Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله "Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh" "There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." (Shahada)
The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. However, on 15 August 2021, the country was recaptured by the Taliban, which marked the end of the 2001–2021 war, the longest war in US history.[9] This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by PresidentAshraf Ghani, and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban. While the United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, this toppled regime controls no portion of the country today, nor does it operate in exile; it effectively no longer exists. The Islamic Emirate is the de facto ruling government. The US–Taliban deal, signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar, was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).[10] Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.[11]
However, Taliban forces held control of various areas of the country and the civil war continued. The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan, and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006–07. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping, and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid, some classed the nation as an American client state, and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom.[12]
In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security.[18][19] By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,[20][21][22] and infrastructure was in ruins.[23] Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.[24][25]
Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process.[26][27] The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan. Over the next decade, ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of reliance on subsistence agriculture, a lack of foreign investment, government corruption, and the Taliban insurgency.[28][29] Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country,[30] and the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan. ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces. Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated.[31] The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,[32] dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.[33]
In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after the 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.[34][35][36][37][38] On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.[39][40] Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces[41] and continue their fight against the Taliban.[42] It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians."[43] A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.[44][45][46]
On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May.[47] Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.[48][49] In June 2021, a US intelligence report predicted that the Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country.[50] The report proved overly optimistic: by the second week of August, most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for the Afghan government to halt Taliban advance.[51]
On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance.[52] In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan; Chairman of the House of the PeopleMir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan.[53] Following Ghani's escape, the remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forcesde facto ceased to exist.[54]
On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied the Arg, lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace. On 19 August 2021 the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[55]
Effective control of territory in Afghanistan by 15 August 2021
On 17 August, the former First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh, tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis.[13] Saleh's government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud, son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan. It was based in the Panjshir Valley, and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital, as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic.[60][61] On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir, with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor's office in Bazarak.[62] The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains,[63][64] while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan.[65][66]
As of 2022, scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur. On 13 March 2022, the Afghanistan Freedom Front, an ethnically diverse anti-Taliban military group formed,[67] and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban,[68] including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield, in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded.[69]
In June 2022, an uprising began in the Balkhab District of the Sar-e Pol Province. Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid, the Taliban-appointed head of intelligence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls' schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims.[70] He left the Taliban, declaring war on them, and began to gather rebels.[71] Supported by the NRF[72] and several political parties,[72][73] the rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022.[74] On 23 June 2022, the Taliban began fighting to take back the district.[72] The uprising ended when the Taliban recaptured Balkhab and Mujahid was killed.[75]
According to Transparency International, Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries.[80] A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of the GDP of the nation.[81] Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance: in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled close to $1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes.[82][83]
On 17 May 2020, President Ashraf Ghani reached a power-sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections, Abdullah Abdullah, about who would manage the respected key ministries. The agreement ended months-long political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban.[84][85]
Under the 2004 constitution, both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election, the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018.[87] Presidential elections used the two-round system; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on the single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote.[88]
The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful, in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4% of the votes. However, the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud, ending in Karzai's reelection.[89] The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56.44% of the votes.[90]
Political parties played a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them.[91] In the 2005 parliamentary election, the ballots did not show candidates' party affiliation, so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates.[91] Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen, Islamic fundamentalists, warlords, tribal nationalists, former communists, reformists, urban professionals, royalists and several former Taliban associates.[92][93] In the same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly.[94] Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration.[95] Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect,[96] and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited.[97]
The United States Department of Defense used the exonym "Afghan National Security Forces" (ANSF) to describe the Armed Forces and Police together. As of 30 June 2020, the ANSF or Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) were composed of the Afghan National Army (including the Afghan Border Force, Afghan Air Force, Afghan Territorial Army, Afghan National Civil Order Force), Afghan National Police (including Afghan Local Police), and the National Directorate of Security (including the Afghan Special Force).[99]
Law enforcement was the responsibility of the Afghan National Police (ANP), which was part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The ANP consisted of two primary branches, the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police. The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan, prevent crime, and protect property. The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation's borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within the country.[100] Afghanistan's intelligence agency, the National Directorate of Security (NDS), assisted the ANP with security matters.[101] Despite that, all parts of Afghanistan were considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. Kidnapping for ransom and robberies were common in major cities. Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty.[102] Afghanistan was also the world's leading producer of opium.[103] Afghanistan's opium poppy harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply.[104][105] The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business.
Freedom of expression and the press were permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution, so long as it did not threaten national or religious integrity or did not defame individuals. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free.[112][113] However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents.[114] The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that the Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghan journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks.[115]
According to Global Rights, almost 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim, and a 2009 proposal for a law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree.[116] In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings, but the total number were believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives.[117][118]
Homosexuality was taboo in Afghan society;[119] according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy was punished by up to a year in prison.[120] With the implementation of Sharia law, offenders could be punished by death;[121][122] however, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were often not punished.
On 14 August 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020.[129]
Infrastructure
In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era.
Between 2001 and 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in health, education and women's rights.[130][131] Life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years and the maternal mortality rate was reduced by half. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water, up from 16% in 2001. The rate of child marriage has been reduced by 17%.[130][132] The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold.[133]
As of 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, up from 1.2 million in 2001.[134] 3.2 million girls attended school in 2013, up from fewer than 50,000 in 2001.[135] 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021, a third of students at university were women and 27% of members of parliament were women.[136] The literacy rate in 2021 has risen from 8% to 43% since 2001.[130] In 2018, UNICEF reported that 3.7 million children between the ages of 7 and 17, or 44 percent, were not attending school.[137]
School children in Ghazni Province (2007) – the number of children attending school at primary level increased from 5% in 2000 to 57% in 2018.
In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country. About 21% of these were females.[138] However, former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated in 2013 that the construction of 8,000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning.[139]
As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).[140] The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training.[141]
According to the World Bank, 98% of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018, up from 28% in 2008.[142] Overall the figure stood at 98.7%.[143] As of 2016, Afghanistan produced 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imported the majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.[144]
In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide.[145]
Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002, following more than two decades of tight controls. The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during the Karzai administration, with dozens of TV stations being established around the country. Afghanistan had 203 television stations, 284 radio stations and nearly 1,500 print media outlets in 2019.
The Afghan music scene re-emerged after the removal of the Taliban, with singing competition series such as Afghan Star and The Voice of Afghanistan becoming popular, with contestants performing songs, including those formerly banned.
^Ladwig, Walter C. (2017). The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counter Insurgency. Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN9781107170773. Retrieved 15 May 2018. As with their Cold War counterparts, it was erroneous for American policymakers to believe that the governments of contemporary client states, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, necessarily shared their desire to defeat radical Islamic insurgents by adhering to the prescriptions of U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine.
^Afghan Governor Wants Government To Control Poppy Crop (Radio broadcast). NPR. 6 July 2016. Event occurs at 0:10. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. Afghanistan's poppy production… accounts for more than 91 percent of the world's heroin. David Greene (host, Morning Edition), Hayatullah Hayat (Governor of Helmand Province, Afghanistan), Tom Bowman (reporter), Dianne Feinstein (U.S. Senator, Chair of the Caucus on International Narcotics Control).
^cf. Kristof, Nicholas D., "A Merciful War", Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback MachineThe New York Times, 1 February 2002. "By my calculations, our invasion of Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives over the next decade. ... But now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale. UNICEF, for example, has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months, in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years. Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan, the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children's lives each year. ... Heidi J. Larson of UNICEF says that if all goes well, child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years. That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year."
MineConStatusAktifJenisPermainan videoFrekuensiTahunanTempatBeragamAcara pertama18 November 2011; 12 tahun lalu (2011-11-18)PenyelenggaraMojangMicrosoftSitus webwww.minecraft.net/en-us/live/ MINECON (terkadang ditulis MineCon) adalah siaran langsung dan acara pertemuan penggemar tahunan resmi yang diadakan oleh Mojang Studios dan Microsoft yang membahas mengenai permainan video Minecraft.[1][2] MineCon pertama kali diadakan pada tahun 2010 di Bellevue, Washington dengan n...
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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2018) الخروج بالأحمر (بالإنجليزية: Exit in Red) الصنف فيلم رومانسي[1] تاريخ الصدور 1996 مدة العرض 92 دقيقة البلد الولايات المتحدة اللغة الأصلية الإنج...
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Cet armorial peut être amélioré car il comporte les défauts suivants : quelques blasons ne sont pas référencés. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations du Projet Blasons. Cette page donne les armoiries (figures et blasonnements) des communes de Tarn-et-Garonne. Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : Armorial des communes de Tarn-et-Garonne, sur Wikimedia Commons Sommaire : Haut - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R...
Radio station in South Lake Tahoe, California KTHOSouth Lake Tahoe, CaliforniaBroadcast areaLake Tahoe-Reno–Sparks metropolitan areaFrequency590 kHzBrandingK-TAHOE AM590 and 96.1FMProgrammingFormatDefunct (was Classic hits)AffiliationsABC News RadioOwnershipOwnerInternational Aerospace Solutions, Inc.HistoryFirst air dateMarch 17, 1963Call sign meaningK Lake TaHOeTechnical informationFacility ID51528ClassBPower2,500 watts day500 watts nightERP250 watts (translator)Transmitter coordinates38...
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هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2023) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة...
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Italian coin The crazia, plural crazie (from the German: Kreuzer),[1] was an alloy coin with a value of 5 quattrini issued from the reign of Cosimo I de' Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany (1537 - 1574), onwards. History See also: History of coins in Italy It was imitated by the Duchy of Urbino, the Cybo-Malaspina family at Massa, and the Appiani and Ludovisi families in the Principality of Piombino.[2][1] An alloy coin of two crazie to the value of 10 quattrini was s...
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