The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), occasionally called ounce, is a species of large cat in the genus Panthera of the familyFelidae. The species is native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because the global population is estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and is expected to decline about 10% by 2040. It is mainly threatened by poaching and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments. It inhabits alpine and subalpine zones at elevations of 3,000–4,500 m (9,800–14,800 ft), ranging from eastern Afghanistan, the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau to southern Siberia, Mongolia and western China. In the northern part of its range, it also lives at lower elevations.
Taxonomically, the snow leopard was long classified in the monotypic genusUncia. Since phylogenetic studies revealed the relationships among Panthera species, it has since been considered a member of that genus. Two subspecies were described based on morphological differences, but genetic differences between the two have not yet been confirmed. It is therefore regarded as a monotypic species. The species is widely depicted in Kyrgyz culture.
Naming and etymology
The Old French word once, which was intended to be used for the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), is where the Latin name uncia and the English word ounce both originate. Once is believed to have originated from a previous form of the word lynx through a process known as false splitting. The word once was originally considered to be pronounced as l'once, where l' stands for the elided form of the word la ('the') in French. Once was then understood to be the name of the animal.[2]
The word panther derives from the classical Latinpanthēra, itself from the ancient Greek πάνθηρ pánthēr, which was used for spotted cats.[3]
Uncia uncia was used by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1930 when he reviewed skins and skulls of Panthera species from Asia. He also described morphological differences between snow leopard and leopard skins.[8]Panthera baikalensis-romanii proposed by a Russian scientist in 2000 was a dark brown snow leopard skin from the Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky District in southern Transbaikal.[9]
Until spring 2017, there was no evidence available for the recognition of subspecies. Results of a phylogeographic analysis indicate that three subspecies should be recognised:[15]
This view has been both contested and supported by different researchers.[16][17][18][19]
Additionally, an extinct subspecies Panthera uncia pyrenaica was described in 2022 based on material found in France.[20]
Evolution
Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequence sampled across the living Felidae, the snow leopard forms a sister group with the tiger (P. tigris). The genetic divergence time of this group is estimated at 4.62 to 1.82 million years ago.[11][21] The snow leopard and the tiger probably diverged between 3.7 to 2.7 million years ago.[12]Panthera originates most likely in northern Central Asia. Panthera blytheaeexcavated in western Tibet's Ngari Prefecture is the oldest known Panthera species and exhibits skull characteristics similar to the snow leopard.[23]
The snow leopard's fur is whitish to grey with black spots on the head and neck, with larger rosettes on the back, flanks and bushy tail. Its muzzle is short, its forehead domed, and its nasal cavities are large. The fur is thick with hairs measuring 5 to 12 cm (2.0 to 4.7 in) in length, and its underbelly is whitish. They are stocky, short-legged, and slightly smaller than other cats of the genus Panthera, reaching a shoulder height of 56 cm (22 in), and ranging in head to body size from 75 to 150 cm (30 to 59 in). Its tail is 80 to 105 cm (31 to 41 in) long.[25] Males average 45 to 55 kg (99 to 121 lb), and females 35 to 40 kg (77 to 88 lb).[26] Occasionally, large males reaching 75 kg (165 lb) have been recorded, and small females under 25 kg (55 lb).[27]
Its canine teeth are 28.6 mm (1.13 in) long and are more slender than those of the other Panthera species.[28]
In relation to the length of their skull and width of their palate, they have large nasal openings, which allow for increasing the volume of air inhaled with each breath, and at the same time for warming and humidifying cold dry air.[29] They are not especially adapted to high-altitude hypoxia.[30]
The snow leopard shows several adaptations for living in a cold, mountainous environments. Its small rounded ears help to minimize heat loss. Their broad paws well distribute the body weight for walking on snow, and have fur on their undersides to enhance the grip on steep and unstable surfaces; they also help to minimize heat loss. Its long and flexible tail helps to balance the cat in the rocky terrain. The tail is very thick due to fat storage, and is covered in a thick layer of fur, which allows the cat to use it like a blanket to protect its face when asleep.[31][32]
The snow leopard differs from the other Panthera species by a shorter muzzle, an elevated forehead, a vertical chin and a less developed posterior process of the lower jaw.[33] They cannot roar despite its partly ossifiedhyoid bone, as their 9 mm (0.35 in) short vocal folds provide little resistance to airflow.[34][35]
Potential snow leopard habitat in the Indian Himalayas is estimated at less than 90,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi) in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, of which about 34,000 km2 (13,000 sq mi) is considered good habitat, and 14.4% is protected. In the beginning of the 1990s, the Indian snow leopard population was estimated at 200–600 individuals living across about 25 protected areas.[36] The Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) Programme counted the number of snow leopards between 2019 and 2023 and found their number to be 718, with 477 in Ladakh, 124 in Uttarakhand, 51 in Himachal Pradesh, 36 in Arunachal Pradesh, 21 in Sikkim, and nine in Jammu and Kashmir.[38]
In summer, the snow leopard usually lives above the tree line on alpine meadows and in rocky regions at elevations of 2,700 to 6,000 m (8,900 to 19,700 ft). In winter, they descend to elevations around 1,200 to 2,000 m (3,900 to 6,600 ft). They prefer rocky, broken terrain, and can move in 85 cm (33 in) deep snow, but prefers to use existing trails made by other animals.[27]
The snow leopard's vocalizations include meowing, grunting, prusten and moaning. They can purr when exhaling.[25]
It is solitary and mostly active at dawn till early morning, and again in afternoons and early evenings. They mostly rest near cliffs and ridges that provide vantage points and shade. In Nepal's Shey Phoksundo National Park, the home ranges of five adult radio-collared snow leopards largely overlapped, though they rarely met. Their individual home ranges ranged from 12 to 39 km2 (4.6 to 15.1 sq mi). Males moved between 0.5 and 5.45 km (0.31 and 3.39 mi) per day, and females between 0.2 and 2.25 km (0.12 and 1.40 mi), measured in straight lines between survey points. Since they often zigzagged in the precipitous terrain, they actually moved up to 7 km (4.3 mi) in a single night.[40]
Up to 10 individuals inhabit an area of 100 km2 (40 sq mi); in habitats with sparse prey, an area of 1,000 km2 (400 sq mi) usually supports only five individuals.[41]
A study in the Gobi Desert from 2008 to 2014 revealed that adult males used a mean home range of 144–270 km2 (56–104 sq mi), while adult females ranged in areas of 83–165 km2 (32–64 sq mi). Their home ranges overlapped less than 20%. These results indicate that about 40% of the 170 protected areas in their range countries are smaller than the home range of a single male snow leopard.[42]
Snow leopards leave scent marks to indicate their territories and common travel routes. They scrape the ground with the hind feet before depositing urine or feces, but also spray urine onto rocks.[27] Their urine contains many characteristic low molecular weight compounds with diverse functional groups including pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, 3-octanone, nonanal and indole, which possibly play a role in chemical communication.[43]
The snow leopard is a carnivore and actively hunts its prey. Its preferred wild prey species are Himalayan blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), argali (Ovis ammon), markhor (Capra falconeri) and wild goat (C. aegagrus). It also preys on domestic livestock.[44][45] It prefers prey ranging in weight from 36 to 76 kg (79 to 168 lb), but also hunts smaller mammals such as Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), pika and vole species. Its diet depends on prey availability and varies across its range and season. In the Himalayas, it preys mostly on Himalayan blue sheep, Siberian ibex (C. sibirica), white-bellied musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) and wild boar (Sus scrofa). In the Karakoram, Tian Shan, Altai and Mongolia's Tost Mountains, its main prey consists of Siberian ibex, Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and argali.[46][47] Snow leopard feces collected in northern Pakistan also contained remains of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), Cape hare (Lepus capensis), house mouse (Mus musculus), Kashmir field mouse (Apodemus rusiges), grey dwarf hamster (Cricetulus migratorius) and Turkestan rat (Rattus pyctoris).[48] In 2017, a snow leopard was photographed carrying a freshly killed woolly flying squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus) near Gangotri National Park.[49] In Mongolia, domestic sheep comprises less than 20% of its diet, although wild prey has been reduced and interactions with people are common.[47] It is capable of killing most ungulates in its habitat, with the probable exception of the adult male wild yak. It also eats grass and twigs.[27]
The snow leopard actively pursues prey down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of its initial leap to chase animals for up to 300 m (980 ft). Then it drags the prey to a safe location and consumes all edible parts of the carcass. It can survive on a single Himalayan blue sheep for two weeks before hunting again, and one adult individual apparently needs 20–30 adult blue sheep per year.[1][27] Snow leopards have been recorded to hunt successfully in pairs, especially mating pairs.[50]
The snow leopard is easily driven away from livestock and readily abandons kills, often without defending itself.[27] Only two attacks on humans have been reported, both near Almaty in Kazakhstan, and neither were fatal. In 1940, a rabid snow leopard attacked two men; and an old, toothless emaciated individual attacked a person passing by.[51][52]
Snow leopards become sexually mature at two to three years, and normally live for 15–18 years in the wild. In captivity they can live for up to 25 years. Oestrus typically lasts five to eight days, and males tend not to seek out another partner after mating, probably because the short mating season does not allow sufficient time. Paired snow leopards mate in the usual felid posture, from 12 to 36 times a day. They are unusual among large cats in that they have a well-defined birth peak. They usually mate in late winter, marked by a noticeable increase in marking and calling. Females have a gestation period of 90–100 days, and the cubs are born between April and June.[27]
A litter usually consists of two to three cubs, in exceptional cases there can be up to seven.[51]
The female gives birth in a rocky den or crevice lined with fur shed from her underside. The cubs are born blind and helpless, although already with a thick coat of fur, and weigh 320 to 567 g (11.3 to 20.0 oz). Their eyes open at around seven days, and the cubs can walk at five weeks and are fully weaned by 10 weeks. The cubs leave the den when they are around two to four months of age.[27] Three radio-collared snow leopards in Mongolia's Tost Mountains gave birth between late April and late June. Two female cubs started to part from their mothers at the age of 20 to 21 months, but reunited with them several times for a few days over a period of 4–7 months. One male cub separated from its mother at the age of about 22 months, but stayed in her vicinity for a month and moved out of his natal range at 23 months of age.[53]
Major threats to the population include poaching and illegal trade of its skins and body parts.[1] Between 1999 and 2002, three live snow leopard cubs and 16 skins were confiscated, 330 traps were destroyed and 110 poachers were arrested in Kyrgyzstan. Undercover operations in the country revealed an illegal trade network with links to Russia and China via Kazakhstan. The major skin trade center in the region is the city of Kashgar in Xinjiang.[55] In Tibet and Mongolia, skins are used for traditional dresses, and meat in traditional Tibetan medicine to cure kidney problems; bones are used in traditional Chinese and Mongolian medicine for treating rheumatism, injuries and pain of human bones and tendons. Between 1996 and 2002, 37 skins were found in wildlife markets and tourist shops in Mongolia.[56] Between 2003 and 2016, 710 skins were traded, of which 288 skins were confiscated. In China, an estimated 103 to 236 animals are poached every year, in Mongolia between 34 and 53, in Pakistan between 23 and 53, in India from 21 to 45, and in Tajikistan 20 to 25. In 2016, a survey of Chinese websites revealed 15 advertisements for 44 snow leopard products; the dealers offered skins, canine teeth, claws and a tongue.[57] In September 2014, nine snow leopard skins were found during a market survey in Afghanistan.[58]
Greenhouse gas emissions will likely cause a shift of the treeline in the Himalayas and a shrinking of the alpine zone, which may reduce snow leopard habitat by an estimated 30%.[59]
Where snow leopards prey on domestic livestock, they are subject to human–wildlife conflict.[1]
The loss of natural prey due to overgrazing by livestock, poaching, and defense of livestock are the major drivers for the ever decreasing snow leopard population.[27] Livestock also cause habitat degradation, which, alongside the increasing use of forests for fuel, reduces snow leopard habitat.[60]
The snow leopard is listed in CITES Appendix I.[26] They have been listed as threatened with extinction in Schedule I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals since 1985.[56]
Hunting snow leopards has been prohibited in Kyrgyzstan since the 1950s.[55] In India, the snow leopard is granted the highest level of protection under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and hunting is sentenced with imprisonment of 3–7 years.[64] In Nepal, they have been legally protected since 1973, with penalties of 5–15 years in prison and a fine for poaching and trading them.[73]
Since 1978, they have been listed in the Soviet Union’s Red Book and is still inscribed today in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation as threatened with extinction. Hunting snow leopards is only permitted for the purposes of conservation and monitoring, and to eliminate a threat to the life of humans and livestock. Smuggling of snow leopard body parts is punished with imprisonment and a fine.[74]
Hunting snow leopards has been prohibited in Afghanistan since 1986.[58]
In China, they have been protected by law since 1989; hunting and trading snow leopards or their body parts constitute a criminal offence that is punishable by the confiscation of property, a fine and a sentence of at least 10 years in prison.[75]
They have been protected in Bhutan since 1995.[62]
At the end of 2020, 35 cameras were installed on the outskirts of Almaty, Kazakhstan in hopes to catch footage of snow leopards. In November 2021, it was announced by the Russian World Wildlife Fund (WWF) that snow leopards were spotted 65 times on these cameras in the Trans-Ili Alatau mountains since the cameras were installed.[76][42][77][78][79]
The Moscow Zoo exhibited the first captive snow leopard in 1872 that had been caught in Turkestan. In Kyrgyzstan, 420 live snow leopards were caught between 1936 and 1988 and exported to zoos around the world. The Bronx Zoo housed a live snow leopard in 1903; this was the first ever specimen exhibited in a North American zoo.[81] The first captive bred snow leopard cubs were born in the 1990s in the Beijing Zoo.[55]
The Snow Leopard Species Survival Plan was initiated in 1984; by 1986, American zoos held 234 individuals.[82][83]
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НозьєрNozières Країна Франція Регіон Овернь-Рона-Альпи Департамент Ардеш Округ Турнон-сюр-Рон Кантон Ламастр Код INSEE 07166 Поштові індекси 07270 Координати 45°01′46″ пн. ш. 4°32′40″ сх. д.H G O Висота 471 - 1061 м.н.р.м. Площа 21,79 км² Населення 244 (01-2020[1]) Густота 12,53 ос./км…
Lady Pank, 2007. Lady Pank es un grupo de rock polaco fundado en 1981 en Breslavia por Jan Borysewicz y Andrzej Mogielnicki. Su primer éxito fue la canción Mała Lady Punk (Petite Lady Punk). Su mayor éxito mundial fue en el año 1986, con la canción Minus Zero, que fue un éxito en Estados Unidos, Australia y en el resto de Europa. Miembros La alineación de Lady Pank ha cambiado muchas veces a lo largo de los años, pero Jan Borysewicz y Janusz Panasewicz, cantante y guitarrista, se han ma…
Isola Madre Isola Madre is een van de Borromeïsche Eilanden die liggen in het Italiaanse deel van het Lago Maggiore. Isola Madre wordt het moedereiland genoemd, omdat het qua begroeiing het oudste lijkt. Toch is het paleis op Isola Bella veel ouder. Dit eiland wordt bijna geheel in beslag genomen door de botanische tuin, opvallend door de zeldzame bloemen en planten, afkomstig uit verre landen. Het paleis Borromeo werd in de 18e eeuw gebouwd; het is een stuk authentieker en kleiner (en jonger) …
Turkse algemene verkiezingen 2002 Datum 3 november 2002 Land Turkije Te verdelen zetels Alle 550 zetels in de Grote Nationale Assemblee Opkomst 79,00% Resultaat Grootste partij AKP Opvolging verkiezingen ← 1999 2007 → Portaal Politiek Turkije Politiek in Turkije Politieke geschiedenis van Turkije Grondwet President (Lijst) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Vicepresident (Lijst) Fuat Oktay Parlement (Lijst) Mustafa Şentop (voorzitter) Oppositieleider (Lijst) Kemal Kılı…
Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos Logo institucional LocalizaciónPaís El SalvadorInformación generalJurisdicción El Salvador El SalvadorSede San SalvadorOrganizaciónDirección Lic. José Apolonio Tobar (Procurador para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)HistoriaFundación 1992pddh.gob.sv[editar datos en Wikidata] La Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos, según la ley respectiva que rige la entidad estatal, es una institución integrante de…
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Karabin M1 – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR M1 Carbine M1 Carbine Jenis Karabin Negara asal Amerika Serikat Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan Juli 1942–1960-an (Amerika Serika…
Untuk sumber terbuka kerangka kerja aplikasi mobile, lihat React Native.ReactPengembangMeta dan komunitasRilis perdana29 Mei 2013 (2013-05-29)Repositorihttps://github.com/facebook/reactBahasa pemrogramanJavaScriptPlatformWeb platformJenisJavaScript libraryLisensiMIT LicenseSitus webhttps://reactjs.org/ React (dikenal juga dengan React.js atau ReactJS) adalah libray JavaScript yang digunakan untuk membangun user interface yang interaktif berbasis component. React yang dibuat oleh Facebook (s…
ميكائيل غريغوريتش معلومات شخصية الميلاد 18 أبريل 1994 (العمر 29 سنة)[1]غراتس الطول 1.93 م (6 قدم 4 بوصة) مركز اللعب نصف الجناح [لغات أخرى]، ومهاجم الجنسية النمسا معلومات النادي النادي الحالي فرايبورغ الرقم 38 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق 2001–2008 غراتزر …
Town in Massachusetts, United StatesWestport, Massachusetts AcoaxetTownStone wall and field scene, Westport SealLocation in Bristol County in MassachusettsCoordinates: 41°38′20″N 71°03′00″W / 41.63889°N 71.05000°W / 41.63889; -71.05000CountryUnited StatesStateMassachusettsCountyBristolSettled1670Incorporated1787Government • TypeOpen town meetingArea • Total64.4 sq mi (166.8 km2) • Land50.1 sq mi (129…
Obliquus capitis inferior muscleDeep muscles of the back. (Obliq. infer. labeled at upper left.)DetailsOriginspinous process of the axisInsertionlateral mass of atlasNervesuboccipital nerveActionsRotation of head and neckIdentifiersLatinmusculus obliquus capitis inferiorTA98A04.2.02.007TA22252FMA32528Anatomical terms of muscle[edit on Wikidata] The obliquus capitis inferior muscle (/əˈblaɪkwəs ˈkæpɪtɪs/) is a muscle in the upper back of the neck. It is one of the suboccipital muscles…
Pisau balistik bertenaga pegas buatan AS Pisau balistik adalah pisau dengan bilah yang dapat dilepas dan dilontarkan hingga jarak beberapa meter dengan menekan pelatuk atau mengoperasikan tuas atau sakelar pada gagangnya.[1] Pisau balistik bertenaga pegas pertama kali muncul di buku dan laporan pers tentang angkatan bersenjata Soviet dan Blok Timur pada akhir 1970-an. Pisau balistik yang diproduksi secara komersial sempat populer di Amerika Serikat pada pertengahan 1980-an setelah dipasa…
Season of television series Dragon Ball ZSeason 4DVD release posterCountry of originJapanNo. of episodes32ReleaseOriginal networkFuji TelevisionOriginal releaseSeptember 18, 1991 (1991-09-18) –May 13, 1992 (1992-05-13)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 3Next →Season 5List of episodes The fourth season of the Dragon Ball Z anime series contains the Garlic Jr., Future Trunks, and the Androids arcs, which comprises Part 1 of the Cell Saga. The episodes are produced by …
مسجد عيد غاMasjid Id KahÀi Tí Gǎ ĚrAgamaAfiliasi agamaIslamWilayahXinjiangLokasiLokasiKashgar, Xinjiang, ChinaKoordinat39°28′20″N 75°59′3″E / 39.47222°N 75.98417°E / 39.47222; 75.98417Koordinat: 39°28′20″N 75°59′3″E / 39.47222°N 75.98417°E / 39.47222; 75.98417{{#coordinates:}}: tidak bisa memiliki lebih dari satu tag utama per halamanArsitekturArsitekSaqsiz MirzaJenisMasjidRampung1442SpesifikasiKapasitas20,000Me…
Indian poet and activist (1934–2020) SugathakumariBornSugathakumari(1934-01-22)22 January 1934Aranmula, Kingdom of TravancoreDied23 December 2020(2020-12-23) (aged 86)Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaOccupationPoetenvironmentalistsocial activistLanguageMalayalamAlma materUniversity College, Thiruvananthapuram, Government College for Women, ThiruvananthapuramPeriod1957–2020Notable worksRaathrimazha, Ambalamani, ManalezhuthuNotable awards1968 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poe…
Men's national association football team representing Jamaica This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Jamaica women's national football team. JamaicaNickname(s)The Reggae BoyzAssociationJamaica Football Federation (JFF)ConfederationCONCACAF (North America)Sub-confederationCFU (Caribbean)Head coachHeimir HallgrímssonCaptainAndre BlakeMost capsIan Goodison (128)Top scorerLuton Shelton (35)Home stadiumIndependence ParkFIFA codeJAM First colours Second colours FIFA rankingCu…
A text that sounds like a text in another languagePart of a series onTranslation Types Legal Literary Bible Quran Kural Linguistic validation Medical Regulatory Technical Interpretation Cultural Word-for-word Sense-for-sense Homophonic Theory Translation studies Skopos theory Translation project Translation criticism Dynamic and formal equivalence Contrastive linguistics Polysystem theory Technologies CAT Machine translation Mobile translation Translation management system Dubbing Subtitling Pre…
Breed of guinea pig Not to be confused with Baldwin guinea pig. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Skinny pig – news · newspapers · books · scholar…
The accessibility of this article is in question. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Tennis tournament2016 ATP World Tour FinalsDate13–20 NovemberEdition47th (singles) / 42nd (doubles)CategoryATP World Tour FinalsDraw8S / 8DPrize money$7,500,000SurfaceHard / indoorLocationLondon, United KingdomVenueThe O2 ArenaChampionsSingles Andy MurrayDoubles Henri Kontinen / John Peers ← 2015 · ATP World Tour Finals · 2017 → The 2016 ATP World Tour Fin…
العلاقات الإستونية الليبيرية إستونيا ليبيريا إستونيا ليبيريا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الإستونية الليبيرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إستونيا وليبيريا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المق…
1998 novel by Louis Sachar Holes AuthorLouis SacharLanguageEnglishGenreAdventure, mystery, fantasyPublisherFarrar, Straus and Giroux (US) Bloomsbury Publishing (UK) Ediciones SM (Spain)Publication dateAugust 20, 1998ISBN978-0-786-22186-8Dewey Decimal[Fic] 21LC ClassPZ7.S1185 Ho 1998 Holes is a 1998 young adult novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers on Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a correctional boot camp in a dese…
Canadian ice hockey player and coach For persons of a similar name, see David Manson. Ice hockey player Dave Manson Manson in 2017Born (1967-01-27) January 27, 1967 (age 56)Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, CanadaHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 202 lb (92 kg; 14 st 6 lb)Position DefenceShot LeftPlayed for Chicago BlackhawksEdmonton OilersWinnipeg JetsPhoenix CoyotesMontreal CanadiensDallas StarsToronto Maple LeafsNational team CanadaNHL Draft 11th overall…
American politician William T. Watson49th Governor of DelawareIn officeApril 8, 1895 – January 19, 1897Preceded byJoshua H. MarvilSucceeded byEbe W. TunnellMember of the Delaware SenateIn officeJanuary 6, 1893 – April 8, 1895 Personal detailsBorn(1849-06-22)June 22, 1849Milford, DelawareDiedApril 14, 1917(1917-04-14) (aged 67)Milford, DelawarePolitical partyDemocraticSpouseHarriet BealeResidence(s)Milford, DelawareAlma materWashington CollegeOccupationBanker William Tharp Watso…
Samuel's name (second from top) in the list of Lorsch monks in the Reichenau confraternity book Samuel (died 7 February 856) was the abbot of Lorsch and bishop of Worms from 837 or 838 until his death. The twelfth-century Chronicon Laureshamense claims that Samuel was raised from childhood at Lorsch. The future bishop of Worms may be the same person as the monk of Fulda named Samuel who was educated under Alcuin at Saint Martin's of Tours and there befriended Hrabanus Maurus, who dedicated seven…
Voce principale: Società Sportiva Lazio. SS LazioStagione 1937-1938Sport calcio Squadra Lazio Allenatore József Viola Presidente Erberto Vaselli Olindo Bitetti[1], poi Remo Zenobi Serie A8º Coppa ItaliaSedicesimi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: 3 giocatori[2] (30)Totale: 3 giocatori[2] (31) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Piola (15)Totale: Piola (15) Stadiodel Partito Nazionale Fascista 1936-1937 1938-1939 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce rac…
1924 film starring Art Mix This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Romance of the Wasteland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) Romance of the WastelandStarringArt MixAlma RayfordProductioncompanyArt Mix ProductionsDistributed byAywon Film CorporationRelease date Octo…