom , Butanom , Nepalom i Pakistanom ,[ a] a na jugu je dotiče Indijski okean , gdje se nalaze Šri Lanka i Maldivi . Najveća gradska područja su Mumbai na jugozapadu i Kolkata na rijeci Ganges . Sa preko 1,4 milijarde stanovnika,[ 5] Indija je najmnogoljudnija država u svijetu.[ 6] [ 7]
Etimologija
Ime Indija potječe od riječi Sindhu , lokalnog imena za rijeku Ind.[ 8] Zanimljivo je da Vede nemaju nikakvo posebno ime za Indiju. Razne političke stranke predlagale su za Indiju različita imena, među kojima su bili Hindustan, Hindu Rashtra i Bharath. Ime Bharat potječe od dva hinduska kralja po imenu Bharata. "Bha" na sanskrtu znači znanje ili svjetlost, a "rat" je glagol "raditi", pa je "bharat" onaj koji traži znanje. Indija je bila poznata i kao Hindustan (zemlja Hindusa), ali se to ime izbjegavalo nakon stjecanja nezavisnosti 1947, jer je indijski narod odlučio da će Indija biti sekularna država.
Geografija
Geografija Indije ekstremno je raznolika s krajolikom koji se proteže od snijegom pokrivenih planinskih lanaca do pustinja, nizija, brežuljaka i visoravni. Klima se kreće od ekvatorijalne na krajnjem jugu do klime tundre na himalajskim visinama. Indija obuhvata većinu Indijskog potkontinenta i ima obalu dugu preko 7.000 km, od koje većina leži na poluostrvu Dekanu, isturenom u Indijski okean. Indija na zapadu graniči s Arapskim morem, a na istoku s Bengalskim zaljevom.
Plodna indogangeska ravan zauzima većinu sjeverne, srednje i istočne Indije, dok visoravan Dekan zauzima većinu južne Indije. Na zapadu zemlje nalazi se pustinja Thar, koja se sastoji od mješovite stjenovite i pješčane pustinje, dok indijske istočne i sjeveroistočne granice čini visoki himalajski lanac. Najviša tačka u Indiji je sporna zbog teritorijalnog spora s Pakistanom. Prema indijskoj tvrdnji najviša tačka (smještena u spornoj teritoriji Kashmira) jeste K2 na visini od 8.611 m. Najviša tačka na neosporno indijskoj teritoriji je Kanchenjunga na 8.598 m.
Indija graniči s Pakistanom, Narodnom Republikom Kinom, Bangladešom, Mjanmarom, Nepalom, Butanom i Afganistanom. Šri Lanka i Maldivi su ostrvske države južno od Indije. Zemlja je podijeljena na 28 država, šest federalnih administrativnih saveznih teritorija i teritoriju glavnog grada. Političke podjele općenito slijede lingvističke i etničke granice umjesto geografskih prijelaza.
Položaj i veličina
Indija leži sjeverno od ekvatora između 8° 4' i 37° 6' sjeverne geografske širine i 68° 7' i 97° 25' istočne geografske dužine. Po veličini je sedma najveća zemlja na svijetu s ukupnom površinom od 3.287.263 km2 . Udaljenost od sjevera do juga iznosi 3.214 km, a od istoka do zapada 2.933 km. Indija ima kopnenu granicu dugu 15.200 km i obalnu liniju od 7.516,5 km. Andamanska i Nikobarska ostrva u Bengalskom zalivu i Lakshadweep u Arapskom moru također su dijelovi Indije.
Indija je omeđena Arapskim morem na jugozapadu i Bengalskim zalivom na jugoistoku. Na sjeveru, sjeveroistoku i sjeverozapadu nalaze se Himalaji. Kanyakumari tvori južni vrh indijskog poluostrva koji se sužava prije završetka u Indijskom okeanu.
Politička geografija
Indija je podijeljena na 28 država (koje su dalje podijeljene na distrikte), šest saveznih teritorija i teritoriju nacionalnog glavnog grada Delhi. Države imaju vlastite izabrane vlade, dok saveznim teritorijima upravljaju administratori koje postavlja savezna vlada. Indija polaže pravo na državu Jammu i Kashmir, ali to osporavaju Pakistan i Kina, koji upravljaju dijelovima teritorije. Kina polaže pravo na državu Arunachal Pradesh, koja se nalazi pod upravom Indije.
Geografske regije
Indija se dijeli na sedam geografskih regija. One su
Sjeverne planine koje uključuju Himalaje i sjeveroistočne planinske lance.
Indogangeska ravan
Pustinja Thar
Središnja pobrđa i visoravan Dekan
Istočna obala
Zapadna obala
Granična mora i ostrva
Planine
Veliki luk planina, sastavljen od lanaca Himalaja, Hindukuša i Patkaija, definira indijski potkontinent. Te su planine oblikovane tektonskim sudarima indijske i evroazijske ploče koji su započeli prije otprilike 50 miliona godina i traju i danas. Ovi su planinski lanci dom nekima od najviših planina na svijetu, te osiguravaju prirodnu prepreku protiv hladnih polarnih vjetrova. Oni također omogućuju monsune koji pokreću klimu u Indiji. Brojne rijeke koje izviru u tim planinama osiguravaju vodu za plodnu indogangesku ravan. Biogeografi označavaju te planine granicom između dviju velikih zemljinih ekozona: umjerenog Paleoarktika koji prekriva većinu Evroazije, te tropske i suptropske Indomalajske ekozone koja uključuje indijski potkontinent i prostire se na Jugoistočnu Aziju i Indoneziju. U historiji su navedeni lanci služili kao prepreka osvajačima.
Indija ima nekoliko većih planinskih lanaca čiji se vrhovi nalaze iznad 1.000 m. Himalaji su jedini planinski lanci koji imaju snijegom prekrivene vrhove. Ti lanci su:
Aravalli
Istočni Gati
Himalaji
Patkai
Vindhyas
Sahyadri ili Zapadni Gati
Satpuras
Himalaji
Himalaji se protežu od države Jammu i Kashmir na zapadu do države Arunachal Pradesh na istoku. Te države uz Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal i Sikkim leže uglavnom u himalajskoj regiji. Neki od himalajskih vrhova prelaze visinu od 7.000 m, a snježna granica se proteže između 6.000 m u Sikkimu do oko 3.000 m u Kashmiru. Kanchenjunga, koja se nalazi u Sikkimu, najviša je tačka na indijskoj teritoriji (neosporno). Većina vrhunaca u Himalajama ostaje snijegom prikovana tokom čitave godine.
Vlada
Od donošenja Ustava 1950. Indija je parlamentarna republlika.
Predsjednik republike
Od 25. jula 2012. predsjednik je Pranab Mukherjee .
Pranab Mukherjee
Političke podjele
Indija je upravno podijeljena na 28 saveznih država, šest saveznih teritorija, dok glavni grad New Delhi ima poseban status.
Savezne države:
Savezne države i teritorije Indije
Savezne teritorije:
Andamani i Nikobari
Chandigarh
Dadra i Nagar Haveli
Daman i Diu
Lakshadweep
Pondicherry
Teritorija glavnog grada:
Delhi
Privreda
Privredu karakteriziraju nizak GNP i velik jaz između bogatih i siromašnih. Važniji izvori prihoda su: ugalj, željezna ruda, mangan , boksit, bakar, sumpor, titan, kromit, zemni plin , dijamanti , nafta , vapnenac, čaj , kafa, guma, papar, kokosov orah, juta, pamuk itd.
Demografija
Približno 75% stanovnika indoarijskog je porijekla, 23% čine Dravidi, koji nastanjuju južnu Indiju.
U Indiji postoji mnogo religija. Četiri petine stanovništva čine hinduisti, 13,4% muslimani, 2,4% kršćani, 2% siki, 0,7% budisti.
Kultura
Ovaj odlomak potrebno je proširiti .
Također pogledajte
Bilješke
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Ekonomija
Alamgir, J. (2008), India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978-0-415-77684-4 , pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
Bonner, B (20. 3. 2010), "Make Way, World. India Is on the Move" , The Christian Science Monitor , pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
Farrell, D.; Beinhocker, E. (19. 5. 2007), Next Big Spenders: India's Middle Class , McKinsey & Company , arhivirano s originala , 5. 12. 2011, pristupljeno 17. 9. 2011
Gargan, E. A. (15. 8. 1992), "India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy" , The New York Times , pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011
Hawksworth, John; Tiwari, Anmol (januar 2011), The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities (PDF) , PricewaterhouseCoopers , pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
Nayak, P. B.; Goldar, B.; Agrawal, P. (2010), India's Economy and Growth: Essays in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao , SAGE Publications , ISBN 978-81-321-0452-0
Pal, P.; Ghosh, J (juli 2007), "Inequality in India: A Survey of Recent Trends" (PDF) , DESA Working Paper No. 45 , United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
Schwab, K. (2010), The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011 (PDF) , World Economic Forum , pristupljeno 10. 5. 2011
Sheth, N. (28. 5. 2009), "Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens" , The Wall Street Journal , pristupljeno 3. 10. 2010
Yep, E. (27. 9. 2011), "ReNew Wind Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment" , The Wall Street Journal , pristupljeno 27. 9. 2011
"India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China" , Business Line , 10. 4. 2010, pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
"India world's second largest textiles exporter: UN Comtrade" . The Economic Times . 2. 6. 2014. Arhivirano s originala, 5. 6. 2014. Pristupljeno 17. 10. 2021 .
"India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts" , The Economist , 8. 10. 2011, pristupljeno 9. 10. 2011
"Indian Car Exports Surge 36%" , Express India , 13. 10. 2009, arhivirano s originala , 28. 4. 2016, pristupljeno 5. 4. 2016
"Measuring the cost of living worldwide" , The Economist , 21. 3. 2017, arhivirano s originala, 25. 5. 2017, pristupljeno 25. 5. 2017
Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief (PDF) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , oktobar 2007, arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 6. 6. 2011, pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011
India: Undernourished Children – A Call for Reform and Action , World Bank , arhivirano s originala , 7. 5. 2012, pristupljeno 23. 7. 2011
Indian IT-BPO Industry , NASSCOM , 2011–2012, arhivirano s originala , 9. 5. 2012, pristupljeno 22. 6. 2012
Understanding the WTO: The Organization Members and Observers , World Trade Organization , 1995, arhivirano s originala , 29. 12. 2009, pristupljeno 23. 6. 2012
World Economic Outlook Update , International Monetary Fund , juni 2011, pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011
Demografija
Chandramouli, C. (15. 7. 2011), Rural Urban Distribution of Population (PDF) , Ministry of Home Affairs (India) , pristupljeno 24. 1. 2015
Dharwadker, A. (2010), "Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography" , u Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (ured.), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography , University of Iowa Press , ISBN 978-1-58729-905-6 , pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Drèze, J.; Goyal, A. (2009), "The Future of Mid-Day Meals" , u Baru, R. V. (ured.), School Health Services in India: The Social and Economic Contexts , SAGE Publications , ISBN 978-81-7829-873-3
Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (2005), "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects" , u Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L. (ured.), Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-928382-8
Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century , Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press , doi :10.1017/9781316276044 , ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 , LCCN 2018021693 , S2CID 134229667
Garg, S. C. (19. 4. 2005), Mobilizing Urban Infrastructure Finance in India (PDF) , World Bank , arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 24. 8. 2009, pristupljeno 27. 1. 2010
Mallikarjun, B (novembar 2004), "Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi – The Official Language of India" , Language in India , 4 (11), ISSN 1930-2940 , arhivirano s originala , 10. 1. 2018, pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Ottenheimer, H. J. (2008), The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology , Cengage , ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7
Ratna, U. (2007), "Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India" , u Dutt, A. K.; Thakur, B. (ured.), City, Society, and Planning , 1 , Concept, ISBN 978-81-8069-459-2
Rorabacher, J. A. (2010), Hunger and Poverty in South Asia , Gyan, ISBN 978-81-212-1027-0
Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L , Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India , 27. 4. 1960, arhivirano s originala , 1. 10. 2014, pristupljeno 13. 5. 2011
"Census Data 2001" , Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner , Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India , 2010–2011, pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011
Umjetnost
Blurton, T. Richard (1993), Hindu Art , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978-0-674-39189-5
Craven, Roy C (1997), Indian art: a concise history , New York City: Thames & Hudson , ISBN 978-0-500-20302-6 , OCLC 37895110
Harle, James C. (1994), The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent , Yale University Press , ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5
Michell, George (2000), Hindu Art and Architecture , Thames & Hudson , ISBN 978-0-500-20337-8
Rowland, Benjamin (1970), The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain , Penguin Books
Kultura
Binmore, K. G. (2007), Playing for Real: A Text on Game Theory , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-530057-4
Chopra, P. (2011), A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay , University of Minnesota Press , ISBN 978-0-8166-7037-6
Cullen-Dupont, K. (juli 2009), Human Trafficking , Infobase Publishing , ISBN 978-0-8160-7545-4
Cyriac, B. B. (9. 8. 2010), "Sawant Shoots Historic Gold at World Championships" , The Times of India , pristupljeno 25. 5. 2011
Das, S. K. (2005), A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From Courtly to the Popular , Sahitya Akademi , ISBN 978-81-260-2171-0
Datta, A. (2006), The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature , 2 , Sahitya Akademi , ISBN 978-81-260-1194-0
Dehejia, R. S. (7. 11. 2011), "Indian Grand Prix Vs. Encephalitis?" , The Wall Street Journal , pristupljeno 20. 12. 2011
Deutsch, E. (1969), Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction , University of Hawaiʻi Press , ISBN 978-0-8248-0271-4
Dissanayake, W. K.; Gokulsing, M. (maj 2004), Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change (2nd izd.), Trentham Books , ISBN 978-1-85856-329-9
Futterman, M; Sharma, A (11. 9. 2009), "India Aims for Center Court" , The Wall Street Journal , pristupljeno 29. 9. 2010
Hansa Research (2012). "Growth: Literacy & Media Consumption" (PDF) . Indian Readership Survey 2012 Q1 : Topline Findings . Media Research Users Council. Arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 7. 4. 2014. Pristupljeno 12. 9. 2012 .
Hart, G. L. (1975), Poems of Ancient Tamil: Their Milieu and Their Sanskrit Counterparts , University of California Press , ISBN 978-0-520-02672-8
Heehs, P., ured. (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience , New York University Press , ISBN 978-0-8147-3650-0 , pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Hoiberg, D.; Ramchandani, I. (2000), Students' Britannica India: Select Essays , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978-0-85229-762-9
Johnson, W. J., ured. (2008), The Sauptikaparvan of the Mahabharata: The Massacre at Night , Oxford World's Classics (2nd izd.), Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-282361-8
Jones, G.; Ramdas, K. (2005), (Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage , National University of Singapore Press , ISBN 978-981-05-1428-0
Kālidāsa ; Johnson, W. J. (2001), The Recognition of Śakuntalā: A Play in Seven Acts , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-283911-4
Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (2011), India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic , ABC-CLIO , ISBN 978-0-313-37462-3 , pristupljeno 12. 9. 2012
Karanth, S. K. (2002), Yakṣagāna , Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-357-1
Kiple, K. F.; Ornelas, K. C., ured. (2000), The Cambridge World History of Food , 2 , Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978-0-521-40215-6
Kuiper, K., ured. (2010), The Culture of India , Britannica Educational Publishing , ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1 , pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Kumar, V. (2000), Vastushastra , All You Wanted to Know About Series (2nd izd.), Sterling Publishing , ISBN 978-81-207-2199-9
Lal, A. (2004), The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3 , pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Lang, J.; Moleski, W. (1. 12. 2010), Functionalism Revisited , Ashgate Publishing , ISBN 978-1-4094-0701-0
MacDonell, A. A. (2004), A History of Sanskrit Literature , Kessinger Publishing , ISBN 978-1-4179-0619-2
Majumdar, B.; Bandyopadhyay, K. (2006), A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score , Routledge , ISBN 978-0-415-34835-5
Makar, E. M. (2007), An American's Guide to Doing Business in India , Adams, ISBN 978-1-59869-211-2
Massey, R.; Massey, J (1998), The Music of India , Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-332-8
Medora, N. (2003), "Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages", u Hamon, R. R.; Ingoldsby, B. B. (ured.), Mate Selection Across Cultures , SAGE Publications , str. 209–230, ISBN 978-0-7619-2592-7
Mehta, Nalin (2008), Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change , Taylor & Francis US, ISBN 978-0-415-44759-1 , pristupljeno 12. 9. 2012
Narayan, Sunetra Sen (2013), "Context of Broadcasting in India", Globalization and Television: A Study of the Indian Experience, 1990–2010 , Oxford University Press , str. 55–69, doi :10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198092360.003.0004 , ISBN 978-0-19-809236-0
Sengupta, R. (24. 9. 2010), "Is Boxing the New Cricket?" , Mint , pristupljeno 5. 10. 2010
Nakamura, H. (1999), Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes , Buddhist Tradition Series (12th izd.), Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8
Rajadhyaksha, A.; Willemen, P., ured. (1999), Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema (2nd izd.), British Film Institute , ISBN 978-0-85170-669-6
Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil , prevod: Ramanujan, A. K. , New York: Columbia University Press , 1985, ISBN 978-0-231-05107-1
Roberts, N. W. (2004), Building Type Basics for Places of Worship , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978-0-471-22568-3
Roger, Delphine. "The Middle East and South Asia (in Chapter: History and Culture of Food and Drink in Asia) ". In Kiple & Ornelas (2000) , pp. 1140–1150.
Schwartzberg, J. (2011), "India: Caste" , Encyclopædia Britannica , pristupljeno 17. 7. 2011
Silverman, S. (2007), Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature , Gibbs Smith , ISBN 978-1-4236-0132-6
Tarlo, E. (1996), Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978-0-226-78976-7 , pristupljeno 24. 7. 2011
Xavier, L. (12. 9. 2010), "Sushil Kumar Wins Gold in World Wrestling Championship" , The Times of India , pristupljeno 5. 10. 2010
Zvelebil, K. V. (1997), Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature , Brill Publishers , ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2
Anand Crowned World Champion , Rediff , 29. 10. 2008, pristupljeno 29. 10. 2008
"Taj Mahal" , World Heritage Convention , United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation , pristupljeno 3. 3. 2012
"Saina Nehwal: India's Badminton Star and "New Woman" " , BBC News , 1. 8. 2010, pristupljeno 5. 10. 2010
"Commonwealth Games 2010: India Dominate Shooting Medals" , Commonwealth Games 2010 , BBC , 7. 10. 2010, pristupljeno 3. 6. 2011
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