UCFW trials Phase IV contenders in early 2004. To the right is Urban Track, predecessor of UCPTwo soldiers in 2005 wearing the Army Combat Uniform in the Universal Camouflage Pattern
The Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) is a digital military camouflage pattern formerly used by the United States Army in their Army Combat Uniform.[5][6] Technicians at Natick Soldier Systems Center attempted to devise a uniform pattern that would mask the wearer in all seasonal environments.[7] Laboratory and field tests from 2003 to 2004 showed a pattern named "All-Over-Brush" to provide the best concealment of the patterns tested.[7] All-Over-Brush was selected as the winner over ten other patterns.[8] The disadvantage of an all-in-one pattern is that it is a combination of what is effective in many different environments and is less effective in a particular environment when compared to a specialized coloration designed specifically for that environment.[7] The winning All-Over-Brush pattern was not used as the final UCP.[7] Instead, U.S. Army leadership utilized pixelated images taken from Canadian CADPAT and US Marine Corps MARPAT, then recolored them based on three universal colors developed in the Army's 2002 to
2004 tests, to be called the UCP.[7] While the pixelated pattern of the UCP is similar to the MARPAT and CADPAT camouflage patterns used by the United States Marine Corps and the Canadian Armed Forces, its coloration differs significantly.[9][10] The final UCP was then adopted without field testing against other patterns.[7]
Soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan questioned the UCP's effectiveness as a concealment method. Some felt that it was endangering their missions and their lives.[7] In response, the US Army conducted several studies to find a modification or replacement for the standard issue pattern.[11] In July 2014, the Army announced that Operational Camouflage Pattern would replace all UCP-patterned ACU uniforms by the end of September 2019.[12][13][14][15] However, UCP remains in service in limited capacities, such as on some cold weather overgear and older body armor.[1]
Three patterns were developed, called All Over Brush, Track, and Shadow/Line.[16] For each pattern, there were four color combinations, which corresponded to a specific type of terrain, however, all four patterns used tan as their base color.[16] The three remaining colors were green, brown, and black for the Woodland pattern, dark tan, khaki, and brown for the Desert pattern, light gray, medium gray, and black for the Urban pattern, and dark tan, light gray, and brown for the Desert/Urban pattern.[16]
Following testing, the Shadow Line pattern was eliminated, along with the urban and desert/urban patterns of All Over Brush. All four of the Track patterns were accepted along with All Over Brush's woodland and desert patterns.[16]
Phases II and III
The patterns were then modified and tested alongside a newly introduced "Contractor-Developed Mod" pattern, Scorpion, developed in conjunction with Crye Precision. Near infrared testing determined that black, medium gray, and medium tan were the only colors that gave acceptable performance.[16]
Phase IV (system level)
All four remaining patterns, desert Brush, Scorpion, Woodland Track, and Urban Track were then tested alongside each other in urban, woodland, and desert environments.
Results
The desert Brush design received the best overall mean daytime visual rating. Contractor developed pattern received highest rating in woodland environments, but low ratings in desert and urban environments. Urban Track was generally the 3rd or 4th worst performer at each site, but was the best performer in nighttime environments. Infrared testing showed negligible differences in the performance of the four patterns. Natick rated the patterns from best to worst as: Desert Brush, Woodland Track Mod, Contractor-Developed Mod (Scorpion), and Urban Track.[17]
Color selection
The color scheme of the UCP is composed of tan (officially named Desert Sand 500), gray (Urban Gray 501), and sage green (Foliage Green 502). The pattern is notable for its elimination of the color black.[18] Justification given for the omission of black was that black is a color not commonly found in nature.[19] Pure black viewed through night vision goggles can appear extremely dark and create an undesirable high-contrast image.
Controversy
U.S. Army soldiers in May 2006, wearing the Universal Camouflage Pattern in Kunar Province, Afghanistan
The U.S. Army incorrectly reported to the media that the basis for the UCP was the Urban Track pattern, which had been modified through the removal of black from the pattern and pixelated. Pattern comparisons subsequently established that the information provided by the U.S. Army was incorrect, and that the pattern was simply a three-colored version of MARPAT, a derivative of the Canadian CADPAT scheme. No evidence has been presented by the U.S. Army that the new UCP pattern had undergone proper field testing.[7] In tests conducted by the Natick Soldier Systems Center, results indicated that three other patterns did significantly better than UCP in desert and woodland environments.[20]
Following building criticism of the poor effectiveness of the pattern in most terrains in the Afghan and Middle Eastern theatres of operations, the use of the pattern was discussed within the U.S. Congress. A bill passed by Congress in 2009 ordered the Department of Defense to "take immediate action to provide combat uniforms to personnel deployed to Afghanistan with a camouflage pattern that is suited to the environment of Afghanistan."[21] In the interim the Army conducted a brief in-country test of replacements for use in Afghanistan that included "UCP Delta", a variant of UCP that added coyote brown, and the commercial pattern MultiCam, which had been created by Crye Precision based on the Scorpion pattern from 2002. MultiCam was quickly selected and issued to all troops deployed to Afghanistan.
In 2014, the United States Army announced the replacement of UCP.[22] On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that a modified version of the original Scorpion pattern, Scorpion W2, had been chosen as the new Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP), which would begin being issued on uniforms in summer 2015. Authorization of UCP uniforms ended on 1 October 2019,[12][13][23] though still sees some limited usage on other gear such as some body armor and cold weather overgear.
Kazakhstan: Used by almost all branches of the Kazakh ground forces. Their version of UCP is similar to UCP-D but with a light green inlay instead of a brown one. Called "KazTcifra" it makes not just an interesting blend for the wearer but also actually manages to fit the terrain well.[37]
Lebanon: Lebanese Marine Commandos use both local copies and surplus UCP ACU uniforms from U.S. Army.[citation needed]
^Some limited usage from 2004 to 2005 for prototype testing.
^Discontinued on uniforms in 2019, now only remains in service in limited capacities such as on some cold weather equipment, overgear, and older body armor.[1][2]
^Some limited usage from 2004 to 2005 for prototype testing.
^Discontinued on uniforms in 2019, now only remains in service in limited capacities such as on some cold weather equipment, overgear, and older body armor.[1][49]
^Carroll, Ward (9 April 2007). "Defense Tech: Singing the ACU Blues". Defense Tech. Military Advantage, A Monster Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^"Facts: Army Combat Uniform". U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Office of the Chief of Public affairs. U.S. Army. 14 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012.
^Dugas, A.; Zupkofska, K. J.; DiChiara, A.; Kramer, F. M. (1 December 2004). "Universal Camouflage for the Future Warrior"(PDF). Natick, MA: U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command, Natick Soldier Center. ADA433081. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
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