Cambridge (/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ⓘKAYM-brij)[5] is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, 55 miles (89 km) north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of the City of Cambridge was 145,700;[6] the population of the wider built-up area (which extends outside the city council area) was 181,137.[7] Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen or Cambridge Cluster, which contains industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies born out of the university. Over 40 per cent of the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than twice the national average. The Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, includes the headquarters of AstraZeneca and the relocated Royal Papworth Hospital.[10]
Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.[11] Archaeological evidence of occupation through the Iron Age is a settlement on Castle Hill from the 1st century BC, perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in southeastern Britain linked to the arrival of the Belgae.[12]
The principal Roman site is a small fort (castrum) Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.[13] It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered, including numerous farmsteads[14] and a village in the Cambridge district of Newnham.[15]
Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the location may have been abandoned by the Britons, although the site is usually identified as Cair Grauth,[16] as listed among the 28 cities of Britain in the History of the Britons attributed to Nennius.[18] Evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century.[19] Their settlement – also on and around Castle Hill – became known as Grantebrycge[21] ("Granta-bridge". By Middle English, the settlement's name had changed to "Cambridg koe", deriving from the word 'Camboricum', meaning 'passage' or 'ford' of stream in a town or settlement,[22][23] and the lower stretches of the Granta changed their name to match.)[24]) Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Æthelthryth (Etheldreda).[20] Cambridge sat on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms, and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river.[20]
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Vikings arrived in 875; they imposed Viking rule, the Danelaw, by 878.[25] Their vigorous trading habits resulted in rapid growth of the town. During this period, the town's centre shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.[25] After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power, building churches, such as St Bene't's Church, as well as wharves, merchant houses, and a mint which produced coins with the town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[25]
In 1068, two years after the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror erected a castle on Castle Hill, the motte of which survives.[20] Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies.
Cambridge's first town charter was granted by Henry I between 1120 and 1131. It granted the town monopoly of waterborne traffic and hithe tolls and recognised the borough court.[26] The distinctive Round Church dates from this period.[27] In 1209, Cambridge University was founded by Oxford students fleeing from hostility.[28][29] The oldest existing college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284.[30]
Cambridge had a significant Jewish community in the middle ages, centred on what is now known as All Saints Passage, then known as the Jewry. A synagogue stood nearby. In January 1275, Eleanor of Provence expelled Jews from all of the towns within her dower lands, and the Jews of Cambridge were ordered to relocate to Norwich.[31]
In 1349, Cambridge was affected by the Black Death. Few records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at King's Hall died.[32] The town north of the river was severely impacted, being almost wiped out.[33] Following further depopulation after a second national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there were not enough people to fill even one church.[32] With more than a third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new colleges were established at the university over the following years to train new clergymen, namely Gonville Hall, Trinity Hall, Corpus Christi, and Clare.[34]
In 1382, a revised town charter effected a "diminution of the liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's participation in the Peasants' Revolt. This charter transferred supervision of baking and brewing, weights and measures, and forestalling and regrating, from the town to the university.[26]
Following repeated outbreaks of pestilence throughout the 16th century,[37] sanitation and fresh water were brought to Cambridge by the construction of Hobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. Water was brought from Nine Wells, at the foot of the Gog Magog Hills to the southeast of Cambridge, into the centre of the town.[38]
Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern Counties Association, an organisation administering a regional East Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the Parliamentarian military effort before the formation of the New Model Army.[39] In 1643 control of the town was given by Parliament to Oliver Cromwell, who had been educated at Sidney Sussex College in Cambridge.[40] The town's castle was fortified and garrisoned with troops and some bridges were destroyed to aid its defence. Although Royalist forces came within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were never used, and the garrison was stood down the following year.[39]
Early-industrial era
In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns, Cambridge expanded rapidly, due in part to increased life expectancy and improved agricultural production leading to increased trade in town markets.[41] The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington.[39]
The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line. The station was outside the town centre following pressure from the university to restrict travel by undergraduates.[42] With the arrival of the railway and associated employment came development of areas around the station, such as Romsey Town.[43] The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt.[41]
20th and 21st centuries
From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.[44] The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East Chesterton, King's Hedges, and Arbury where ArchbishopRowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.[45]
During World War II, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.[39] The town itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids, which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[41] During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London.[39]
Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.[39] Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. In 1962, Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.[46] Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. This latter project was controversial at the time.[47]
The city gained its second university in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin.
Map showing the 2010 electoral boundaries of the city with postcode districts superimposed
Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district – one of six districts within the county of Cambridgeshire – and is administered by Cambridge City Council. The district covers most of the city's urban area, although some suburbs extend into the surrounding South Cambridgeshire district. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a mayor,[48] although the first recorded mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213.[49] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.
Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council, which is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways.[51]
Cambridge is situated about 55 miles (89 km) north-by-east of London and 95 miles (153 kilometres) east of Birmingham. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 and 24 metres (20 and 79 ft) above sea level.[54] The town was thus historically surrounded by low-lying wetlands that have been drained as the town has expanded.[55]
The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay and Chalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,[56] partly overlaid by terrace gravel.[55] A layer of phosphatic nodules (coprolites) under the marl was mined in the 19th century for fertiliser; this became a major industry in the county, and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn Exchange, Fulbourn Hospital, and St. John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production.[56]
The River Cam flows through the city from the village of Grantchester, to the southwest. It is bordered by water meadows within the city such as Sheep's Green as well as residential development.[55] Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Some of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.
Population growth has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1[57] and Accordia schemes near the station,[58] and developments such as Great Kneighton, formally known as Clay Farm,[59] and Trumpington Meadows[60] currently under construction in the south of the city. Other major developments currently being constructed in the city are Darwin Green (formerly NIAB), and University-led developments at West Cambridge and North West Cambridge, (Eddington).
The entire city centre, as well as parts of Chesterton, Petersfield, West Cambridge, Newnham, and Abbey, are covered by an Air Quality Management Area, implemented to counter high levels of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.[61]
The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream. Located in the driest region of Britain,[65][66] Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm (22.44 in) per year, around half the national average.[67] The driest recent year was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)[68] of rain at the Botanic Garden and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.[69] This is just below the semi-arid precipitation threshold for the area, which is 350 mm of annual precipitation.[70] Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with 812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.[71] Snowfall accumulations are usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation, and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.
Owing to its low-lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – 30.2 °C (86.4 °F) in July 2008 at NIAB[72] and 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[73] are two recent examples. Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.[74] The absolute maximum stands at 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) recorded on 19 July 2022 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.[75] Before this date, Cambridge held the record for the all-time maximum temperature in the UK, after recording 38.7 °C (101.7 °F) on 25 July 2019. Typically the temperature will reach 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period,[76] with the annual warmest day averaging 31.5 °C (88.7 °F)[77] over the same period.
The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was −17.2 °C (1.0 °F), recorded in February 1947,[78] although a minimum of −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.[79] More recently the temperature fell to −15.3 °C (4.5 °F) on 11 February 2012,[80] −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) on 22 January 2013[81] and −10.9 °C (12.4 °F)[82] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[83] to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden[84] per year over the 1981–2010 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will fall to −8.0 °C (17.6 °F).[85] Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.
Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central England.
The city contains three Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), at Cherry Hinton East Pit, Cherry Hinton West Pit, and Travellers Pit,[90] and ten Local Nature Reserves (LNRs): Sheep's Green and Coe Fen,
Coldham's Common, Stourbridge Common, Nine Wells, Byron's Pool, West Pit, Paradise, Barnwell West, Barnwell East, and Logan's Meadow.[91]
Cambridge is completely enclosed by green belt as a part of a wider environmental and planning policy first defined in 1965 and formalised in 1992.[92][93] While some small tracts of green belt exist on the fringes of the city's boundary, much of the protection is in the surrounding South Cambridgeshire[94] and nearby East Cambridgeshire[95] districts, helping to maintain local green space, prevent further urban sprawl and unplanned expansion of the city, as well as protecting smaller outlying villages from further convergence with each other as well as the city.[96]
Demography
Population pyramid of Cambridge in 2021UK born and foreign born population pyramid in Cambridge in 2021
At the 2011 census, the population of the Cambridge contiguous built-up area (urban area) was 158,434,[97] while that of the City Council area was 123,867.[98]
In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%.[99] Within the university, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identified as white (including overseas students).[100]
Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[101] and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%).[101] In addition, 41.2% have a higher-level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%).[102]
Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018. Residents' income was the least evenly distributed of 57 British cities measured, with its top 6% earners accounting for 19% of its total income and the bottom 20% for only 2%, and a Gini coefficient of 0.460 in 2018.[103][104]
Historical population
Year
Population
Year
Population
1749
6,131
6131
1901
38,379
38379
⋮
1911
40,027
40027
1801
10,087
10087
1921
59,212
59212
1811
11,108
11108
1931
66,789
66789
1821
14,142
14142
1951
81,500
81500
1831
20,917
20917
1961
95,527
95527
1841
24,453
24453
1971
99,168
99168
1851
27,815
27815
1981
87,209
87209
1861
26,361
26361
1991
107,496
107496
1871
30,078
30078
2001
108,863
108863
1891
36,983
36983
2011
123,900
123900
Local census 1749[105]
Census: Regional District 1801–1901[106]
Civil Parish 1911–1961[107]
District 1971–2011[108]
The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and good road connections to London in the south meant Cambridge has historically served as an important regional trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on river trade, privileging this area of the economy of Cambridge.[116] The town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".[117] For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the northeast, particularly Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.[117] Changing patterns of retail distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in Cambridge's importance as a market town.[118]
Cambridge today has a diverse economy with strength in sectors such as research and development, software consultancy, high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals and tourism.[119] Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" by Forbes in 2010,[120] with the view from The Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by National Trust chair Simon Jenkins. Tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy.[121]
Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd, founded in 1898 by W. G. Pye, who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory; it began by supplying the university and later specialised in wireless telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence equipment.[41] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Sepura. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other.
Cambridge City Airport has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights[127] and by Marshall Aerospace for aircraft maintenance. London Stansted Airport, about 30 miles (48 km) south via the M11 or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations.
Cycling
Cycle racks at Cambridge railway station
The city lies on fairly flat land and has the highest level of cycle use in the UK.[128] According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week.[129]
A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017; it was originally planned to open in March 2015.[132][133][134] A third railway station, Cambridge South, near Addenbrooke's Hospital is now under construction;[135] it is expected to open in 2025.[136] The former station of Cherryhinton, for Cherry Hinton, operated when it was separate village to Cambridge.
Cambridge has five Park and Ride sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.[138] Since 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives, Huntingdon and other towns and villages along the routes, operated by Stagecoach in the Fens and Whippet.[139] The A service continues on to the railway station and Addenbrookes, before terminating at a new Park and Ride in Trumpington. Since 2017, it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station.
Service 905 provides a connection with Oxford, although passengers wishing to continue beyond Bedford have to change to service X5; both services are operated by Stagecoach East and run daily.
Future plans
In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as the Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro. It would have connected the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations, Cambridge Science Park and Haverhill.[140] In May 2021 the newly elected mayor said he was focused instead on a "revamped bus network" but would not yet abandon the work done. As of November 2022[update], the Greater Cambridge Partnership is consulting on plans comprising: transforming the bus network; investing in other sustainable travel schemes; and introducing a Cambridge Congestion Charge as part of a Sustainable Travel Zone.[141]
In 2024, Cambridge Connect proposed repurposing the planned route of the canceled metro as a light railway. Known as the Isaac Newton line, it would connect the mainline railway stations with Cambourne, the guided busway station at Trumpington, Haverhill, Addenbrookes Hospital, and a new station in Cambridge city centre.[142]
Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the university in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules", which again were first played on Parker's Piece.[155]
The city is home to Cambridge United, who play at the Abbey Stadium. Formed in 1912 as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid-1980s saw them drop back down to the Fourth Division and almost go out of business. Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons and, in 1992, they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League; however, they were beaten in the play-offs and another decline set in. In 2005, they were relegated from the Football League and, for the second time in twenty years, narrowly avoided going out of business. After nine years of non-league football, they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference National play-offs.
Cambridge United WFC is a women's only football club based in Cambridge. The team compete in the FA Women's National League South East. The club plays home games at St Neots Town's Rowley Park stadium and the Abbey Stadium.
Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.[158] The University of Cambridge's cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.[159] The Cambridgeshire Cricket Association operates an amateur club cricket league with six adult divisions, including numerous clubs in the city, plus junior divisions.[160] Most of the university colleges also operate their own teams, and there are several casual village cricket teams that play in the city suburbs.
The River Cam, which runs through the city centre, is used for boating. The university and its colleges are well known for rowing and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the university.[164] Rowing clubs based in the city include City of Cambridge RC, Cambridge '99 RC, Cantabrigian RC and Rob Roy BC. Parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.
Cambridge Swimming Club, Cambridge Dive team and City of Cambridge Water Polo Club are all based at Parkside Swimming Pool.[165]
Parkour/freerunning
Home and training ground to many influential traceurs, Cambridge is well known for its vibrant, and at times high-profile, parkour and freerunning scene.[166][167]
Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[178] The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1,800 standing or 1,200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage.[179] The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.[179]
The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of Cambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[180] The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non-student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.
Museums
Within the city there are several notable museums, some run by the University of Cambridge Museums consortium and others independent of it.
Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.[196] The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July.[197]
Contemporary art
Cambridge contains Kettle's Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and the Heong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 at Downing College.[198] Anglia Ruskin University operates the publicly accessible Ruskin Gallery within the Cambridge School of Art.[199]Wysing Arts Centre, one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in Europe, is associated with the city, though is located several miles west of Cambridge.[200] Artist-run organisations including Aid & Abet,[194] Cambridge Art Salon, Changing Spaces[201] and Motion Sickness[202] also run exhibitions, events and artists' studios in the city, often in short-term or temporary spaces.
Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John.[203] Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with various market stalls. For one week in May, on Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974.[204]
Launched in 1977 Cambridge Film Festival is the third-longest-running film festival in the UK.
Presented annually each autumn by the Cambridge Film Trust, the Festival showcases a selection of around 100, predominantly independent and specialised, films and embeds them within a programme of special events, Q&As, and talks.
Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the university's colleges and chapels.[205] The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the university.[206]
The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.[207] The Cambridge Literary Festival, which focusses on contemporary literary fiction and non-fiction, is held bi-annually in April and November.[208] Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.[209] Other festivals include the annual Mill Road Winter Fair, held the first Saturday of December,[210] the E-luminate Festival, which took place every February from 2013 to 2018,[211][212] and The Big Weekend, a city outdoor event organised by the City Council every July.[213]
Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[242] It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[242] and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009,[243] after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[243][244] As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council.[245]
There are three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane, Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that meets in Pembroke College.[253]
An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish Students.[254][255] The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school,[256] opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.[257] There is also a student-led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday evenings.
Cambridge Central Mosque is the main place of worship for Cambridge's community of around 4,000 Muslims.[258][259] Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque[260] and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship.[261][262][263]
Cambridge Buddhist Centre, which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community, was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.[264] There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society.[265]
A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road.[266][267]
Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg, Germany since 1965,[270] and Szeged, Hungary since 1987.[270]
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^"Schoolgirls unearth Roman village under College garden". University of Cambridge. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Large amounts of Roman pottery convinced both Dr Hills and Dr Lewis that they had dug through to the remains of a 2,000-year-old settlement, significant because it suggests that the Roman presence at Newnham was far more considerable than previously thought.
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^Atkinson, Thomas (1897). Cambridge, Described and Illustrated: Being a Short History of the Town and University. London: Macmillan. p. 41. OCLC1663499. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016. The Ward beyond the Bridge, that is, all the town on the Castle side of the river, appears to have been almost entirely destroyed. Most of the people in the parish of All Saints' in Castro died and those that escaped left the neighbourhood for other parishes.
^Wright, A. P. M.; Lewis, C.P., eds. (1989). "Chesterton: Introduction". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 9: Chesterton, Northstowe, and Papworth Hundreds. Victoria History of the Counties of England. Institute of Historical Research. pp. 5–13. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^"Climate & Soils". Cambridge University Botanic Garden. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Cambridge is in the driest region of Britain and has a more continental climate than most of Britain.
^"Our strategy". Cambridge Water. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012. We live in one of the driest areas of the UK. The East of England's rainfall of conditions is only half the national average and Cambridge is one of the driest parts of this region.
^"Climate and Soils". Cambridge University Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^Carter, Edmund (1753), The History of the County of Cambridgeshire, archived from the original on 3 February 2016, retrieved 8 January 2016, ...6131 souls; as they were collected from house to house in July and August in the year 1749
^"Religion – 2021 census". Office of National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
^Boyd, Stephanie (2005). The Story of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-62897-6.
^ abKimber, Isaac; Kimber, Edward (January 1748). "A description of Cambridge". The London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer. 17. London: R. Baldwin: 64. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^Searby, Peter (1997). A History of the University of Cambridge. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 705. ISBN978-0-521-35060-0.
^"Science Parks | Cambridge Science Park". United Kingdom Science Park Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. many companies on the park have spun out of Cambridge University...the majority of the companies on the Cambridge Science Park have active links and research partnerships with the University
^"Science Parks | Cambridge Science Park". United Kingdom Science Park Association. 2012. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Cambridge Science Park is Europe's longest-serving and largest centre for commercial research and development...
^"Our Spaces". junction.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. J2 is the venue for our theatre, dance, family theatre and comedy programme
^"The Official Kings Singers Website :History". kingssingers.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012. The group takes its name from King's College Cambridge, where Martin Lane, Al Hume, Alastair Thompson, Richard Salter, Simon Carrington and Brian Kay were choral scholars.
^Cheal, David (13 April 2001). "Muse: profile of the band". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^"They were defeated". Evening Post. Wellington, NZ. 24 December 1932. p. 7. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
^"About Us". Cambridge Water Company. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^"About you: water charges". Cambridge Water. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009. Anglian Water supply your sewerage services. Cambridge Water bills and collects on behalf of Anglian Water.
^"Welcome to CTJC". Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012. We share our shul building with the students, who run Shabbat services during term-time.
^"Cambridge University | Union of Jewish Students". Cambridge University Union of Jewish Students. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. The Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation hold Orthodox services at Thompsons Lane which are run by the students during term time and the residents in the vacation.
Barwell, Noel (1910), Cambridge, Blackie & Son Limited
Bowes, Robert (1894). A catalogue of books printed at or relating to the University, town & county of Cambridge, from 1521 to 1893. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. OCLC1064186. OL23284674M.
SS Clement History United Kingdom NameClement NamesakeClement of Alexandria OwnerBooth Steamship Co Operator Booth Steamship Co Port of registryLiverpool RouteLiverpool – Brazil Ordered1934 BuilderCammell, Laird, Birkenhead Yard number1000 Launched11 October 1934 CompletedDecember 1934 Identification UK official number 162414 call sign MBBL FateSunk by shellfire: 30 September 1939 General characteristics Typecargo liner Tonnage5,051 GRT, 3,082 NRT Length412.2 ft (125.6 m...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Perspektif (disambiguasi). Pensil diihat secara perspektif Perspektif dalam konteks sistem dan persepsi visual adalah cara bagaimana objek terlihat pada mata manusia berdasarkan sifat spasial, atau dimensinya dan posisi mata relatif terhadap objek. Para seniman dari masa lalu telah membuat karya seni dengan memanfaatkan perspektif, seperti Leon Battista Alberti, Lorenzo Ghiberti, Piero della Francesca, dan Filippo Brunelleschi. Para ilmuwan pada zaman Renaissance se...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع رتبة (توضيح). رتبة علم شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالكتالونية: Ròtova)[1][2] الإحداثيات 38°55′57″N 0°15′29″W / 38.9325529°N 0.2580968°W / 38.9325529; -0.2580968[3] [4] تقسيم إداري البلد إسبانيا[5] التقسيم الأعلى الصخور (بلنسية)
Сайкодзі — термін, який має кілька значень. Ця сторінка значень містить посилання на статті про кожне з них.Якщо ви потрапили сюди за внутрішнім посиланням, будь ласка, поверніться та виправте його так, щоб воно вказувало безпосередньо на потрібну статтю.@ пошук посилань с
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (مارس 2023) هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق مع
2018–2019 concert tour by Paul McCartney Freshen UpTour by Paul McCartneyAssociated albumEgypt StationStart date17 September 2018End date13 July 2019Legs6No. of shows39Paul McCartney concert chronology 2018 Secret Gigs(2018) Freshen Up (2018–2019) Got Back (2022–2023) Freshen Up was a concert tour by English musician Paul McCartney that commenced on 17 September 2018 with a four-concert leg in Canada.[1] The tour was McCartney's first tour after the release of his album Egypt St...
National handball team of Kenya This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Kenya men's national handball team – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) KenyaInformationAssociationKenya Handball FederationCoachPeter MwathiCaptainVictor SieroColours 1st 2nd ResultsAfrican Cha...
American drama television series PachinkoGenreDramaCreated bySoo HughBased onPachinkoby Min Jin LeeDirected by Kogonada Justin Chon Starring Soji Arai Jin Ha Jun-woo Han In-ji Jeong Eun-chae Jung Min-ha Kim Lee Min-ho Kaho Minami Noh Sang-hyun Anna Sawai Jimmi Simpson Yuh-jung Youn Jeon Yu-na Music byNico MuhlyOpening themeLet's Live for Today by The Grass Roots (English ver.) and Leenalchi (Korean ver.)Country of origin United States[1] Original languages Korean Japanese English No. ...
Сергій Назаренко Сергій Назаренко Особисті дані Повне ім'я Сергій ЮрійовичНазаренко Народження 16 лютого 1980(1980-02-16) (43 роки) Кіровоград, СРСР Зріст 176[1]—177[2] см Вага 67[1]—72[2] кг Прізвисько Назік Громадянство Україна Позиція Півзахисник Юнацькі клу...
FilmThrice ResurrectedRussian posterRussian: Трижды воскресшийDirected byLeonid GaidaiWritten byAlexander GalichStarring Alla Larionova Georgi Kulikov Natalya Medvedeva Vsevolod Sanayev CinematographyEmil GulidovMusic byNikita BogoslovskyCountrySoviet UnionLanguageRussian Thrice Resurrected (Russian: Трижды воскресший) is a 1960 Soviet drama film directed by Leonid Gaidai.[1][2][3][4] Plot In 1919, a group of Komsomol members wer...
Gulf Breeze redirects here. For the Amtrak train, see Gulf Breeze (train). For other uses, see Gulf breeze. City in Florida, United StatesGulf Breeze, FloridaCityEntrance sign and median in Gulf Breeze, FL heading East on Hwy 98, July 2013Location in Santa Rosa County and the state of FloridaCoordinates: 30°21′26″N 87°9′50″W / 30.35722°N 87.16389°W / 30.35722; -87.16389Country United StatesState FloridaCounty Santa RosaSettled1875Founded (as ...
2016 strategy video game 2016 video gameReignsDeveloper(s)NerialPublisher(s)Devolver DigitalDesigner(s)François AlliotProgrammer(s)François AlliotArtist(s)Mieko MurakamiWriter(s)François AlliotComposer(s)DisasterpeaceMateo LugoEngineUnityPlatform(s)AndroidiOSLinuxmacOSMicrosoft WindowsNintendo SwitchStadiaReleaseAndroid, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows11 August 2016Nintendo Switch20 September 2018Stadia22 December 2020Genre(s)StrategyMode(s)Single-player Reigns is a 2016 strategy game developed...
Australian rules football team This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Boston Demons – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Boston DemonsNamesFull nameBoston Demons Australian Rules Football ClubNickname(s)DemonsClub detailsFounded1997Colours&...
Group of dialects of Danish Insular Danish (Danish: Ømål) are the traditional Danish dialects spoken on the islands of Zealand, Langeland, Funen, Falster, Lolland, and Møn. They are recorded in the Dictionary of Danish Insular Danish (Ømålsordbogen)[1] which has been collected since the 1920s, and published in biannual volumes since 1992. There are significant differences between the different insular varieties, but they also share a number of features. A major difference is betw...
The Secret Life of a Satanist AuthorBlanche BartonLanguageEnglishSeriesUnited StatesSubjectAnton LaVeyGenreBiographyPublisherFeral HousePublication date1992,2003Pages262 The Secret Life of a Satanist: The Authorized Biography of Anton LaVey is a biography on the life of Anton LaVey, the founder of LaVeyan Satanism and the Church of Satan, released in 1990 through Feral House publishing. The book is written by Blanche Barton, administrator of the Church of Satan and partner and confidant of La...
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MTV AmpuhNegara asal IndonesiaJmlh. episodevariatifProduksiDurasi30-60 menitRilis asliJaringanANteve (1997-2002)Global TV (2002-2011)MTV Asia (1997-2007)Rilis6 Juni 1997 –30 Desember 2011 MTV Ampuh (singkatan: Ajang Musik Pribumi Sepuluh (1997-2001), Ajang Musik Pribumi Dua Puluh (2001-2009, 2010-2011) dan Ajang Musik Pribumi Tiga Puluh (2009)) adalah program tangga lagu musik Indonesia yang diproduksi oleh MTV Indonesia berdurasi 60 menit, yang meliputi dua puluh urutan video mu...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!
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